Olympus IX71 Instructions Manual
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Olympus IX71 Instructions Manual

Inverted research microscope/inverted basic microscope
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INSTRUCTIONS
IX71 /IX51
INVERTED RESEARCH MICROSCOPE/
INVERTED BASIC MICROSCOPE
This instruction manual is for the Olympus Inverted Microscopes Models IX71 and IX51. To
ensure the safety, obtain optimum performance and to familiarize yourself fully with the use
of the microscope, we recommend that you study this manual thoroughly before operating
the microscope. Retain this instruction manual in an easily accessible place near the work
desk for future reference.
A X 7 3 1 9

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  • Page 1 INVERTED RESEARCH MICROSCOPE/ INVERTED BASIC MICROSCOPE This instruction manual is for the Olympus Inverted Microscopes Models IX71 and IX51. To ensure the safety, obtain optimum performance and to familiarize yourself fully with the use of the microscope, we recommend that you study this manual thoroughly before operating the microscope.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    14-31 4-1 Power Supply Unit and Microscope Frame ..................14-16 Turning Power On, Adjusting the Brightness Light Path Selection Magnification Change (IX71 Only) Frame Clamping Plate Option Button (IX71 Only) 4-2 Focusing Block ..................................... 16, 17 Rotation Direction of the Coarse/Fine Adjustment Knobs...
  • Page 4 OTHER OBSERVATION METHODS 32-43 5-1 Phase Contrast Observation (Using the IX2-ILL100 Column) ......... 32-35 5-2 Phase Contrast Observation (Using the IX2-ILL30 Column) ........36, 37 5-3 Differential Interference Contrast Observation (Using the IX2-ILL100 Column) ..38-42 5-4 Simplified Polarized Light Observation (Using the IX2-ILL100 Column)....43 5-5 Reflected Light Fluorescence Observation (See Separate Manual) ......
  • Page 5 IMPORTANT This microscope employs a UIS2/UIS (Universal Infinity System) optical design, and should be used with modules designed for the IX2 or BX2 series (as well as some of the modules designed for the Olympus IX or BX series). For the applicable modules, please consult Olympus or the latest catalogues. Less than optimum per- formance may result if inappropriate module combinations are used.

  • Page 6: Safety Precautions

    6V30WHAL (PHILIPS 5761) (Illumination column: IX2-ILL30) Bulb life: 100 hours of rated operation 8. Always use the power cord provided by Olympus. If no power cord is Fig. 3 provided, please select the proper power cord by referring to the section “PROPER SELECTION OF THE POWER SUPPLY CORD”...
  • Page 7 IX71/IX51 Safety Symbols The following symbols are found on the microscope. Study the meaning of the symbols and always use the equipment in the safest possible manner. Symbol Explanation Indicates that the surface becomes hot, and should not be touched with bare hands.

  • Page 8: Maintenance And Storage

    @The following combinations are not permitted in consideration of the optical performance. · IX2-SPT + PE4X + U-PMTVC on the side port · IX2-SPT + PE5X + U-PMTV1X on the side port (With the IX71, this is applicable only when the magnification changer is set to 1X.) ·...

  • Page 9: Module Nomenclature

    }The modules shown below are only the representative modules. As there are other modules which can be combined with the microscope but are not shown below, please also refer to the latest Olympus catalogues or your dealer. For the modules marked *, refer to their separate instruction manuals.
  • Page 10 CONTROLS }If you have not yet assembled the microscope, read Chapter 9, “ASSEMBLY” (pages 55 to 65). · The illustration shows the system composed of modules enclosed in IX71 Halogen Lamp Housing Filter pocket (Page 23) U-LH100L-3 Applicable halogen bulb:...
  • Page 11 IX71/IX51 IX51 Lamp Socket U-LS30-3 Filter holder (Page 26) Applicable halogen bulb: 6V30WHAL Aperture iris diaphragm lever (Page 25) Illumination Column IX2-ILL30 Phase Contrast Slider IX2-SL Plain Stage IX2-KSP Mechanical Stage CK40-MVR Y-axis knob (Page 19) Diopter adjustment ring (Page 20)
  • Page 12 Left Side View of Microscope Frame Allen wrench and optical IX71 element centering knob (x 2) storage position (Rear panel) Allen screwdriver Eyepieces storage position (Rear panel) WHN10X/WHN10X-H Binocular Observation Tube U-BI90CT Diopter adjustment ring (Page 20) Interpupillary distance adjustment scale...
  • Page 13 IX71/IX51 Other Modules Trinocular Observation Tube H Monocular Tube U-TR30H-2 U-MO Straight photo tube mount (Page 44) 10X eyepiece Light path selector knob (Fixed) (Page 21) Intermediate Tube IX-ATU Manipulator mounting Plain Stage Mechanical Stage screw holes }Can be mounted on the IX2-KSP.
  • Page 14 Long WD Universal Condenser UCD Adapter IX2-LWUCD IX-ADUCD }This is a manually controlled condenser. Condenser height fine Aperture iris adjustment knob (Page 28) diaphragm lever (Page 27) Turret (Page 27) Index mounting holes Centering knob insertion holes (x 2) Universal Condenser ULWCD Condenser IX-ULWCD U-UCD8...
  • Page 15 }The applicable halogen bulb is the 12V100WHAL-L. Power Supply Unit For details, refer to the separate instruction manual. Hand Switch TH4-HS }The IX71 does not need this module because its functions are incorporated in the microscope frame. Light intensity control knob...

  • Page 16: Transmitted Light Brightfield Observation Procedure

    TRANSMITTED LIGHT BRIGHTFIELD OBSERVATION PROCEDURE }The following flow shows the operating procedure for the transmitted light brightfield observation which is the basic observation method of this microscope. The operating procedures for phase contrast observation and DIC observation will be described separately in Chapter 5, “OTHER OBSERVATION METHODS” on page 32. For the fluorescence observation, refer to the separate instruction manual entitled “Manual/Motorized Reflected Fluores- cence System”.
  • Page 17 IX71/IX51 ™ Œ ‹ š † ‰ ƒ With the IX51 Š … ƒ With the IX71 ³ ² Hand Switch ‡ TH4-HS Power Supply Unit ³ ² ³ When the TL4 power supply unit is used ³ } Make a photocopy of the observation procedure pages and post it near your microscope.

  • Page 18: Using The Controls

    45LBD filter is engaged in the light path. Fig. 4 The position marked of the IX71 and TH4-HS also has the identical function. With the TL4, the position marked is not provided and even the maximum light intensity (6 V) may sometimes be unsuitable for photomicrography.

  • Page 19: Light Path Selection

    When the TH4-HS Hand Switch is Used (Fig. 7) ƒ }The illumination brightness can be adjusted from the hand switch in the same way as on the IX71 microscope frame. The hand switch is provided with double-sided adhesive tape, so it can be adhered to an easy-to-use position.

  • Page 20: Frame Clamping Plate

    · 1-inch pitch and 2-inch pitch anti-vibration platforms. For the assembly procedure, see item on page 65. Option Button (IX71 Only) (Fig. 8) }Pressing the option button ² makes it possible to release or close an external shutter (UNIBLITZ, etc.) To do this, the external shutter be con- nected to the right side of the frame using a commercially available BNC cable.

  • Page 21: Detaching The Fine Adjustment Knob

    IX71/IX51 Detaching the Fine Adjustment Knob (Fig. 11) }The fine adjustment knob is designed detachable in order to prevent interference between the knob and the operator’s hand manipulating the X- and Y-axis knobs. · Loosen the clamping screw ³ using the Allen screwdriver and remove the fine adjustment knob.

  • Page 22: Stage

    4-3 Stage Placing the Specimen (Figs. 13 to 16) With the IX2-SFR or IX-SVL2 Stage (Fig. 13) Place the specimen on the center of the stage. }In the case of a slide glass specimen, place the specimen with the cover glass facing down.

  • Page 23: Moving The Specimen

    IX71/IX51 Moving the Specimen (Fig. 17) With the IX2-SFR or IX-SVL2 Stage ³ To move the specimen to a desired position, rotate the X-axis knob @ and Y-axis knob ². }When the index mark on the upper stage is aligned with the index line ³...

  • Page 24: Observation Tube

    4-4 Observation Tube Adjusting the Interpupillary Distance (Fig. 20) While looking through the eyepieces, adjust the binocular vision until the left and right fields of view coincide completely. The index dot · indicates the interpupillary distance. }Note your interpupillary distance so that it can be quickly duplicated. Fig.

  • Page 25: Using Eyepiece Micrometer Disks

    (Fig. 26) 1. To use the CT turret @ rotate the knurled ring with a finger to select the setting corresponding to the indication (O-CT-O-S). (Set the magnification selector knob on the IX71 microscope frame to 1X.) Turret Application Indication ²...

  • Page 26: Adjusting The Tilt (U-Tbi90 Only)

    Adjusting the Tilt (U-TBI90 Only) (Fig. 27) }Adjust the height and tilt of the observation tube to obtain the most comfortable viewing position. Holding the binocular section with both hands, raise or lower it to the desired position. # Never attempt to force the binocular section past the upper or lower stop position.

  • Page 27: Mounting The Filters

    IX71/IX51 Mounting the Filters (Figs. 29 to 31) }45 mm diameter, maximum 6 mm thick filters can be mounted. Various filters, such as the provided frost filter, color temperature conversion filter (LBD), green interference filter (IF550) and ND filter can be mounted.

  • Page 28: Using The Field Iris Diaphragm

    Using the Field Iris Diaphragm (Figs. 32 & 33) }The field iris diaphragm is used to adjust the diameter of the illumination beam in accordance with the objective in use. Adjust the diaphragm so the field of view is circumscribed by the field iris diaphragm to exclude stray light and improve the contrast of images.

  • Page 29: Illumination Column Ix2-Ill30

    IX71/IX51 4-6 Illumination Column IX2-ILL30 }This illumination column is provided with a condenser as standard. The applicable objectives range from 4X to 40X objectives. The field iris diaphragm is fixed. It is not equipped with a condenser holder so no condenser can be attached to this illumination column.

  • Page 30: Mounting The Filters

    Mounting the Filters ² (Figs. 38 & 39) }Wait until the filters have cooled down enough before replacing a filter. Take out the filter holder @ and insert the required filter ². # Insert the filter so that it comes at the bottom without tilting, as shown in Fig.

  • Page 31: Condenser

    IX71/IX51 4-7 Condenser Centering the Condenser (Fig. 40) ³ With the IX2-LWUCD/IX2-LWUCDA2 Universal Condenser or ƒ IX-ULWCD Condenser 1. Rotate the turret @ (either manually or electrically) to select the “BF” brightfield observation (with no optical element engaged in the light path).
  • Page 32 With the U-UCD8 Universal Condenser (Fig. 41) # For operation of the U-UCD8, refer to the instruction manual provided with it. ƒ Since this condenser is used upside down, it may drop when the ² optical element is subject to a shock. Be careful particularly when …...

  • Page 33: Using The Aperture Iris Diaphragm

    IX71/IX51 70-80% Using the Aperture Iris Diaphragm (Fig. 42) 30-20% }In general, the potential resolving power of an objective is fully utilized if the diaphragm is stopped down to correspond with the numerical aperture (N.A.) of the objective. }Depending on the specimen, image contras or focal depth in observation or photomicrography may be improved by keeping the aperture iris diaphragm stopped down a little.

  • Page 34: Objectives

    4-8 Objectives Oil-Proof Cap (UIS Series only) (Fig. 44) }By mounting the oil-proof cap (Type C1 or Type C2) on the tip of the applicable objective, you can prevent penetration of immersion oil or ² water into the objective. This will enable the objective to achieve its origi- nal performance, so be sure to always mount the cap.

  • Page 35: Adjusting The Correction Collar

    Using Immersion Objectives (Fig. 45) # Always use immersion oil supplied by Olympus. }If the objective in use can accommodate the oil-proof cap, be sure to mount the cap. 1. Using a low-power objective, bring the specimen into focus.

  • Page 36: Other Observation Methods

    OTHER OBSERVATION METHODS 5-1 Phase Contrast Observation (Using the IX2-ILL100 Column) }A phase contrast objective, phase contrast optical element and the U-CT30 centering telescope (which is not required when the U-BI90CT binocular observation tube is used) are required for phase contrast observation. }If a DIC slider, analyzer and/or polarizer are engaged in the light path, disengage them.
  • Page 37 IX71/IX51 (Note) The IX-PHCU or IX-PH1U can be attached only in the Ph1 or PhC position. With the IX-ULWCD Condenser Do not remove the built-in elements. UIS2 Series Optical Element Indication Applicable Objectives PHL (Built in) UPlanFLN4XPh IX-PHCU CPlanN10XPh, LCAchN20XPh, CPlanFLN10XPh...
  • Page 38 4. Hold a phase contrast ring and, while pushing the spring ƒ inside the turret with the edge of the phase contrast ring …, insert the ring com- … pletely in the turret position until the ring frame contacts the bottom of the position.
  • Page 39 IX71/IX51 Centering the Phase Contrast Ring Slit (Figs. 51 to 53) }Before proceeding to the following, open the aperture iris diaphragm because flare would be observed at the center when it is stopped down. 1. Engage the phase contrast objective in the light path and bring the specimen into focus.

  • Page 40: Phase Contrast Observation (Using The Ix2-Ill30 Column)

    5-2 Phase Contrast Observation (Using the IX2-ILL30 Column) }A phase contrast slider, phase contrast objective, phase contrast optical element and the U-CT30 centering telescope (which is not required when the U-BI90CT binocular observation tube is used) are required for phase contrast observa- tion.
  • Page 41 IX71/IX51 Attaching the Phase Contrast Slider (Fig. 55) 1. Attach the phase contrast slider @ to the illumination column so that the slider’s indication surface faces upwards and the finger hook position comes on the right. 2. Be sure to set the aperture iris diaphragm lever ² to the open position ) for phase contrast observation.

  • Page 42: Differential Interference Contrast Observation (Using The Ix2-Ill100 Column)

    5-3 Differential Interference Contrast Observation (Using the IX2-ILL100 Column) }If a plastic petri dish is used, the normal optical performance of DIC observation cannot be manifested due to the polarization characteristic of the petri dish. Use a glass bottom dish. }For simultaneous observation with reflected fluorescence observation, refer to the separate instruction manual.
  • Page 43 IX71/IX51 UIS Series * Usable regardless of the model number (3, 2, nore). DIC Slider U-DICTS U-DICTHC U-DICTHR U-DICT *Applicable Objective Shift Type High Contrast Type High Resolution Type CPlanFl ( IX-DP10) ( IX-DP10) ––– ––– LCPlanFl ( IX-DP20) ( IX-DP20)
  • Page 44 Attaching the DIC Optical Elements (Fig. 59) }The attaching method is identical to that for the phase contrast optical elements (pages 33-34), except that the positioning pin and positioning groove should be aligned when attaching each DIC optical element. · Align the positioning index @ on the DIC prism with the positioning in- dex ²...
  • Page 45 IX71/IX51 Attaching the Polarizer (IX-LWPO) (Fig. 63) # The polarizer can be mounted only on the IX2-LWUCD or IX2- LWUCDA2. ² }This polarizer has been designed for being mounted on a universal condenser in case of DIC observation or simplified polarizer light observation.
  • Page 46 Observation Method 1. Rotate the condenser turret to engage the suitable optical element for the objective in use in the light path. 2. Engage the objective to be used in the light path. 3. Place the specimen on the stage and bring the specimen into focus by moving the objective up or down.

  • Page 47: Simplified Polarized Light Observation (Using The Ix2-Ill100 Column)

    IX71/IX51 5-4 Simplified Polarized Light Observation (Using the IX2-ILL 100 Column) }An analyzer and polarizer are required for simplified polarized light observation. The applicable condenser is the IX2- LWUCD or IX2-LWUCDA2. When the IX-ULWCD is used, the simplified polarized light observation is not available.

  • Page 48: Photomicrography And Tv Observation

    PHOTOMICROGRAPHY AND TV OBSERVATION 6-1 Photomicrography }Use the U-TR30H-2 trinocular observation tube or the side port for photomicrography. Photomicrography can be performed using the PM-10, PM-20 or PM-30 photomicrographic system. For how to use the photomicrographic system, refer to the instruction manual of the photomicrographic system in use. The following descriptions are the procedures related to this microscope.
  • Page 49 IX71/IX51 Attaching the Photomicrographic System (Fig. 71) · Attach the photomicrographic system directly onto the photomicrographic system mount on the straight photo tube. Align indices · @ on the straight photo tube and photomicrographic system and clamp. The photomicrographic system can also be mounted on the side port in the same way as above.

  • Page 50: Adjusting The Illumination

    Adjusting the Illumination Correct illumination is more crucial for photomicrography than for observation because flawless pictures cannot be obtained unless the illuminating light is properly adjusted. To avoid uneven illumination, especially with high contrast films, adjust the illuminating light by carefully following the observation procedure. Influence of Radial Heat of Illumination Even at optimum illumination setting for observation and photomicrography, the illuminating light will generate consider- able radiant heat, which may damage living specimens.

  • Page 51: Tv Observation

    IX71/IX51 6-2 TV Observation }The following five methods are available for TV observation. 1. Attaching the video camera onto the side port 2. Attaching the video camera to the U-TR30H-2 trinocular observation tube H 3. Attaching the video camera to the U-MO monocular tube 4.
  • Page 52 Attaching the Camera on the Monocular Tube (Fig. 75) 1. Using the Allen screwdriver provided with the microscope frame, loosen the clamping screw ² on the intermediate section of the U-MO monocular tube @ and remove the top section. ³ 2.

  • Page 53: Troubleshooting Guide

    Under certain conditions, performance of the microscope may be adversely affected by factors other than defects. If problems occur, please review the following list and take remedial action as needed. If you cannot solve the problem after checking the entire list, please contact your local Olympus representative for assistance. Problem...
  • Page 54 Problem Cause Remedy Page c) (Contd.) Magnification selector knob is in an Engage the knob all the way in or at a intermediate position. click stop according to the observation method. Revolving nosepiece or magnification Engage the revolving nosepiece or selector knob is in an intermediate knob at a click stop.
  • Page 55 IX71/IX51 Problem Cause Remedy Page g) Image is blurred. Objective is engaged incorrectly in the Make sure that revolving nosepiece – light path. clicks into place correctly. Specimen is tilted with respect to the Place the specimen correctly on the stage.

  • Page 56: Specifications

    SPECIFICATIONS Module Specification Microscope IX71S8F-3 Light path selection S8F-3: Binocular 100% or Binocular 20%/Side port 80% (with shockless mechanism) Frames IX71S1F-3 S1F-3: Binocular 100%/Side port 100% IX51S8F-3 Intermediate magnification changer: 1X 1.6X* IX51S1F-3 Side port magnification: 1X (perfect aberration correction) * The IX51 series does not use an Focusing up/down stroke: 9 mm (7 mm above focusing position plus 2 mm intermediate magnification...
  • Page 57 IX71/IX51 List of Objectives (UIS2/UIS Series) – The UIS series objectives that are not listed below can also be used in combination with this microscope. – Objectives Specifications UIS2 Plan achromat CPlanN10XPh NA 0.25, WD 10.0 mm, ring slit IX-PHC or PHCU...
  • Page 58 Objectives Specifications For phase Series contrast SLCPlanFl40XPh NA 0.55, WD 7.7 mm, ring slit IX-PH2, with correction collar observation For DIC and brightfield SLCPlanFl40X NA 0.55, WD 7.7 mm, with correction collar observation For reflected UApo20X3/340 NA 0.75, WD 0.55 mm, with oil-proof cap fluorescence Fura 2 UApo40X3/340...

  • Page 59: Assembly

    The module numbers shown in the following diagram are merely the typical examples. For the modules with which the module numbers are not given, please consult Olympus or the latest catalogues. #When assembling the microscope, make sure that all parts are free of dust and dirt, and avoid scratching any parts or touching glass surfaces.
  • Page 60 9-2 Detailed Assembly Procedures System Using the IX2-ILL100 Illumination Column Mounting the Illumination Column (Fig. 76) ² 1. Aligning the two guide holes on the illumination column with the two protruding positioning pins @ on the microscope frame, gently fit the column onto the microscope frame from the above.
  • Page 61 IX71/IX51 System Using the IX2-ILL30 Illumination Column Mounting the Illumination (Fig. 76 on the previous page) Column }The IX2-ILL30 illumination column can be attached in the same manner as the IX2-ILL100. Attaching the Halogen Bulb (Figs. 80 to 82) }The applicable lamp bulb model is the 6V30WHAL (PHILIPS 5761) high- intensity halogen bulb.
  • Page 62 Attaching the Stage (Figs. 83 to 85) }The following stage mounting procedures are commonly applicable to the IX2-SFR, IX-SVL2, IX2-SP and IX2-KSP. }When mounting the IX-MVR or CK40-MVR mechanical stage, first attach it the specified plain stage in advance (see the description on the bottom of this page).
  • Page 63 IX71/IX51 << >> Attaching the Scales … }The IX-MVR mechanical stage is provided with the scales for use with a 96-well microtiter plate. 1. Loosen the two clamping knobs … at the top of the stage’s X-axis guide. Positioning the scale numerals correctly, plate the X-axis scale † on the guide.
  • Page 64 Attaching the Objectives (Fig. 91) Remove the stage center plate and attach the objectives to the revolving nosepiece through the hole on the stage left by the plate. }Attach the objectives in such a manner that the magnification increases from low to higher powers in the clockwise direction. # In the inverted microscope, the front lens of the objectives faces upward, and is more exposed to contamination than the objectives of upright microscopes.
  • Page 65 IX71/IX51 Universal Condenser (U-UCD8) (Figs. 94 & 95) << >> Attaching onto the UCD Adapter 1. Using the Allen screwdriver, loosen the two setscrews @ on the IX-ADUCD UCD adapter. (Fig. 94) 2. Push in the U-UCD8 universal condenser horizontally into the adapter until the condenser’s positioning pin fits into the positioning groove on...
  • Page 66 Attaching the Observation Tube (Figs. 96 to 99) U-BI90CT, U-BI90 or U-TBI90 Binocular Tube (Figs. 96 & 97) (U-MO Monocular Tube) 1. Using the Allen screwdriver, loosen the observation tube clamping screw ² @ on the observation tube mount. (Fig. 96) 2.
  • Page 67 IX71/IX51 Attaching the Eyepieces (Fig. 100) 1. Remove the eyepieces’ dust caps. 2. Insert the WHN10X-H eyepiece with helicoid into the eyepiece sleeve without helicoid (shown on the left in the figure). 3. Insert the WHN10X eyepiece without helicoid into the eyepiece sleeve with helicoid (shown on the right in the figure).

  • Page 68: Proper Selection Of The Power Supply Cord

    ² firmly. ² 2. Connect the hand switch plug or TH4 connection cable ³ to connector |. With the IX71 frame, connect the other end of the TH4 connection cable to the right side of the IX71 frame. Fig. 102 Always use the AC power adapter and power cord provided by Olympus.
  • Page 69 IX71/IX51 Using the Frame Clamping Plates Rubber foot seats (Figs. 105 & 106) (IX2-FP) Rear plate (x 4) }The microscope frame clamping method is variable depending on whether the frame stabilizing feet on the rear of the frame are used or removed for system expansion.

  • Page 70: Proper Selection Of The Power Supply Cord

    If no power supply cord is provided, please select the proper power supply cord for the equipment by referring to “Specifications” and “Certified Cord” below: CAUTION: In case you use a non-approved power supply cord for Olympus products, Olympus can no longer warrant the electrical safety of the equipment.
  • Page 71 IX71/IX51 Table 2 HAR Flexible Cord APPROVAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CORDAGE HARMONIZATION MARKING METHODS Alternative Marking Utilizing Printed or Embossed Harmonization Black-Red-Yellow Thread (Length Approval Organization Marking (May be located on jacket of color section in mm) or insulation of internal wiring)

  • Page 72: Lamp Housing Inspection Sheet

    {If there is any ( ) mark noted, immediately stop use of the product, and contact Olympus for detailed inspections or replace the lamp housing. {If you detect an abnormality other than that listed below or with other Olympus product, also stop the use of the product and contact Olympus for detailed inspections.
  • Page 73 MEMO...
  • Page 74 MEMO...
  • Page 76 Shinjuku Monolith, 3-1, Nishi Shinjuku 2-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan Wendenstraße 14-18, 20097 Hamburg, Germany 3500 Corporate Parkway, P.O. Box 610, Center Valley, PA 18034-0610, U.S.A. One Corporate Drive, Orangeburg, NY 10962, U.S.A. 491B River Valley Road, #12-01/04 Valley Point Office Tower, Singapore 248373 31 Gilby Road, Mount Waverley, VIC., 3149, Australia 5301 Blue Lagoon Drive, Suite 290 Miami, FL 33126, U.S.A.

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