Lotus 2004 Eleven Service Notes page 108

Lotus Service Notes
Alignment
Wheel alignment refers to the parallelism of the wheels when viewed from above and is crucial to vehicle
stability, handling and tyre wear. It is measured either by the angle a wheel makes with the vehicle centre
line, or the difference in dimension between the wheel rim to wheel rim measurement at the front and rear of
the wheel at hub centre height. The wheels are said to 'toe-in' when the wheel paths converge ahead of the
vehicle, and 'toe-out' when they diverge. Rear wheel alignment should be measured only using equipment
which measures individual rear wheel alignment reletive to the car centreline. Wheel alignment is designed
to vary with suspension travel ('bump steer') and the base setting should be measured only at the specified
mid laden ride height.
It is possible to accurately measure individual wheel alignment using a pair of long straight bars or round
section elastic in conjunction with 4 axle stands or similar. Any bars used must be longer than the length of the
car, and be suitably stiff and straight.
Set up the bars or elastic on each side of the car at wheel centre height as shown an the diagram, so that
A = A, B = B and C = C.
Straight
edge
d21
Measure the distance from the bar to the rim of the wheel concerned at the front and rear of the centre line
of the wheel (D , D ). If the front dimension, D
1 2
If the rear dimension is greater than the front dimension, the wheel has TOE-OUT. The difference between the
two measurements is the amount the wheel has toe-in or toe-out.
Wheel alignment is adjusted via the toe control link which is equipped with a left hand threaded ball joint at
the inboard end, and a right hand threaded ball joint at the outboard end. Slacken both ball joint locknuts, and
turn the link rod as necessary to increase or decrease the effective length of the link. As a guide, lengthening
the link rod by a turn of one 'flat' (one sixth of a turn) will increase toe-in by approximately 1mm.
After adjustment, tighten the two locknuts to 55 Nm taking care to ensure that the ball joint sockets are
aligned at 90° to each other to allow some free articulation.
Camber Adjustment
Camber is the angle from vertical of the wheel when viewed from the rear, and is said to be negative when
the wheel leans inwards at the top (positive when leaning outwards).
The primary purpose of camber is to achieve the maximum efficiency of the tyre under cornering loads and
body roll, with the specification closely allied to a particular wheel/tyre combination. The camber angle changes
with suspension travel, becoming more negative on bump, and should be measured only at the specified ride
height. Incorrect camber can result in handling deficiencies and excessive tyre wear.
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, is greater than the rear dimension, D
1
Section DH
FRONT
, the wheel has TOE-IN.
2