FLIR T6xx series User Manual
  1. Manuals
  2. Brands
  3. FLIR Manuals
  4. Thermal cameras
  5. T6xx series
  6. User manual

FLIR T6xx series User Manual

Hide thumbs
Table of Contents

Advertisement

Quick Links

Download this manual
User's manual
FLIR T6xx series

Advertisement

Table of Contents
loading
Need help?

Need help?

Do you have a question about the T6xx series and is the answer not in the manual?

Questions and answers

Subscribe to Our Youtube Channel

Related Manuals for FLIR T6xx series

Summary of Contents for FLIR T6xx series

  • Page 1 User’s manual FLIR T6xx series...
  • Page 3 User’s manual FLIR T6xx series #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Legal disclaimer ................1 Legal disclaimer ............... 1 Usage statistics ................ 1 Changes to registry ..............1 U.S. Government Regulations............1 Copyright ................1 Quality assurance ..............1 Patents ................... 1 EULA Terms ................1 WARNING, CAUTION................2 Notice to user ...................5 User-to-user forums ..............
  • Page 6 Table of contents Screen elements ................18 Main screen area ..............18 9.1.1 Figure ................ 18 9.1.2 Explanation..............18 Status icons and indicators ............18 Navigating the menu system ............. 20 10.1 Figure .................. 20 10.2 Explanation ................20 Connecting external devices and storage media ......... 21 11.1 Figure ..................
  • Page 7 Table of contents 14.14 Changing the viewfinder’s eyecap..........33 Working with images................ 35 15.1 Saving an image ..............35 15.1.1 General..............35 15.1.2 Image capacity ............35 15.1.3 Naming convention............35 15.1.4 Procedure ..............35 15.2 Previewing an image ............... 35 15.2.1 General..............
  • Page 8 Table of contents 17.5 Creating and setting up a difference calculation ......45 17.5.1 General..............45 17.5.2 Procedure ..............45 17.6 Changing object parameters ............. 46 17.6.1 General..............46 17.6.2 Types of parameters ............. 46 17.6.3 Recommended values........... 46 17.6.4 Procedure ..............46 17.6.5 Related topics .............
  • Page 9 Table of contents Recording video clips ..............60 22.1 General ................60 22.2 Procedure ................60 Changing settings ................61 23.1 The Camera tab ..............61 23.2 The Preferences tab ..............61 23.3 The Connectivity tab..............61 23.4 The Regional settings tab ............61 23.5 The Information tab ..............
  • Page 10 28.4.1 General..............78 28.4.2 Figure ................ 78 28.5 Draft ..................79 28.5.1 General..............79 28.5.2 Figure ................ 79 About FLIR Systems ................ 80 29.1 More than just an infrared camera ..........81 29.2 Sharing our knowledge ............81 29.3 Supporting our customers............81 29.4...

  • Page 11: Legal Disclaimer

    1.8 EULA Terms free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or work- manship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one- • You have acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes soft- year period.

  • Page 12: Warning, Caution

    • (Applies only to cameras featuring Wi-Fi.) Radiofrequency radiation exposure In- formation: For body worn operation, this camera has been tested and meets the FCC RF exposure guidelines when used with the FLIR Systems accessories supplied or designated for this product. Use of other accessories may not ensure compliance with FCC RF exposure guidelines.
  • Page 13 • Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a spe- cific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems. • Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object (such as wire).
  • Page 14 • (Applies only to FLIR A3xx f/A3xx pt series cameras.) • Except as described in this manual, do not open the FLIR A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera for any reason. Disassembly of the camera (including removal of the cover) can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty.

  • Page 15: Notice To User

    3.7 Important note about this manual FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.

  • Page 16: Customer Help

    • The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex- ample, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire) • Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.) • Version of any programs from FLIR Systems • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following: •...

  • Page 17: Parts Lists

    * The inclusion of this item is dependent on model. Note FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. 5.2 List of accessories and services...
  • Page 18 ITC Software course - attendance 1 pers. (per day) ITC-SOW-0009 ITC Software course - group up to 10 pers. (per day) ITC-SOW-1001 ITC Training FLIR Software - attendance 1 pers. (1 day) ITC-SOW-2001 ITC Training FLIR Software - attendance 1 pers. (2 days) ITC-TFT-0100...
  • Page 19 Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series T911093 Tool belt Note FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 20: Quick Start Guide

    9. Move the image from the card or camera, using a drag-and-drop operation. Note You can also move the images to the computer using FLIR Tools, which comes with your camera. In FLIR Tools you can analyze the images and create PDF reports.

  • Page 21: Note About Ergonomics

    A note about ergonomics 7.1 General To prevent strain-related injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correct. This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera. Note Please note the following: • Always tilt the touch-screen LCD to suit your work position. •...

  • Page 22: Camera Parts

    Camera parts 8.1 View from the right 8.1.1 Figure 8.1.2 Explanation 1. Knob to change the dioptric correction for the viewfinder. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with a viewfinder. Make sure that the beams from the intensive energy sources do not go into the viewfinder. The beams can cause damage to the camera.

  • Page 23: View From The Left

    Camera parts 8.2 View from the left 8.2.1 Figure 8.2.2 Explanation 1. Lamp for the digital camera. 2. Laser pointer. 3. Lamp for the digital camera. 4. Infrared lens. 5. Digital camera. Note The digital camera can be configured to capture digital photos at the same field of view as the infra- red camera.

  • Page 24: View From The Rear

    Camera parts 8.3 View from the rear 8.3.1 Figure 8.3.2 Explanation 1. Sensor that adjusts the touch-screen LCD intensity automatically. 2. Button to switch between touch-screen LCD mode and viewfinder mode. Note This item is subject to camera model. 3. Viewfinder. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with a viewfinder.

  • Page 25: View From The Bottom

    Camera parts 9. Button to switch between automatic mode, manual mode, manual minimum mode, and manual maximum mode. 10. Image archive. 11. Touch-screen LCD. 12. Power indicator. 13. On/off button. 8.4 View from the bottom 8.4.1 Figure 8.4.2 Explanation 1. Tripod mount. Requires an adapter (included). 2.

  • Page 26: Battery Condition Led Indicator

    Camera parts 8.5 Battery condition LED indicator 8.5.1 Figure 8.5.2 Explanation Type of signal Explanation The green LED flashes two times per second. The battery is being charged. The green LED glows continuously. The battery is fully charged. 8.6 Power LED indicator 8.6.1 Figure 8.6.2 Explanation Type of signal...

  • Page 27: Laser Pointer

    Camera parts 8.7 Laser pointer 8.7.1 Figure Figure 8.1 This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens. WARNING Do not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation. CAUTION Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you are not using the laser pointer.

  • Page 28: Screen Elements

    Screen elements 9.1 Main screen area 9.1.1 Figure 9.1.2 Explanation 1. Measurement result table. 2. Measurement tools (e.g., spotmeter). 3. Temperature scale. 4. Back button. 5. Mode button (camera, video, program, settings). 6. Predefined sets of measurement tools. 7. Measurement tools. 8.
  • Page 29 Screen elements Icon or indicator Explanation The internal database managing images is out of sync. Note You need to tap this icon when it appears in the top right corner of the screen. GPS connection is OK. Scanning for GPS satellites. Laser notification.

  • Page 30: Navigating The Menu System

    Navigating the menu system 10.1 Figure 10.2 Explanation The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera: • Using the index finger or the stylus pen to navigate the menu system (left). • Using the joystick to navigate the menu system (right). #T559598;...

  • Page 31: Connecting External Devices And Storage Media

    Connecting external devices and storage media 11.1 Figure 11.2 Explanation 1. Memory card. 2. Indicator showing that the memory card is busy. Note • Do not eject the SD memory card when this LED is flashing. • Do not connect the camera to a computer when this LED is flashing. 3.

  • Page 32: Pairing Bluetooth Devices

    Pairing Bluetooth devices 12.1 General Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera, you need to pair the devices. 12.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Go to (Mode) and then choose Settings. 2. Go to the Connectivity tab. 3.

  • Page 33: Configuring Wi-Fi

    Configuring Wi-Fi 13.1 General Depending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless local area network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to another device. You can connect the camera in two different ways: •...

  • Page 34: Handling The Camera

    Handling the camera 14.1 Charging the battery Note You must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the camera for the first time. 14.1.1 Using the power supply to charge the battery 14.1.1.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 35: Adjusting The Viewfinder's Dioptric Correction

    Handling the camera 14.4 Adjusting the viewfinder’s dioptric correction 14.4.1 Figure CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with a viewfinder. Make sure that the beams from the intensive energy sources do not go into the viewfinder. The beams can cause damage to the camera. This includes the devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. Note This item is subject to camera model.

  • Page 36: Adjusting The Angle Of The Lens

    Handling the camera 14.5 Adjusting the angle of the lens 14.5.1 Figure 14.6 Adjusting the infrared camera focus manually 14.6.1 Figure 14.6.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Do one of the following: • For far focus, rotate the focus ring clockwise (looking at the touch-screen LCD side).

  • Page 37: Autofocusing The Infrared Camera

    Handling the camera Note • Do not touch the lens surface when you adjust the infrared camera focus manually. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in 27.2 Infrared lens, page 74. • The focus ring can be rotated infinitely, but only a certain amount of rotation is needed when focusing.

  • Page 38: Operating The Laser Pointer

    Handling the camera 14.9 Operating the laser pointer 14.9.1 Figure 14.9.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To turn on the laser pointer, push and hold the laser button. 2. To turn off the laser pointer, release the laser button. Note •...

  • Page 39: Using The Digital Zoom Function

    Handling the camera 14.10 Using the digital zoom function 14.10.1 Figure 14.10.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To zoom, push the zoom button left or right. 14.11 Changing lenses Follow this procedure: 1. Take a firm grip around the outermost part of the lens. #T559598;...
  • Page 40 Handling the camera 2. Rotate the lense 30° degrees counter-clockwise. 3. Carefully pull out the lens from the lens bayonet mount. 4. The infrared detector is now fully exposed. Do not touch this surface. If you see dust on the detector, follow the instructions in 27.3 Infrared detector, page 75. 5.
  • Page 41 Handling the camera 6. Align the lens correctly to the bayonet mount. 7. Carefully push the lens into position. 8. Rotate the lens 30° degrees clockwise. #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 42: Calibrating The Compass

    Handling the camera 14.12 Calibrating the compass 14.12.1 Figure 14.12.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Mode). 3. Push the joystick. This will display a Mode menu. 4. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick. 5.

  • Page 43: Changing The Viewfinder's Eyecap

    Handling the camera 3. Push the joystick. This will display a Mode menu. 4. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick. 5. Go to the Camera tab. 6. On the Camera tab, select Calibrate touchscreen and push the joystick. 7.
  • Page 44 Handling the camera 4. Align the eyecap to the eyecap mount. 5. Push down the eyecap into position. #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 45: Working With Images

    Working with images 15.1 Saving an image 15.1.1 General You can save an image directly, without previewing the image first. 15.1.2 Image capacity This table gives information on the approximate number of infrared (IR) and digital cam- era (DC) images that can be saved on memory cards: IR + DC + 30 seconds IR only Card size...

  • Page 46: Opening An Image

    Working with images Note You can change the function of the Autofocus/Save button under (Mode) > Settings > Preferen- ces. The function can be set to one of the following: • Preview/Save (Brief depression = Preview; Long depression = Save). •...

  • Page 47: Example 2

    Working with images 15.4.3 Example 2 This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line. In the left image, the cold sky and the power line structure are recorded at a minimum temperature of –26.0°C (–14.8°F). In the right image, the maximum and minimum tem- perature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the isolator.

  • Page 48: Changing The Palette

    Working with images 5. Use the joystick to go to (Preferences). 6. Under Programmable button, select Hide graphics. You have now assigned this func- tion to the button. This is a programmable button, and you can assign other func- tions to it. Note Other functions that can be associated with the programmable button include the following: •...

  • Page 49: Procedure

    15.9.1 General You can create a PDF report in the camera. You can then transfer the PDF report to a computer, iPhone, or iPad using the FLIR Viewer app, and send the report to a customer. 15.9.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 50: Working With Image Modes

    Working with image modes 16.1 What is picture-in-picture? Picture-in-picture is similar to thermal fusion in that it lets you display part of a digital pho- to as an infrared image. However, picture-in-picture displays an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo. 16.2 What is thermal fusion? Thermal fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared image.

  • Page 51: Setting Up Thermal Fusion

    Working with image modes Type Image Interval Picture-in-Picture 16.5 Setting up Thermal fusion Follow this procedure: 1. Push to display a toolbar. 2. On the toolbar, select (Thermal fusion). 3. Push 4. To change the portion of infrared in the image, do one of the following: •...

  • Page 52: Setting Up Picture-In-Picture

    Working with image modes Note How to use thermal fusion in manual mode is described above. When using thermal fusion in automatic mode, the temperature levels for the thermal fusion will be based on the temperature levels inside the aiming frame that is displayed in the middle of the image. 16.6 Setting up picture-in-picture Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 53: Working With Measurement Tools

    Working with measurement tools 17.1 Laying out measurement tools: spots, areas, etc. 17.1.1 General To measure a temperature, you use one or more measurement tools, e.g., a spotmeter or a box. 17.1.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push or tap the screen to display the menu system. 2.

  • Page 54: Working With Presets

    Working with measurement tools 6. In the submenu, select one of the following: • Above. This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature above one or more set temperature levels. • Below. This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature below one or more set temperature levels.

  • Page 55: Creating And Setting Up A Difference Calculation

    Working with measurement tools Follow this procedure: 1. Push or tap the screen to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Tools). 3. Push the joystick to display a submenu. 4. Use the joystick to go to (Adjust tools).

  • Page 56: Changing Object Parameters

    Working with measurement tools Push the joystick. This will display a dialog box where you can select the measure- ment tools that you want to use in the difference calculation. 6. Push the joystick. The result of the difference calculation is now displayed in the re- sult table.

  • Page 57: Related Topics

    Working with measurement tools Note Of the parameters above, emissivity and reflected apparent temperature are the two most important to set correctly in the camera. 17.6.5 Related topics For in-depth information about parameters, and how to correctly set the emissivity and reflected apparent temperature, see 31 Thermographic measurement techniques, page #T559598;...

  • Page 58: Fetching Data From External Extech Meters

    • Extech Clamp Meter EX845 18.4 Technical support for Extech meters support@extech.com This support is for Extech meters only. For technical support for infrared cameras, go to http://support.flir.com. For more information about products from Extech Instruments, go to http://www.extech. com/instruments/. 18.5 Procedure...

  • Page 59: Typical Moisture Measurement And Documentation Procedure

    Fetching data from external Extech meters 5. Do one of the following: • To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button. At this stage, you can add additional values. To do so, take a new measurement with the meter and select Add on the infrared camera screen.

  • Page 60: Working With Alarms And Isotherms

    Working with alarms and isotherms 19.1 Measurement alarms 19.1.1 General You can make the camera trigger an audible alarm when certain measurement condi- tions are met. 19.1.2 Types of alarm You can choose between the following alarm types: • Above: Triggers an alarm when a temperature is above the preset alarm temperature. •...

  • Page 61: About The Insulation Isotherm

    Working with alarms and isotherms 19.2.3 About the Insulation isotherm The Insulation isotherm can detect areas where there may be an insulation deficiency in the building. It will trigger when the insulation level (which is called thermal index in the camera) falls below a preset value of the energy leakage through a wall.
  • Page 62 Working with alarms and isotherms 6. In the submenu, select Insulation. This will display a dialog box where you can set the necessary parameters: • Outdoor temperature: The current outdoor temperature. • Indoor temperature: The current indoor temperature. • Thermal index: The insulation level, an integer between 0 and 100. 7.

  • Page 63: Annotating Images

    A voice annotation is an audio recording that is stored in an infrared image file. The voice annotation is recorded using a Bluetooth headset. The recording can be played back in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from FLIR Systems.

  • Page 64: Creating A Text

    Annotating images 2. Use the joystick to select 3. Push the joystick to display a submenu. 4. On the submenu, select Voice. This will display a voice recording toolbar. 5. Do one or more of the following, and push the joystick to confirm each choice. Some buttons have more than one function.

  • Page 65: Creating A Table

    Annotating images 5. Click OK. 20.5 Creating a table 20.5.1 General A table with textual information can be saved in an infrared image. This feature is a very efficient way of recording information when you are inspecting a large number of similar objects. The idea behind using a table with textual information is to avoid filling out forms or inspection protocols manually.
  • Page 66 Annotating images 4. On the submenu, select Table. This will display the following dialog box. This is the default table annotations template that ships with the camera. 5. Do one of the following: • To edit a field, click . This will display the following dialog box. •...

  • Page 67: Adding A Sketch

    Annotating images 20.6 Adding a sketch 20.6.1 General A sketch is freehand drawing that you create in a sketch work area separate from the in- frared image. You can use the sketch feature to create a simple drawing, write down comments, add dimensions, etc.

  • Page 68: Adding A Sketch To A Digital Photo

    Annotating images 4. Do one or more of the following: • Draw a sketch. • Change the color of the lines. • Erase lines and start again. • Erase the entire sketch. 20.6.4 Adding a sketch to a digital photo Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 69: Programming The Camera

    Programming the camera 21.1 General You can program the camera to save images periodically. 21.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button or tap the screen to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Mode).

  • Page 70: Recording Video Clips

    Recording video clips 22.1 General You can record non-radiometric infrared or visual video clips. In this mode, the camera can be regarded as an ordinary digital video camera. The video clips can be played back in Microsoft Windows Media Player, but it will not be possible to retrieve radiometric information from the video clips.

  • Page 71: Changing Settings

    Changing settings 23.1 The Camera tab • Temperature range • Add-on lens Note This parameter must be set when mounting a new lens. • Continuous autofocus • GPS • Display intensity • Viewfinder intensity • Auto power off • Digital camera lamp •...

  • Page 72: Procedure

    Changing settings 23.6 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Mode). 3. Push the joystick. This will display a Mode menu. 4. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick. 5.

  • Page 73: Technical Data

    For technical data on this product, refer to the product catalog and/or technical data- sheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the product. The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com. #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 74: Declaration Of Conformity

    Declaration of conformity #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 75: Dimensional Drawings

    Dimensional drawings 26.1 Camera dimensions, front view (1) 26.1.1 Figure Note This drawing also shows the tripod adapter. 26.2 Camera dimensions, front view (2) 26.2.1 Figure Note This drawing also shows the tripod adapter. #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 76: Camera Dimensions, Side View (1)

    Dimensional drawings 26.3 Camera dimensions, side view (1) 26.3.1 Figure Note This drawing also shows the tripod adapter. #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 77: Camera Dimensions, Side View (2)

    Dimensional drawings 26.4 Camera dimensions, side view (2) 26.4.1 Figure Note This drawing also shows the tripod adapter. 26.5 Camera dimensions, 41.3 mm/15° lens, side view 26.5.1 Figure #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 78: Camera Dimensions, 24.6 Mm/25° Lens, Side View

    Dimensional drawings Note This drawing also shows the tripod adapter. 26.6 Camera dimensions, 24.6 mm/25° lens, side view 26.6.1 Figure Note This drawing also shows the tripod adapter. #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 79: Camera Dimensions, 13.1 Mm/45° Lens, Side View

    Dimensional drawings 26.7 Camera dimensions, 13.1 mm/45° lens, side view 26.7.1 Figure Note This drawing also shows the tripod adapter. 26.8 Infrared lens (41.3 mm/15°) 26.8.1 Figure #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 80: Infrared Lens (24.6 Mm/25°)

    Dimensional drawings 26.9 Infrared lens (24.6 mm/25°) 26.9.1 Figure 26.10 Infrared lens (13.1 mm/45°) 26.10.1 Figure #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 81: Battery (1)

    Dimensional drawings 26.11 Battery (1) 26.11.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 26.12 Battery (2) 26.12.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559598;...

  • Page 82: Battery Charger (1)

    Dimensional drawings 26.13 Battery charger (1) 26.13.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 26.14 Battery charger (2) 26.14.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559598;...

  • Page 83: Battery Charger (3)

    Dimensional drawings 26.15 Battery charger (3) 26.15.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 84: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 27.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 27.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 27.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 27.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2.

  • Page 85: Infrared Detector

    Cleaning the camera 27.3 Infrared detector 27.3.1 General Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image. To remove any dust from the detector, follow the procedure below. Note • This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared detector. •...

  • Page 86: Application Examples

    Application examples 28.1 Moisture & water damage 28.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction prop- erty and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the sur- rounding material.

  • Page 87: Oxidized Socket

    Application examples 28.3 Oxidized socket 28.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, ox- ides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally in- creased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase.

  • Page 88: Insulation Deficiencies

    Application examples 28.4 Insulation deficiencies 28.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.

  • Page 89: Draft

    Application examples 28.5 Draft 28.5.1 General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceil- ing trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. Note When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.

  • Page 90: About Flir Systems

    —together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our internation- al customer base. FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We antici- pate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones.

  • Page 91: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR i7 from 2012. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.

  • Page 92: A Few Images From Our Facilities

    About FLIR Systems 29.4 A few images from our facilities Figure 29.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector Figure 29.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing Figure 29.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration #T559598;...

  • Page 93: Glossary

    Glossary absorption The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re- (absorption ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1. factor) atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor- mally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.
  • Page 94 Glossary image correc- A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of tion (internal or live images and also of stabilizing the camera. external) infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm. infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals.
  • Page 95 Glossary span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. spectral (radi- Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and ant) emittance wavelength (W/m /μm) temperature A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature difference, or values.

  • Page 96: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 31.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera- ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
  • Page 97 Thermographic measurement techniques 31.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 31.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
  • Page 98 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • D You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 31.3 1 = Reflection source Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor- tant reasons:...

  • Page 99: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    50%. 31.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com- pensate for the following parameters: • Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam- era and the target •...
  • Page 100 Thermographic measurement techniques • External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera #T559598; r. AB/ 9443/9443; en-US...

  • Page 101: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec- trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to- day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 102 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag- netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re- ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’.
  • Page 103 History of infrared technology Figure 32.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break- through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re- sponded.

  • Page 104: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 33.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 33.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 105: Planck's Law

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera- ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black.

  • Page 106: Wien's Displacement Law

    Theory of thermography Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. λb Velocity of light = 3 × 10 Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10 Joule sec. Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10 Joule/K. Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ Wavelength (μm).

  • Page 107: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    Theory of thermography Figure 33.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra- red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif- icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

  • Page 108: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    Theory of thermography Figure 33.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
  • Page 109 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp- tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since α...

  • Page 110: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    Theory of thermography Figure 33.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black- body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 33.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material.

  • Page 111: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob- ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 112 U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3): Solve Equation 3 for U (Equation 4): This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Table 34.1 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e.
  • Page 113 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algo- rithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
  • Page 114 The measurement formula Figure 34.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam- era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos- phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 115: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 35.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
  • Page 116 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Aluminum as received, plate 0.09 Aluminum as received, 0.09 sheet Aluminum cast, blast 0.47 cleaned...
  • Page 117 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Brass polished, highly 0.03 Brass rubbed with 80- 0.20 grit emery Brass sheet, rolled 0.06...
  • Page 118 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Chromium polished 0.10 Chromium polished 500–1000 0.28–0.38 0.91 Clay fired Cloth black 0.98 Concrete...
  • Page 119 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Granite rough 0.879 0.95–0.97 Granite rough, 4 different samples Granite rough, 4 different 0.77–0.87 samples 0.8–0.9...
  • Page 120 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 0.64 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 0.85 Iron galvanized sheet 0.07 Iron galvanized...
  • Page 121 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Leather tanned 0.75–0.80 Lime 0.3–0.4 Magnesium 0.07 Magnesium 0.13 Magnesium 0.18 Magnesium polished 0.07...
  • Page 122 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Oil, lubricating 0.050 mm film 0.46 0.72 Oil, lubricating 0.125 mm film 0.05 Oil, lubricating film on Ni base:...
  • Page 123 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Plaster rough coat 0.91 Plastic glass fibre lami- 0.94 nate (printed circ. board) Plastic glass fibre lami-...
  • Page 124 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled 0.45 Stainless steel sandblasted 0.70...
  • Page 125 Emissivity tables Table 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 0.95–0.98 thick Water snow Water snow –10 0.85 0.98...
  • Page 126 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML — the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica™ World. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980) LOEF (List Of Effective Files) T501011.xml;...
  • Page 128 Corporate Headquarters FLIR Systems, Inc. 27700 SW Parkway Ave. Wilsonville, OR 97070 Telephone: +1-503-498-3547 Website http://www.flir.com Customer support http://support.flir.com Publ. No.: T559598 Release: Commit: 9443 Head: 9443 Language: en-US Modified: 2013-10-18 Formatted: 2013-10-18...

Table of Contents