Page 1 KDFX Reference In This Chapter Chapter 10 KDFX Reference In This Chapter ¥ KDFX Algorithms........10-2 ¥...
Page 2: Kdfx Algorithms
KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithms KDFX Algorithms Combination Reverb Algorithms Algorithms Special FX Algorithms Name Name Name MiniVerb Chorus+Delay Env Follow Filt Dual MiniVerb Chorus+4Tap TrigEnvelopeFilt Gated MiniVerb Chorus<>4Tap LFO Sweep Filter Classic Place Chor+Dly+Reverb Resonant Filter Classic Verb Dual Res Filter Chorus<>Reverb TQ Place Chorus<>LasrDly...
Page 3: Kdfx Presets
KDFX Reference KDFX Presets KDFX Presets KDFX KDFX KDFX Preset Name Preset Name Preset Name NiceLittleBooth Predelay Hall Chorus Comeback Small Wood Booth Sweeter Hall Chorusier Natural Room The Piano Hall Ordinary Chorus PrettySmallPlace Bloom Hall SlowSpinChorus Sun Room Recital Hall Chorus Morris Soundboard Generic Hall...
Page 4 KDFX Reference KDFX Presets KDFX KDFX KDFX Preset Name Preset Name Preset Name ChorusMedChamber Pitcher+Chor+Dly Crystallizer Vanilla ChorRvb Pitcher+Flng+Dly Spry Young Boy Chorus Slow Hall SubtleDistortion Cheap LaserVerb SoftChorus Hall Synth Distortion Drum Neurezonate ChorBigBrtPlate Dist Cab EPiano LazerfazerEchoes Chorus Air Distortion+EQ HKCompressor 3:1 Chorus HiCeiling...
Page 5: Kdfx Studios
KDFX Reference KDFX Studios KDFX Studios Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Aux Bus Name FX Preset FX Preset FX Preset FX Preset FX Preset RoomChorDly Hall RmChorChRv Hall RoomChorCDR Hall RoomChor Hall RoomChrCh4T Hall RoomFlngCDR Hall RoomFlgEcho Hall RmFlngStImg Garg RmFlgChDly Room ChmbFlgGtRv Hall RoomFlngCDR Hall RoomFlngLsr Echo...
Page 6 KDFX Reference KDFX Studios Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Aux Bus Name FX Preset FX Preset FX Preset FX Preset FX Preset CompEQmphCh Room BthQFlg4Tap Hall ChmbTremCDR Room ChmbCmpFlRv Hall ChamDstEcho Room ChamFlg4Tap Hall ChmbEnv4Tap GtRv CmbrShapLsr Hall auxPtchDst+ Chmb auxChorFlRv Cmbr auxChorFlRv Cmb2 auxChorFlRv Cmb3 auxChorFlRv Cmb4...
Page 7 KDFX Reference KDFX Studios Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Aux Bus Name FX Preset FX Preset FX Preset FX Preset FX Preset auxMPFlgLasr Plt auxShap4MD Plate FlgEnv4Tap Plate EnhrFlgCDR Plate auxRingPFD Plate GtRvShapMDl Room GtdEnhcStIm Room Gtd2ChrEcho 2Vrb GtdEnhcStIm Hall auxEnvSp4T GtVrb GtRbSwpFlt Lasr GtRbSwpFlt FlDly ChRvStIEcho Hall...
Page 8: Kdfx Algorithm Speciþcations
KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Algorithms 1 and 2: MiniVerbs 1 MiniVerb 2 Dual MiniVerb Versatile, small stereo and dual mono reverbs PAUs: 1 for MiniVerb 2 for Dual MiniVerb MiniVerb is a versatile stereo reverb is found in many combination algorithms, but is equally useful on its own because of its small size.
Page 9 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations seamless. Density controls how tightly the early reßections are packed in time. Low Density settings have the early reßections grouped close together, and higher values spread the reßections for a smoother reverb. L Output L Input MiniVerb Balance R Input...
Page 10 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Dual MiniVerb Parameters Page 1 L Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet R Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet L Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB R Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB L Wet Bal -100 to 100% R Wet Bal -100 to 100% L Dry Pan...
Page 11 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Diff Scale A multiplier which affects the diffusion of the reverb. At 1.00x, the diffusion will be the normal, carefully adjusted amount for the current Room Type. Altering this parameter will change the diffusion from the preset amount. Size Scale A multiplier which changes the size of the current room.
Page 12 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 3 Gated MiniVerb A reverb and compressor in series. PAUs: This algorithm is a small reverb followed by a gate. The main control for the reverb is the Room Type parameter. The main control for the reverb is the Room Type parameter. Room Type changes the structure of the algorithm to simulate many carefully crafted room types and sizes.
Page 13 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations If Gate Duck is turned on, then the behaviour of the gate is reversed. The gate is open while the side chain signal is below threshold, and it closes when the signal rises above thresold. If the gate opened and closed instantaneously, you would hear a large digital click, like a big knife switch was being thrown.
Page 14 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations if delayed, and thus you can get by with a dryer mix while maintaining the same subjective wet/dry level. Room Type The conÞguration of the reverb algorithm to simulate a wide array of carefully designed room types and sizes.
Page 15 Room Type parameter provides condensed preset collections of these variables. Each Room Type preset has been painstakingly selected by Kurzweil engineers to provide the best sounding collection of mutually complementary variables modelling an assortment of reverb families.
Page 16 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations elements are accurately representing their preset values determined by the current Room Type. Room Types with similar names in different reverb algorithms do not sound the same. For example, Hall1 in Diffuse Verb does not sound the same as Hall1 in TQ Verb.
Page 17 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations modeling real spaces. High depth settings can create chorusing qualities, which wonÕt be unsuitable for real acoustic spaces, but can nonetheless create interesting effects. Instruments that have little if no inherent pitch ßuctuation (like piano) are much more sensitive to this LFO than instruments that normally have a lot of vibrato (like voice) or non-pitched instruments (like snare drum).
Page 18 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 12 Panaural Room Room reverberation algorithm PAUs: The Panaural Room reverberation is implemented using a special network arrangement of many delay lines that guarantees colorless sound. The reverberator is inherently stereo with each input injected into the "room"...
Page 19 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Parameters Page 1 Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 Room Size 1.0 to 16.0 m Pre Dly 0 to 500 ms Decay Time 0.5 to 100.0 s HF Damping 16 to 25088 Hz Page 2 Bass Gain -15 to 15 dB...
Page 20 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations an almost reverse reverberation, set Build Env to 100%. You can think of Build Env as setting the position of a see-saw. The left end of the see-saw represents the driving of the reverberation at the earliest time, the pivot point as driving the reverberation at mid-point in the time sequence, and the right end as the last signal to drive the reverberator.
Page 21 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 13 Stereo Hall A stereo hall reverberation algorithm. PAUs: The Stereo Hall reverberation is implemented using a special arrangement of all pass networks and delay lines which reduces coloration and increases density. The reverberator is inherently stereo with each input injected into the "room"...
Page 22 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations varies the injection length over a range of 0 to 500ms. At a Build Time of 0ms, there is no extension of the build time. In this case, the Build Env control adjusts the density of the reverberation, with maximum density at a setting of 50%.
Page 23 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Pre Dly Introducing predelay creates a gap of silence between that allows the dry signal to stand out with greater clarity and intelligibility against the reverberant background. This is especially helpful with vocal or classical music. Build Time Similar to predelay, but more complex, larger values of BuildTime slow down the building up of reverberation and can extend the build up process.
Page 24 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 14 Grand Plate A plate reverberation algorithm. PAUs: This algorithm emulates an EMT 140 steel plate reverberator. Plate reverberators were manufactured during the 1950's, 1960's, 1970's, and perhaps into the 1980's. By the end of the 1980's, they had been supplanted in the marketplace by digital reverbertors, which Þrst appeared in 1976.
Page 25 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Parameters Page 1 Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Room Size 1.00 to 4.00 m Pre Dly 0 to 500 ms Decay Time 0.2 to 5.0 s HF Damping 16 to 25088 Hz LF Damping 1 to 294 Hz Page 2...
Page 26 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 15 Finite Verb Reverse reverberation algorithm. PAUs: The left and right sources are summed before being fed into a tapped delay line which directly simulates the impulse response of a reverberator. The taps are placed in sequence from zero delay to a maximum delay value, at quasi-regular spacings.
Page 27 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 3 Early Bass -15 to 15 dB Early Damp 16 to 25088 Hz Mid Bass -15 to 15 dB Mid Damp 16 to 25088 Hz Late Bass -15 to 15 dB Late Damp 16 to 25088 Hz Wet/Dry Wet/Dry sets the relative amount of wet signal and dry signal.
Page 28 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 130 Complex Echo Multitap delay line effect consisting of 6 independent output taps and 4 independent feedback taps PAUs: Complex Echo is an elaborate delay line with 3 independent output taps per channel, 2 independent feedback taps per channel, equal power output tap panning, feedback diffuser, and high frequency damping.
Page 29 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Also at the input to the delays are 1 pole (6dB/oct) lopass Þlters controlled by the HF Damping parameter. L Tap Levels L Input Delay L Output Diffuser Out Gains Blend R Output Feedback FB2/FB1 > FB Blend Delay Diffuser...
Page 30 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations L Tap1 Dly 0 to 2600 ms R Tap1 Dly 0 to 2600 ms L Tap2 Dly 0 to 2600 ms R Tap2 Dly 0 to 2600 ms L Tap3 Dly 0 to 2600 ms R Tap3 Dly 0 to 2600 ms Page 3...
Page 31 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 131 4-Tap Delay 132 4-Tap Delay BPM A stereo four tap delay with feedback PAUs: This is a simple stereo 4 tap delay algorithm with delay lengths deÞned in milliseconds (ms). The left and right channels are fully symetric (all controls affect both channels). The duration of each stereo delay tap (length of the delay) and the signal level from each stereo tap may be set.
Page 32 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations The feedback (Fdbk Level) controls how long a sound in the delay line takes to die out. At 100% feedback, your sound will be repeated indeÞnitely. HF Damping selectively removes high frequency content from your delayed signal and will also cause your sound to eventually disappear. The Hold parameter is a switch which controls signal routing.
Page 33 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Dry Bal The left-right balance of the dry signal. A setting of -100% allows only the left dry signal to pass to the left output, while a setting of 100% lets only the right dry signal pass to the right output.
Page 34 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Parameters Page 1 Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Fdbk Level 0 to 100% Tempo System, 1 to 255 BPM Dry Bal -100 to 100% HF Damping 16 Hz to 25088 Hz Hold On or Off Page 2...
Page 35 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 133 8-Tap Delay 134 8-Tap Delay BPM A stereo eight tap delay with cross-coupled feedback PAUs: This is a simple stereo 8 tap delay algorithm with delay lengths deÞned in milliseconds (ms). The left and right channels are fully symmetric (all controls affect both channels).
Page 36 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations signal from entering the delay. You may have to practice using the Hold parameter. Each time your sound goes through the delay, it is reduced by the feedback amount. If feedback is fairly low and you turn on Hold at the wrong moment, you can get a disconcerting jump in level at some point in the loop.
Page 37 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Fdbk Level The percentage of the delayed signal to feed back or return to the delay input. Turning up the feedback will cause the effect to repeatedly echo or act as a crude reverb. Xcouple 8 Tap Delay is a stereo effect.
Page 38 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations the measure with interesting rhythmical patterns. Setting tap levels allows some ÒbeatsÓ to receive different emphasis than others. Parameters Page 1 Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Fdbk Level 0 to 100% Tempo System, 1 to 255 BPM Xcouple...
Page 39 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 135 Spectral 4-Tap 136 Spectral 6-Tap Tempo based 4 and 6 tap delays with added shapers and resonant comb ﬁlters on each tap PAUs: 2 for Spectral 4-Tap 3 for Spectral 6-Tap Spectral 4 Tap and Spectral 6 Tap are respectively 2 and 3 processing allocation unit (PAU) tempo based multi-tap delay effects.
Page 40 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations When Temp is set to 60 BPM, each 1/24th of a beat is equivalent to 1/24th of a second. When tempo is set to 250 BPM, each 1/24th of a beat is equivalent to 10ms of delay. L Dry L Output Shaper...
Page 41 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 0 .1 0 x 0 .2 0 x 0 .5 0 x 1 .0 0 x 2 .0 0 x 6 .0 0 x Figure 10-10 Various shaper curves used in the Spectral Multi-Taps Parameters for Spectral 4-Tap Page 1 Wet/Dry 0 to 100 %...
Page 42 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 3 Tap3 Delay 0 to 32 bts Tap4 Delay 0 to 32 bts Tap3 Shapr 0.10 to 6.00 x Tap4 Shapr 0.10 to 6.00 x Tap3 Pitch C-1 to C8 Tap4 Pitch C-1 to C8 Tap3 PtAmt 0 to 100% Tap4 PtAmt...
Page 43 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Wet/Dry The relative amount of input signal and effected signal that is to appear in the Þnal effect output mix. When set to 0%, the output is taken only from the input (dry). When set to 100%, the output is all wet.
Page 44 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Algorithms 150–153: Choruses 150 Chorus 1 151 Chorus 2 152 Dual Chorus 1 153 Dual Chorus 2 One and three tap dual mono choruses PAUs: 1 for Chorus 1 (both) 2 for Chorus 2 (both) Chorus is an effect that gives the illusion of multiple voices playing in unison.
Page 45 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Chorus 2 is a 2 unit allocation multi-tapped delay (3 taps) based chorus effect with cross-coupling and individual output tap panning. Figure 10-11 is a simpliÞed block diagram of the left channel of Chorus 2. Feedback Delay L Input...
Page 46 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Chorus 1 uses just 1 unit allocation and has one delay tap. Figure 10-13 is a simpliÞed block diagram of the left channel of Chorus 1. Feedback Delay L Input High Freq Damping L Output Tap Level From Right To Right...
Page 47 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations In the stereo Chorus 1 and Chorus 2, the relative phases of the LFOs modulating the left and right channels may be adjusted. Range of LFO Shortest Center Longest Delay Input Delay of LFO Delay LFO Xcurs LFO Xcurs Tap Dly...
Page 48 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 Tap Lvl -100 to 100% LFO Rate 0.01 to 10.00 Hz Tap Dly 0.0 to 1000.0 ms LFO Depth 0.0 to 50.0 ct L/R Phase 0.0 to 360.0 deg Parameters for Chorus 2 Page 1 Wet/Dry -100 to 100%wet...
Page 49 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 3 L PitchEnv Triangle or Trapzoid R PitchEnv Triangle or Trapzoid Parameters for Dual Chorus 2 Page 1 L Wet/Dry -100 to 100%wet R Wet/Dry -100 to 100%wet L Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB R Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB L Fdbk Lvl...
Page 50 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Xcouple Controls how much of the left channel input and feedback signals are sent to the right channel delay line and vice versa. At 50%, equal amounts from both channels are sent to both delay lines. At 100%, the left feeds the right delay and vice versa. HF Damping The amount of high frequency content of the signal that is sent into the delay lines.
Page 51 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 154 Flanger 1 155 Flanger 2 Multi-tap ﬂangers PAUs: 1 for Flanger 1 2 for Flanger 2 Flanger 1 is a 1 processing allocation unit (PAU) multi-sweep Thru-zero ßanger effect with two LFOs per channel. L Input Delay High Freq...
Page 52 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Flanger 2 is a 2 processing allocation unit (PAU) multi-sweep Thru-zero ßanger effect with two LFOs per channel. Noise L Input Delay High Freq Damping Levels From Right To Right Static Channel Channel Level LFO Feedback L Output Static Tap Feedback Out Gain...
Page 53 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations the realm of chorusing, where the ear begins to perceive the audio output as nearly two distinct signals, but with a variable time displacement. (dB) Frequency Figure 10-19 Comb Filters : Solid Line for Addition; Dashed Line for Subtraction The heart of the ßanger implemented here is a multi-tap delay line.
Page 54 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations occur smoothly. You can assign the static delay tap to a continuous controller and use the controller to do manual ßanging. Figure 4 shows the delay line for a single LFO. Range of LFO Shortest Center Longest Delay Input...
Page 55 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations be added to the input of the ßanger signal (Flanger 2 only). White noise has a lot of high frequency content and may sound too bright. The noise may be tamed with a Þrst order lowpass Þlter. Parameters for Flanger 1 Page 1 Wet/Dry...
Page 56 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 3 StatDlyCrs 0.0 to 228.0 ms StatDlyFin -127 to 127 samp Xcurs1 Crs 0.0 to 228.0 ms Xcurs3 Crs 0.0 to 228.0 ms Xcurs1 Fin -127 to 127 samp Xcurs3 Fin -127 to 127 samp Xcurs2 Crs 0.0 to 228.0 ms Xcurs4 Crs...
Page 57 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations VAST function to smoothly vary the delay length. The range for all delays and excursions is 0 to 230 ms, but for ßanging the range 0 to 5 ms is most effective. StatDlyFin A Þne adjustment to the static delay tap length. The resolution is one sample. StatDlyLvl The level of the static delay tap.
Page 58 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Algorithms 156–160: Phasers 156 LFO Phaser 157 LFO Phaser Twin 158 Manual Phaser 159 Vibrato Phaser 160 SingleLFO Phaser A variety of single notch/bandpass Phasers PAUs: 1 each A simple phaser is an algorithm which produces an vague swishing or phasey effect. When the phaser signal is combined with the dry input signal or the phaser is fed back on itself, peaks and/or notches can be produced in the Þlter response making the effect much more pronounced.
Page 59 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations instead of addition by setting Wet/Dry to -50%, then the notches become peaks and the peaks become notches. Gain Gain 0 dB 0 dB 10 Hz 1000 10 Hz 1000 Freq Freq (ii) Figure 10-21 Response of typical phaser with (i) Wet/Dry = 50% and (ii) WetDry = -50%.
Page 60 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations when set to 0% and at 200%, the signal is a pure (wet) allpass response. LFO Phaser Twin does not have Out Gain or feedback parameters. Gain 0 dB 10 Hz 1000 Freq Figure 10-22 Response of LFO Phaser Twin with Wet/Dry set to 100%.
Page 61 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 LFO Rate 0.00 to 10.00 Hz N/F Phase CenterFreq 16 to 25088 Hz NotchDepth -79.0 to 6.0 dB FLFO Depth 0 to 5400 ct NLFO Depth 0 to 100 % FLFO LRPhs 0.0 to 360.0 deg NLFO LRPhs 0.0 to 360.0 deg Wet/Dry...
Page 62 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Notch/BP The amount of notch depth or bandpass. At -100% there is a complete notch at the center frequency. At 100% the Þlter response is a peak at the center frequency. 0% is the dry unaffected signal.
Page 63 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Wet/Dry The amount of phaser (wet) signal relative to unaffected (dry) signal as a percent. When set to 50% you get a complete notch. When set to -50%, the response is a bandpass Þlter. 100% is a pure allpass Þlter (no amplitude changes, but a strong phase response). Out Gain The output gain in decibels (dB) to be applied to the combined wet and dry signals.
Page 64 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Combination Algorithms 700 Chorus+Delay 701 Chorus+4Tap 703 Chor+Dly+Reverb 706 Flange+Delay 707 Flange+4Tap 709 Flan+Dly+Reverb 722 Pitcher+Chor+Dly 723 Pitcher+Flan+Dly A family of combination effect algorithms (“+”) PAUs: 1 or 2 Signal Routing (2 effects) The algorithms listed above with 2 effects can be arranged in series or parallel. Effect A and B are respectively designated as the Þrst and second listed effects in the algorithm name.
Page 65 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Parameters for Two-effect Routing Page 1 Wet/Dry -100 to 100 % Out Gain Off; -79.0 to 24.0 dB Mix Effect -100 to 100 % Mix Effect -100 to 100 % A/Dry->B 0 to 100% Mix Effect Adjusts the amount of each effect that is mixed together as the algorithm wet signal.
Page 66 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 A/Dry>B -100 to 100 % A/Dry>B -100 to 100 % A/B ->* -100 to 100 % A/B ->* -100 to 100 % Mix Effect Left and Right. Adjusts the amount of each effect that is mixed together as the algorithm wet signal.
Page 67 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Flange The ßangers are basic 1 tap dual ßangers. Separate LFO controls are provided for each channel. Slight variations between algorithms may exist. Some algorithms offer separate left and right feedback controls, while some offer only one for both channels. Also, cross-coupling and high frequency damping may be offered in some and not in others.
Page 68 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations maximum possible time. Because of this, when you slow down the tempo, you may Þnd the delays lose their sync. Delay regeneration is controlled by Dly Fdbk. Separate left and right feedback control is generally provided, but due to resource allocation, some delays in combinations may have a single control for both channels.
Page 69 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 Tap1 Delay 0 to 8 bts Tap3 Delay 0 to 8 bts Tap1 Level -100 to 100 % Tap3 Level -100 to 100 % Tap1 Bal -100 to 100 % Tap3 Bal -100 to 100 % Tap2 Delay 0 to 8 bts Tap4 Delay...
Page 70 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Conﬁgurable Combination Algorithms 702 Chorus<>4Tap 704 Chorus<>Reverb 705 Chorus<>LasrDly 708 Flange<>4Tap 710 Flange<>Reverb 711 Flange<>LasrDly 712 Flange<>Pitcher 713 Flange<>Shaper 714 LasrDly<>Reverb 715 Shaper<>Reverb A family of combination effect algorithms PAUs: Signal Routing Each of these combination algorithms offer 2 separate effects combined with ßexible signal routing mechanism.
Page 71 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations of both effects determined by the Mix parameters, and the input dry signal. Negative Wet/Dry values polarity invert the summed wet signal relative to dry. A/Dry->B Mix Chorus Input 2-Tap Blend 4-Tap Chorus Delay Mix 4 Tap Wet/Dry Output Blend...
Page 72 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Since these effects have 2 taps per channel, control over 4 LFOs is necessary with a minimum number of user parameters (Figure 2). This is accomplished by offering 2 sets of LFO controls with three user interface modes: Dual1Tap, Link1Tap, or Link2Tap.
Page 73 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations then controlled by the Fl StatLvl and Fl LFO Lvl controls. The feedback and level controls can polarity invert each signal be setting them to negative values. Left Right LFO1L LFO1R LFO2R LFO2L Figure 10-25 LFO delay taps in the conﬁgurable chorus and ﬂange Left Right...
Page 74 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Left Right Contro l Set 1 LFO1L LFO1R Contro l Set 2 LFO2R LFO2L Figure 10-28 LFO control in Link2Tap mode Parameters for Chorus Page 1 Ch LFO cfg Dual1Tap... Ch LRPhase 0 to 360 deg Ch Rate 1 0.01 to 10.00 Hz Ch Rate 2...
Page 75 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Ch LFO cfg Sets the user interface mode for controlling each of the 4 chorus LFOs. Ch LRPhase Controls the relative phase between left channel LFOs and right channel LFOs. In Dual1Tap mode, however, this parameter is accurate only when Ch Rate 1 and Ch Rate 2 are set to the same speed, and only after the Ch LFO cfg parameter is moved, or the algorithm is called up.
Page 76 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Dly FBImag, Dly Xcouple, Dly HFDamp, and Dly LFDamp are just like those found in other algorithms. Not all Laser Delays in combination algorithms will have all four of these parameters due to resource allocation. Laser Delay L Input...
Page 77 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Dly Xcple This parameter controls the amount of signal that is swapped between the left and right channels through each feedback generation when Dly Fdbk is used. A setting of 0% has no affect. 50% causes equal amounts of signal to be present in both channels causing the image to collapse into a center point source.
Page 78 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations causing the image to collapse into a center point source. A setting of 100% causes the left and right channels to swap each regeneration, which is also referred to as Òping-pongingÓ. All other parameters Refer to 4-Tap Delay BPM documentation. Reverb The reverbs offered in these combination effects is MiniVerb.
Page 79 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Shp Inp LP Adjusts the cutoff frequency of the 1 pole (6dB/oct) lopass Þlter at the input of the shaper. Shp Out LP Adjusts the cutoff frequency of the 1 pole (6dB/oct) lopass Þlter at the output of the shaper.
Page 80 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 714 Quantize+Flange Digital quantization followed by ﬂanger PAUs: Digital audio engineers will go to great lengths to remove, or at least hide the effects of digital quantization distortion. In Quantize+Flange we do quite the opposite, making quantization an in-your-face effect. The quantizer will give your sound a dirty, grundgy, perhaps industrial sound.
Page 81 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations quantized (its word length is being shortened), quantization usually sounds like additive noise. But notice that as the signal decays in the above Þgures, fewer and fewer quantization levels are being exercised until, like the one bit example, there are only two levels being toggled. With just two levels, your signal has become a square wave.
Page 82 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 Fl Tempo System, 1 to 255 BPM Fl Fdbk -100 to 100% Fl Period 0 to 32 bts Fl L Phase 0.0 to 360.0 deg Fl R Phase 0.0 to 360.0 deg Fl StatLvl -100 to 100% Fl LFO Lvl -100 to 100%...
Page 83 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations the Tempo. At Ò0Ó, the LFOs stop oscillating and their phase is undetermined (wherever they stopped). Fl Fdbk The level of the ßanger feedback signal into the ßanger delay line. The feedback signal is taken from the LFO delay tap. Negative values polarity invert the feedback signal. Fl L/R Phase The phase angles of the left and right LFOs relative to each other and to the system tempo clock, if turned on (see Fl Tempo).
Page 84 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 715 Dual MovDelay 716 Quad MovDelay Generic dual mono moving delay lines PAUs: 1 for Dual 2 for Quad Each of these algorithms offers generic moving delay lines in a dual mono conÞguration. Each separate moving delay can be used as a ßanger, chorus, or static delay line selectable by the LFO Mode parameter.
Page 85 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 720 MonoPitcher+Chor 721 MonoPitcher+Flan Mono pitcher algorithm (ﬁlter with harmonically related resonant peaks) with a chorus or ﬂanger PAUs: 2 each The mono pitcher algorithm applies a Þlter which has a series of peaks in the frequency response to the input signal.
Page 86 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations The Þgures below show Pt PkShape of -1.0 and 1.0, for a Pitch of C6 and a PkSplit of 0%. PeakShape = 1.0 PeakShape = -1.0 PeakSplit = 0% PeakSplit = 0% Figure 10-33 Response of Pitcher with different PkShape settings. Applying Pitcher to sounds such as a single sawtooth wave will tend to not produce much output, unless the sawtooth frequency and the Pitcher frequency match or are harmonically related, because otherwise the peaks in the input spectrum won't line up with the peaks in the Pitcher Þlter.
Page 87 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 Pt Inp Bal -100 to 100% Pt Out Pan -100 to 100% Pt Pitch C-1 to G 9 Pt Offset -12.0 to 12.0 ST Pt PkSplit 0 to 100% Pt PkShape -1.0 to 1.0 Page 3 ChPtchEnvL Triangle or Trapzoid...
Page 88 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Mix Chorus, Mix Flange The amount of the ßanger or chorus signal to send to the output as a percent. Pt/Dry->Ch, Pt/Dry->Fl The relative amount of pitcher signal to dry signal to send to the chorus or ßanger.
Page 89 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Distortion Algorithms 724 Mono Distortion 725 MonoDistort + Cab 726 MonoDistort + EQ 728 StereoDistort+EQ Small distortion algorithms PAUs: 1 for Mono Distortion 2 for MonoDistort + Cab 2 for MonoDistort + EQ 3 for StereoDistort + EQ L Input L Output Distortion...
Page 90 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations and lowpass Þlters are then followed by an EQ section with bass and treble shelf Þlters and two parametric mid Þlters. L Input L Output Distortion R Input R Output Distortion Figure 10-36 Block diagram of StereoDistort+EQ StereoDistort + EQ processes the left and right channels separately, though there is only one set of parameters for both channels.
Page 91 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Signals that are symmetric in amplitude (they have the same shape if they are inverted, positive for negative) will usually produce odd harmonic distortion. For example, a pure sine wave will produce smaller copies of itself at 3, 5, 7, etc. times the original frequency of the sine wave. In the MonoDistort + EQ, a dc offset may be added to the signal to break the amplitude symmetry and will cause the distortion to produce even harmonics.
Page 92 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 Bass Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Treb Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Bass Freq 16 to 25088 Hz Treb Freq 16 to 25088 Hz Mid Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Mid Freq 16 to 25088 Hz Mid Width 0.010 to 5.000 oct Wet/Dry...
Page 93 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Mid Gain The amount of boost or cut that the mid parametric Þlter should apply in dB. Every increase of 6 dB approximately doubles the amplitude of the signal. Positive values boost the signal at the speciÞed frequency. Negative values cut the signal at the speciÞed frequency.
Page 94 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 727 PolyDistort + EQ Eight stage distortion followed by equalization PAUs: PolyDistort + EQ is a distortion algorithm followed by equalization. The algorithm consists of an input gain stage, and then eight cascaded distortion stages. Each stage is followed by a one pole LP Þlter. There is also a one pole LP in front of the Þrst stage.
Page 95 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations PolyDistort is an unusual distortion algorithm which provides a great number of parameters to build a distortion sound from the ground up. The eight distortion stages each add a small amount of distortion to your sound. Taken together, you can get a very harsh heavy metal sound. Between each distortion stage is a low pass Þlter.
Page 96 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 4 Bass Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Treb Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Bass Freq 16 to 25088 Hz Treb Freq 16 to 25088 Hz Mid1 Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Mid2 Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Mid1 Freq 16 to 25088 Hz Mid2 Freq...
Page 97 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 733 VibChor+Rotor 2 737 VibChor+Rotor 4 Vibrato/chorus into optional distortion into rotating speaker PAUs: 2 for VibChor+Rotor 2 4 for VibChor+Rotor 4 ¨ The VibChor+Rotor algorithms contain multiple effects designed for the Hammond B3 emulation (KB3 ¨...
Page 98 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations microphone. The signal is then passed through a Þnal lowpass Þlter to simulate the band-limiting effect of the speaker cabinet. Figure 10-41 Rotating speaker with virtual microphones For the rotating speakers, you can control the cross-over frequency of the high and low frequency bands (the frequency where the high and low frequencies get separated).
Page 99 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Parameters Page 1 In/Out In or Out Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB VibChInOut In or Out Dist Drive 0 to 96 dB Vib/Chor DistWarmth 16 to 25088 Hz Roto InOut In or Out Cabinet LP 16 to 25088 Hz Page 2...
Page 100 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Dist Drive Applies a boost to the input signal to overdrive the distortion algorithm. When overdriven, the distortion algorithm will soft-clip the signal. Since distortion drive will make your signal very loud, you may have to reduce the Out Gain as the drive is increased.
Page 101 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations large sample skips (audible as clicks when signal is passing through the effect). There are four of these parameters to include 2 pairs (A and B) for high and low frequency drivers. Mic Lvl The level of the virtual microphone signal being sent to the output. There are four of these parameters to include 2 pairs (A and B) for high and low frequency drivers.
Page 102 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 734 Distort + Rotary Small distortion followed by rotary speaker effect PAUs: Distort + Rotary models an ampliÞer distortion followed by a rotating speaker. The rotating speaker has separately controllable tweeter and woofer drivers. The algorithm has three main sections. First, the input stereo signal is summed to mono and may be distorted by a tube ampliÞer simulation.
Page 103 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations For the rotating speakers, you can control the cross-over frequency of the high and low frequency bands (the frequency where the high and low frequencies get separated). The rotating speakers for the high and low frequencies have their own controls. For both, the rotation rate, the effective driver size and tremolo can be set.
Page 104 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Cabinet HP A highpass Þlter to simulate the band-limiting of a speaker cabinet. The Þlter controls the lower frequency limit of the output. Cabinet LP A lowpass Þlter to simulate the band-limiting of a speaker cabinet. The Þlter controls the upper frequency limit of the output.
Page 105 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations HiResXcurs The number of samples of delay to sweep through the resonator at the rotation rate of the rotating speaker. This is for the high frequency signal path. ResH/LPhs This parameter sets the relative phases of the high and low resonators. The angle value in degrees is somewhat arbitrary and you can expect the effect of this parameter to be rather subtle.
Page 106 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations KB3 FX Algorithms 735 KB3 FXBus 736 KB3 AuxFX Vibrato/chorus into distortion into rotating speaker into cabinet PAUs: 7 for full working effect 4 for KB3 FXBus 3 for KB3 AuxFX ¨ The KB3 FXBus and KB3 AuxFX algorithms contain multiple effects designed for the Hammond B3 emulation (KB3 mode).
Page 107 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations C2, C3) settings. The vibrato chorus has been carefully modelled after the electro-mechanical vibrato/ chorus in the B3. An ampliÞer distortion algorithm follows the vibrato/chorus. The distortion algorithm will soft clip the input signal. The amount of soft clipping depends on how high the distortion drive parameter is set. Soft clipping means that there is a smooth transition from linear gain to saturated overdrive.
Page 108 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations rotation before you hear changes to tremolo when parameter values are changed. Negative microphone angles take a longer time to respond to tremolo changes than positive microphone angles. (ii) Figure 10-48 Acoustic beams for (i) low frequency driver and (ii) high frequency driver You can control resonant modes within the rotating speaker cabinet with the Lo and Hi Resonate parameters.
Page 109 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Dist Drive Applies a boost to the input signal to overdrive the distortion algorithm. When overdriven, the distortion algorithm will soft-clip the signal. Since distortion drive will make your signal very loud, you may have to reduce the Out Gain as the drive is increased.
Page 110 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 4 LoResonate 0 to 100% HiResonate 0 to 100% Lo Res Dly 10 to 2550 samp Hi Res Dly 10 to 2550 samp LoResXcurs 0 to 510 samp HiResXcurs 0 to 510 samp ResH/LPhs 0.0 to 360.0 deg In/Out When set to ÒInÓ, the algorithm is active;...
Page 111 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Mic Pos The angle of the virtual microphones in degrees from the ÒfrontÓ of the rotating speaker. This parameter is not well suited to modulation because adjustments to it will result in large sample skips (audible as clicks when signal is passing through the effect). There are four of these parameters to include 2 pairs (A and B) for high and low frequency drivers.
Page 112 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 900 Env Follow Filt Envelope following stereo 2 pole resonant ﬁlter PAUs: The envelope following Þlter is a stereo resonant Þlter with the resonant frequency controlled by the envelope of the input signal (the maximum of left or right). The Þlter type is selectable and may be one of low pass (i), high pass (ii), band pass (iii), or notch (iv).
Page 113 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Envelope Follower L Input L Input Resonant Filter R Input R Input Figure 10-50 Block diagram of envelope following ﬁlter Parameters Page 1 Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB FilterType Lowpass Min Freq 58 to 8372 Hz...
Page 114 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 901 TrigEnvelopeFilt Triggered envelope following stereo 2 pole resonant ﬁlter PAUs: The triggered envelope following Þlter is used to produce a Þlter sweep when the input rises above a trigger level. The triggered envelope following Þlter is a stereo resonant Þlter with the resonant frequency controlled by a triggered envelope follower.
Page 115 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Triggered Envelope Trigger Envelope Follower Generator Generator L Input L Input Resonant Filter R Input R Input Figure 10-52 Block diagram of Triggered Envelope Filter The time constant of the envelope follower may be set (Env Rate) as well as the decay rate of the generated envelope (Rel Rate).
Page 116 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Retrigger The threshold at which the envelope detector resets such that it can trigger again in fractions of full scale where 0dB is full scale. This value is only useful when it is below the value of Trigger.
Page 117 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 902 LFO Sweep Filter LFO following stereo 2 pole resonant ﬁlter PAUs: The LFO following Þlter is a stereo resonant Þlter with the resonant frequency controlled by an LFO (low- frequency oscillator). The Þlter type is selectable and may be one of low pass (i), high pass (ii), band pass (iii), or notch (iv) (see Þgure below).
Page 118 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations a sine wave when set to 100% smoothing. The sudden change in amplitude of the sawtooths develops a more gradual slope with smoothing, ending up as triangle waves when set to 100% smoothing. PulseWidth Sine Saw+ Saw- Pulse...
Page 119 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations LFO PlsWid When the LFO Shape is set to Pulse, the PlsWid parameter sets the pulse width as a percentage of the waveform period. The pulse is a square wave when the width is set to 50%.
Page 120 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 903 Resonant Filter 904 Dual Res Filter Stereo and dual mono 2 pole resonant ﬁlters PAUs: 1 for Resonant Filter 1 for Dual Res Filter The resonant Þlter is available as a stereo (linked parameters for left and right) or dual mono (independent controls for left and right).
Page 121 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Parameters for Dual Res Filter Page 1 L Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet R Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet L Output Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB R Output Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Page 2 L FiltType Lowpass R FiltType Highpass...
Page 122 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 905 EQ Morpher/ 906 Mono EQ Morpher Parallel resonant bandpass ﬁlters with parameter morphing PAUs: 4 for EQ Morpher 2 for Mono EQ Morpher The EQ Morpher algorithms have four parallel bandpass Þlters acting on the input signal and the Þlter results are summed for the Þnal output.
Page 123 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations arranged in parallel and their outputs summed, so the bandpass peaks are added together and the multiple resonances are audible. 0 dB 0 dB Bandwidth Freq Freq (ii) Figure 10-57 Frequency response of (i) a single bandpass ﬁlter; (ii) the sum of two bandpass ﬁlters Now that weÕve gone through what the algorithm does, the question becomes ÒWhy are we doing this?Ó...
Page 124 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 A Freq 1 16 to 25088 Hz B Freq 1 16 to 25088 Hz A Width 1 0.010 to 5.000 oct B Width 1 0.010 to 5.000 oct A Gain 1 -79.0 to 24.0 dB B Gain 1 -79.0 to 24.0 dB A Freq 2...
Page 125 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 907 Ring Modulator A conﬁgurable ring modulator PAUs: Ring modulation is a simple effect in which two signals are multiplied together. Typically, an input signal is modulated with a simple carrier waveform such as a sine wave or a sawtooth. Since the modulation is symmetric (a*b = b*a), deciding which signal is the carrier and which is the modulation signal is a question of perspective.
Page 126 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations parameters on parameter pages 2 and three will be inactive while in ÒL*RÓ mode. Figure 2 shows the signal ßow when in ÒL*RÓ mode: Out Gain L Input L Output R Output R Input Figure 10-59 “L*R”...
Page 127 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations change in amplitude of the sawtooths develops a more gradual slope with smoothing, ending up as triangle waves when set to 100% smoothing. PulseWidth Sine Saw+ Saw- Pulse Expon Figure 10-61 Conﬁgurable Wave Shapes Parameters Page 1 Wet/Dry 0 to 100%wet...
Page 128 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Osc1 Freq The fundamental frequency of the conÞgurable oscillator. The oscillators can be set through the audible frequencies 16-25088 Hz with 1 semitone resolution. This parameter is active only in ÒOscÓ mode. Osc1Shape Shape selects the waveform type for the conÞgurable oscillator. Choices are Sine, Saw+, Saw-, Pulse, Tri, and Expon.
Page 129 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 908 Pitcher Creates pitch from pitched or non-pitched signal PAUs: This algorithm applies a Þlter which has a series of peaks in the frequency response to the input signal. The peaks may be adjusted so that their frequencies are all multiples of a selectable frequency, all the way up to 24 kHz.
Page 130 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations In Figure 10-63, peaks are odd multiples of a frequency one octave down from the Pitch setting. This gives a hollow, square-wavey sound to the output. Figure 10-64 [100, 0, 0, 0] In Figure 10-64, there are deeper notches between wider peaks Figure 10-65 [-100, 0, 0, 0] In Figure 10-65, there are peaks on odd harmonic multiples and notches on even harmonic multiples of a...
Page 131 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Figure 10-66 is like [100,100,100,100], except that all the peaks are at (all) multiples of half the Pitch frequency. Figure 10-67 [50,100,100,100] Figure 10-67 is halfway between [0,100,100,100] and [100,100,100,100]. Figure 10-68 [-50,100,100,100] 10-131...
Page 132 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Figure 10-68 is halfway between [0,100,100,100] and [-100,100,100,100]. If the Odd parameter is modulated with an FXMOD, then one can morph smoothly between the [100,100,100,100] and [-100,100,100,100] curves. Figure 10-69 [100, -100, 100, 100] Figure 10-70 [100, 100, -100, 100] Figure 10-71 [100, 100, 100, -100]...
Page 133 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Wet/Dry The relative amount of input signal and effected signal that is to appear in the Þnal effect output mix. When set to 0%, the output is taken only from the input (dry). When set to 100%, the output is all wet. Out Gain The overall gain or amplitude at the output of the effect.
Page 134 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 909 Super Shaper Ridiculous shaper PAUs: The Super Shaper algorithm packs 2-1/2 times the number of shaping loops, and 8 times the gain of the VAST shaper. Refer to the section on shapers in the MusicianÕs Guide for an overview of VAST shaper. Setting Super Shaper amount under 1.00x produces the same nonlinear curve as that found in the VAST shaper.
Page 135 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 910 3 Band Shaper 3 band shaper PAUs: The 3 Band Shaper non-destructively splits the input signal into 3 separate bands using 1 pole (6dB/oct) Þlters, and applies a VAST-type shaper to each band separately. Refer to the Musicians Guide for an overview of VAST shaping.
Page 136 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 911 Mono LaserVerb 912 LaserVerb Lite 913 LaserVerb A bizarre reverb with a falling buzz PAUs: 1 for Mono LaserVerb 2 for LaserVerb Lite 3 for LaserVerb LaserVerb is a new kind of reverb sound that has to be heard to be believed! When it is fed an impulsive sound such as a snare drum, LaserVerb plays the impulse back as a delayed train of closely spaced impulses, and as time passes, the spacing between the impulses gets wider.
Page 137 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations The output from LaserVerb can be fed back to the input. By turning up the feedback, the duration of the LaserVerb sound can be greatly extended. Cross-coupling may also be used to move the signal between left and right channels, producing a left/right ping-pong effect at the most extreme settings.
Page 138 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Out Gain The overall gain or amplitude at the output of the effect. Fdbk Lvl The percentage of the reverb output to feed back or return to the reverb input. Turning up the feedback is a way to stretch out the duration of the reverb, or, if the reverb is set to behave as a delay, to repeat the delay.
Page 139 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 950 HardKnee Compress 951 SoftKneeCompress Stereo hard- and soft-knee signal compression algorithms PAUs: The stereo hard- and soft-knee compressors are very similar algorithms and provide identical parameters and user interface. Both algorithms compress (reduce) the signal level when the signal exceeds a threshold. The amount of compression is expressed as a ratio.
Page 140 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations In the hard-knee compressor, there is a sudden transition from uncompressed to compressed at the compression threshold. In the soft-knee compressor there is a more gradual transition from compressed to unity gain. Threshold In Amp Threshold In Amp Figure 10-76...
Page 141 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations so is of limited usefulness. In compressors which use more than 1 PAU, the delay affects the main signal only, regardless of the side chain conÞguration. A meter is provided to display the amount of gain reduction that is applied to the signal as a result of compression.
Page 142 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 952 Expander A stereo expansion algorithm PAUs: This is a stereo expander algorithm. The algorithms expands the signal (reduced the signalÕs gain) when the signal falls below the expansion threshold. The amount of expansion is based on the larger magnitude of the left and right channels.
Page 143 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations noise), and the threshold set just above the noise level. You can set just how far to drop the noise with the expansion ratio. Threshold In Amp Figure 10-78 Expansion Transfer Characteristic The signal being expanded may be delayed relative to the side chain processing. The delay allows the signal to stop being expanded just before an attack transient arrives.
Page 144 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Signal Dly The time in ms by which the input signal should be delayed with respect to expander side chain processing (i.e. side chain pre-delay). This allows the expansion to appear to turn off just before the signal actually rises. Ratio The expansion ratio.
Page 145 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 953 Compress w/SC EQ Stereo soft-knee compression algorithm with ﬁltering in the side chain PAUs: The Compress w/SC EQ algorithm is the same as the SoftKneeCompress algorithm except that equalization has been added to the side chain signal path. The equaliztion to the side chain includes bass and treble shelf Þlters and a parametric mid-range Þlter.
Page 146 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 Atk Time 0.0 to 228.0 ms Ratio 1.0:1 to 100.0:1, Inf:1 Rel Time 0 to 3000 ms Threshold -79.0 to 24.0 dB SmoothTime 0.0 to 228.0 ms MakeUpGain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Signal Dly 0.0 to 25.0 ms Page 3...
Page 147 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations SCTrebGain The amount of boost or cut that the side chain treble shelving Þlter should apply to the high frequency signals in dB. Every increase of 6 dB approximately doubles the amplitude of the signal. Positive values boost the treble signal above the speciÞed frequency. Negative values cut the treble signal above the speciÞed frequency.
Page 148 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 954 Compress/Expand 955 Comp/Exp + EQ A stereo soft-knee compression and expansion algorithm with and without equalization PAUs: 2 for Compress/Expand 3 for Cmp/Exp + EQ These are a stereo compressor and expander algorithms. One version is followed by equalization and the other is not.
Page 149 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations To determine how much to compress or expand the signal, the compressor/expander must measure the signal level. Since musical signal levels will change over time, the compression and expansion amounts must change as well. You can control how fast the compression or expansion changes in response to changing signal levels with the attack and release time controls.
Page 150 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations expander may be used to suppress background noise in the absence of signal, thus typical expander settings use a fast attack (to avoid losing real signal), slow release (to gradually fade out the noise), and the threshold set just above the noise level.
Page 151 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 4 Bass Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Treb Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Bass Freq 16 to 25088 Hz Treb Freq 16 to 25088 Hz Mid Gain -79.0 to 24.0 dB Mid Freq 16 to 25088 Hz Mid Wid 0.010 to 5.000 oct In/Out...
Page 152 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations MakeUpGain Provides an additional control of the output gain. The Out Gain and MakeUpGain controls are additive (in decibels) and together may provide a maximum of 24 dB boost to offset gain reduction due to compression or expansion. Bass Gain The amount of boost or cut that the bass shelving Þlter should apply to the low frequency signals in dB.
Page 153: Band Compressor
KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 956 Compress 3 Band Stereo soft-knee 3 frequency band compression algorithm PAUs: The 3 band compressor divides the input stereo signal into 3 frequency bands and runs each band through its own stereo soft-knee compressor. After compression, the bands are summed back together to produce the output.
Page 154 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations times, the signal may stay compressed well after the signal falls below threshold. At short release times, the compressor will open up almost as soon as the signal drops. For typical compressor behaviour, the attack time is considerably shorter than the release time. At very short attack and release times, the compressor is almost able to keep up with the instantaneous signal levels and the algorithm will behave more like distortion than compression.
Page 155 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations In/Out When set to ÒInÓ the compressor is active; when set to ÒOutÓ the compressor is bypassed. Out Gain Compressing the signal causes a reduction in signal level. To compensate, the output gain parameter may be used to increase the gain by as much as 24 dB. Note that the Out Gain parameter does not control the signal level when the algorithm is set to ÒOutÓ.
Page 156 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 957 Gate 958 Super Gate Signal gate algorithms PAUs: 1 for Gate 2 for Super Gate Gate and Super Gate do stand alone gate processing and can be conÞgured as a stereo or mono effects. As a stereo effect, the stereo signal gates itself based on its amplitude.
Page 157 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations attack gate release time time time signal rises signal falls above threshold below threshold Figure 10-86 Signal envelope for Gate and Super Gate when Retrigger is “On” If Retrigger is off (Super Gate only), then the gate will open when the side chain signal rises above threshold as before.
Page 158 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations If Ducking is turned on, then the behaviour of the gate is reversed. The gate is open while the side chain signal is below threshold, and it closes when the signal rises above thresold. If the gate opened and closed instantaneously, you would hear a large digital click, like a big knife switch was being thrown.
Page 159 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations hear one of the input channels, but you want your mono output panned to stereo. -100% is panned to the left, and 100% is panned to the right. SC Input The side chain input may be the amplitude of the left L input channel, the right R input channel, or the sum of the amplitudes of left and right (L+R)/2.
Page 160 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations SCTrebFreq The center frequency of the side chain treble shelving Þlters in intervals of one semitone. SCMidGain The amount of boost or cut that the side chain parametric mid Þlter should apply in dB to the speciÞed frequency band.
Page 161 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 959 2 Band Enhancer 2 band spectral modiﬁer PAUs: The 2 Band Enhancer modiÞes the spectral content of the input signal primarily by brightening signals with little or no high frequency content, and boosting pre-existing bass energy. First, the input is non- destructively split into 2 frequency bands using 6 dB/oct hipass and lopass Þlters (Figure 1).
Page 162 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Hi Shelf G The boost or cut of the high shelving Þlter. Hi Delay Adjusts the number of samples the hipass signal is delayed. Hi Mix Adjusts the output gain of the hipass signal. Lo Delay Adjusts the number of samples the lopass signal is delayed.
Page 163 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 960 3 Band Enhancer 3 band spectral modiﬁer PAUs: The 3 Band Enhancer modiÞes the spectral content of the input signal by boosting existing spectral content, or stimulating new ones. First, the input is non-destructively split into 3 frequency bands using 6 dB/oct hipass and lopass Þlters (Figure 1).
Page 164 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 Lo Enable On or Off Mid Enable On or Off Lo Drive Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Mid Drive Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Lo Xfer -100 to 100% Mid Xfer1 -100 to 100% Mid Xfer2 -100 to 100% Lo Delay...
Page 165 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 961 Tremolo 962 Tremolo BPM A stereo tremolo or auto-balance effect PAUs: Tremolo and Tremolo BPM are 1 processing allocation unit (PAU) stereo tremolo effects. In the classical sense, a tremolo is the rapid repetition of a single note created by an instrument. Early music synthesists imitated this by using an LFO to modulate the amplitude of a tone.
Page 166 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Parameters for Tremolo BPM Page 1 In/Out In or Out Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Tempo System, 0 to 255 BPM Page 2 LFO Rate 0 to 12.00 x LFO Shape LFO Phase 0.0 to 360.0 deg PulseWidth 0 to 100 %...
Page 167 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 963 AutoPanner A stereo auto-panner PAUs: AutoPanner is a 1 processing allocation unit (PAU) stereo auto pan effect. The process of panning a stereo image consists of shrinking the image width of the input program then cyclically moving this smaller image from side to side while maintaining relative distances between program point sources (Figure 1).
Page 168 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Parameters Page 1 In/Out In or Out Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Page 2 LFO Rate 0 to 10.00 Hz LFO Shape Rate Scale 1 to 25088 x PulseWidth 0 to 100% Origin -100 to 100 % PanWidth 0 to 100 %...
Page 169 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 964 Dual AutoPanner A dual mono auto-panner PAUs: Dual AutoPanner is a 2 processing allocation unit (PAU) dual mono auto pan effect. Left and right inputs are treated as two mono signals which can each be independently auto-panned. Parameters beginning with ÒLÓ...
Page 170 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations PulseWidth Sine Saw+ Saw- Pulse Expon Figure 10-93 LFO Shapes available for Dual AutoPanner Parameters Page 1 L In/Out In or Out R In/Out In or Out L Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB R Out Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Page 2...
Page 171 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations -3dB. Values above -3dB will cause somewhat of a bump in level as an image passes through the center. Values below -3dB will cause a dip in level at the center. LFO Shape The waveform type for the LFO. Choices are Sine, Saw+, Saw-, Pulse, Tri, and Expon. PulseWidth When the LFO Shape is set to Pulse, this parameter sets the pulse width as a percentage of the waveform period.
Page 172 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 965 SRS ® Licenced Sound Retrieval System or SRS effect PAUs: The SRS algorithm has been licenced from SRS Labs, Inc. The following is from an SRS Labs press release: SRS, the Sound Retrieval System, is based on the human hearing system. It produces a fully immersive, three-dimensional sound image from any audio source with two or more standard stereo speakers.
Page 173 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 966 Stereo Image Stereo enhancement with stereo channel correlation metering PAUs: Stereo Image is a stereo enhancement algorithm with metering for stereo channel correlation. The stereo enhancement performs simple manipulations of the sum and difference of the left and right input channels to allow widening of the stereo Þeld and increased sound Þeld envelopment.
Page 174 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Parameters Page 1 L In Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB R In Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB CenterGain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB Diff Gain Off, -79.0 to 24.0 dB L/R Delay -500.0 to 500.0 samp RMS Settle 0.0 to 300.0 dB/s Page 2...
Page 175 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 967 Mono -> Stereo Stereo simulation from a mono input signal PAUs: Mono -> Stereo is an algorithms which creates a stereo signal from a mono input signal. The algorithm works by combining a number of band-splitting, panning and delay tricks. The In Select parameter lets you choose the left or right channel for you mono input, or you may choose to sum the left and right inputs.
Page 176 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 2 Crossover1 16 to 25088 Hz Crossover2 16 to 25088 Hz Pan High -100 to 100% Delay High 0.0 to 1000.0 ms Pan Mid -100 to 100% Delay Mid 0.0 to 1000.0 ms Pan Low -100 to 100% Delay Low 0.0 to 1000.0 ms...
Page 177 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 968 Graphic EQ 969 Dual Graphic EQ Dual mono 10 band graphic equalizer PAUs: The graphic equalizer is available as stereo (linked parameters for left and right) or dual mono (independent controls for left and right). The graphic equalizer has ten bandpass Þlters per channel. For each band the gain may be adjusted from -12 dB to +24 dB.
Page 178 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations (dB) 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000 Freq (Hz) Figure 10-97 Overall Response with All Gains Set to +12 dB, 0 dB and -6 dB Parameters for Graphic EQ Page 1 In/Out In or Out Page 2 31Hz G -12.0 to 24.0dB 1000Hz G...
Page 179 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Page 3 R 31Hz G -12.0 to 24.0dB R 1000Hz G -12.0 to 24.0dB R 62Hz G -12.0 to 24.0dB R 2000Hz G -12.0 to 24.0dB R 125Hz G -12.0 to 24.0dB R 4000Hz G -12.0 to 24.0dB R 250Hz G -12.0 to 24.0dB...
Page 180 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 970 5 Band EQ Stereo bass and treble shelving ﬁlters and 3 parametric EQs PAUs: This algorithm is a stereo 5 band equalizer with 3 bands of parametric EQ and with bass and treble tone controls.
Page 181 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations Midn Freq The center frequency of the EQ in intervals of one semitone. The boost or cut will be at a maximum at this frequency. Midn Width The bandwidth of the EQ may be adjusted. You specify the bandwidth in octaves. Small values result in a very narrow Þlter response.
Page 182 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 998 FXMod Diagnostic FXMod source metering utility algorithm PAUs: The FXMod diagnostic algorithm is used to obtain a metered display of FXMod sources. This algorithm allows you to view the current levels of any data sliders, MIDI controls, switches, or internally generated V.A.S.T.
Page 183 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations 999 Stereo Analyze Signal metering and channel summation utility algorithm PAUs: Stereo Analyze is a utility algorithm which provides metering of stereo signals as its primary function. In addition to metering, the gains of the two channels are separately controllable, either channel may be inverted, and sum and differences to the two channels may be metered and monitored.
Page 184 KDFX Reference KDFX Algorithm Speciﬁcations parameter to attempt to correct the problem. Positive delays are delaying the left channel, while negative delays are delaying the right channel. By inverting one channel with respect to the other, you can hear what is characterised as Òphasey-nessÓ. Usually in stereo recordings, you can localize the phantom image of sound sources somewhere between the two loudspeakers.

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Summary of Contents for Kurzweil K2600 - MUSICIANS GUIDE REV A PART NUMBER 910331 CHAP 10

Page 2: Kdfx Algorithms

Page 3: Kdfx Presets

Page 5: Kdfx Studios

Page 8: Kdfx Algorithm Speciþcations

Page 153: Band Compressor

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