(OTP), overcurrent (OCP), and overvoltage (OVP) protections as well as foreign object detection (FOD) for reliable designs. Figure 1. STEVAL-WBC86TX board To get started with the STEVAL-WBC86TX, the following items are needed to use the reference design kit: • Evaluation kit components: –...
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Application notes: – GUI guide: UM3164 Begin by installing both the I2C drivers and the STSW-WPSTUDIO GUI. Visit the ST website for additional information regarding STSW-WPSTUDIO GUI. Connect a 5 V power supply to power the board using either the USB Type-C®, jack, or pin cable. Using a jumper, select the chosen method of power delivery on header P1.
UM3161 Reference design specifications Reference design specifications The target specifications of the STEVAL-WBC86TX evaluation board are as follows: Table 1. STEVAL-WBC86TX target specifications Parameter Description Qi compatibility Qi 1.2.4 compatible Tx application PCB area 40 mm x 24 mm Inductance 6.3 uH, DCR 20 mOhm, ACR 20 mOhm @ 100 kHz, dimensions 53.3 Tx coil specifications mm x 53.3 mm x 6 mm...
• Chip scale package (CSP), ROHS complaint Figure 2. STEVAL-WBC86TX evaluation board features • Series resonant capacitors (Ctank) and the transmitting coil form a resonant circuit. This circuit is in charge of transmitting the power signal, so any components/tracks involved should be rated accordingly.
Red LED (D3) - connected to GPIO0, can be configured to signal various conditions (power ready, communication active etc.). Test points STEVAL-WBC86TX features several connectors and test points to provide easy access to key signals. Figure 3. Connectors and test points...
UM3161 Basic operating modes Table 2. Connectors and test points Connector / test point Name Description Input voltage (power pins) VINV VINV Inverter voltage pins SDA, SCL, INT, and RST signals for I2C communication Digital interface I2C, GPIO, and RST signals Ring node Ring node STWBC86 input voltage sensing...
UM3161 Graphical user interface (GUI) Graphical user interface (GUI) The STWBC86 (and other STMicroelectronics wireless charging devices) can be configured using STMicroelectronics’ STCHARGE Wireless Power Studio GUI. The GUI can also be used to control, monitor, and program the device. For more information, please see the UM3164.
UM3161 Patch and Configuration files Figure 5. GUI device connection Patch and Configuration files Firmware of the device can be updated using a Patch file (a binary file in .memh format). The latest version of the Patch can be found on this website].
UM3161 Configuration file generation Configuration file generation Using the STSW-WPSTUDIO makes generating the Configuration file quite simple – the user can do so by clicking the “Save TX” button in the TX Registers tab or the Common Registers tab, entering a configuration ID number (used for version control) and pressing OK.
UM3161 Header file Figure 8. Saving of the configuration file Header file The GUI can also be used to generate a Header file, a binary .h file containing both Configuration and Patch files. The Header file makes programming the device using a host IC easier, as both Configuration and Patch can be loaded at once by simply including the Header file in the host code.
UM3161 Header file generation Header file generation A custom Header file can be generated in the Header Generator tab. Start by selecting WBC86 in the top menu. Figure 9. Header generator - chip selection Continue by selecting the Patch and Configuration file and press Generate. A pop-up window appears, asking to confirm the correct Patch version has been selected.
UM3161 Programming the device Programming the device The device can be programmed in three ways – by changing the register values directly in the GUI, by using a Header file, which loads both Configuration and Patch files at once, or by loading the two memh files separately using the GUI.
UM3161 Programming the device Figure 13. Generating the header file by patch and configuration files Select Patch and Configuration files that are to be written. Press the “Write” button to load the .memh files into the device. UM3161 - Rev 1 page 14/78...
UM3161 Device description and operation Device description and operation System block diagram Figure 14. System block diagram Integrated power inverter The integrated power inverter is a key block in charge of converting the DC input into an AC power signal for the transmitting coil.
UM3161 Figure 15. H-bridge mode settings The STWBC86 allows the user to monitor key operational parameters using an internal ADC. Instantaneous values can be displayed in the Charts tab of the GUI. The GUI enables the user to monitor the input voltage, input current, device temperature, operating frequency, duty cycle, transmitted power, and more.
P14. When the RSTB pin is released and allowed to be pulled up, the device resumes normal operation. Protections overview The STEVAL-WBC86TX board uses both hardware and software protection to ensure safe voltage and current levels. The purpose of those protections is to avoid damage to either the board itself or even the potential receiver, caused by unexpected conditions –...
UM3161 Protections overview Figure 17. OCP settings 4.8.2 Overvoltage protection (OVP) Excessive input voltage may damage the board and/or device. For this reason, a TVS diode is placed at the input of the board. The IC is also equipped with an ADC dedicated to monitoring the input voltage level. The protection can be enabled/disabled in the GUI and the threshold can be set in a range of 0 to 25.5 V.
UM3161 Protections overview 4.8.3 Overtemperature protection (OVTP) The temperature of the IC is continuously monitored by a temperature sensor. Excessive IC temperature may indicate that either the operating power is too high, or an internal fault occurred. It should be considered that PCB design may affect thermal performance as well.
UM3161 Protections overview Figure 20. NTC connection on board The user can choose if triggering this protection only generates a corresponding interrupt, or if the device also terminates the power transfer upon triggering. The interrupt must be enabled when power transfer termination is desired.
UM3161 Foreign object detection (FOD) Foreign object detection (FOD) A foreign object is any object placed either on or near the transmitting coil, which is not considered a valid wireless power receiver and is magnetically active. Presence of the magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil may cause eddy currents to form in the foreign object (such as coins, keys etc.), which in turn would heat the object to potentially dangerous temperatures.
UM3161 Foreign object detection (FOD) Data collection To collect accurate data, the ring node voltage divider must be set accordingly, please refer to chapter 6.2 Ring node voltage sensing for more information. To start the tuning process, head to the TX FOD tuning tab of the GUI. To add a new data set, press the '+' button on the right side of the screen.
UM3161 Foreign object detection (FOD) Figure 26. Additional dataset options The first button in the drop-down menu will sort the captured data by input current. Always sort the data after the capturing is finished. Otherwise, the load curve might not display correctly on the second page of the tool. The second button will delete all data.
UM3161 Foreign object detection (FOD) Before capturing a new set of data, prepare the intended operating conditions (FO, misalignment) and allow power transfer to be established, then click the start button. The GUI will then begin to periodically log the operating conditions and the logged data will be shown in a table in the middle of the GUI window.
UM3161 Foreign object detection (FOD) Figure 30. Delete a single data point Figure 31. Spot wrong data point in plot Parameter tuning Plot of the logged data can be seen on the second page of the tuning tool, accessed by clicking the “2” button in the upper part of the window.
UM3161 Foreign object detection (FOD) Figure 32. Plot logged data The logged data are processed before being plotted, as the tool also takes into consideration a few physical properties of the circuit. Those properties are set in the top part of the parameter list on the right side of the window and include: •...
UM3161 Foreign object detection (FOD) Figure 33. Ploss threshold After adjusting all previously mentioned parameters, the curves can be further adjusted by setting power loss offsets for selected input current intervals. Begin by defining the intervals using the CTC values. Those values refer to the respective input current thresholds and are displayed as vertical lines in the plot.
UM3161 Foreign object detection (FOD) The goal of FOD tuning is to establish a threshold which would both trigger FOD when foreign object is present and not trigger FOD when not. This would translate to a condition when all FO curves are above the set threshold and non-FO curves are below the threshold, with a sufficient margin (at least for the non-FO curves).
UM3161 EPT reason 4.10 EPT reason Power transfer may be terminated for several different reasons. Determining the exact cause might be difficult, as more than one fault condition might have been met. For this reason, the power transmitter is equipped with EPT reason registers.
UM3161 EPT reason Figure 39. Received message However, the values in the buffer are updated frequently, therefore reading the RX EPT reason requires using a host controller triggered to an RX EPT packet interrupt. Figure 40. EPT interrupt setting The GUI enables the user to set a debounce value for EPT conditions. This means that the device does not terminate the power transfer immediately upon registering an EPT condition, but rather after registering a number of conditions greater than the specified value.
UM3161 WPC Qi wireless power transfer Figure 41. Protection debounce setting The GUI enables the user to select which (EPT) condition causes the transmitter to stop pinging even after the EPT condition no longer applies. When used, this feature keeps the device inactive until it is restarted (by a power cycle) by the user.
UM3161 Bidirectional communication Figure 43. Power transfer start up sequence Note: For more details refer to: The Qi Wireless Power Transfer System Power Class 0 Specification, Parts 1 and 2: Interface Definitions, Version 1.2.4 February 2018. • Digital ping: this phase is an interrogation session during which the potential power receiver is expected to reply through amplitude shift-keying (ASK) modulation as defined by the Qi specification.
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UM3161 Bidirectional communication Since there is no direct electrical feedback from the load (system output) to the power transmitter, the power receiver must establish communication with the power transmitter to provide this feedback instead. To match load requirements and prevent excessive power transmission, the power receiver communicates to the power transmitter the required power level using amplitude shift keying (ASK).
UM3161 Bidirectional communication 4.12.1 ASK communication A state (either high or low) is characterized by the amplitude being constant (with a certain variation Δ) for at least 150 ms. If the power receiver and the power transmitter coils are properly aligned, then for all appropriate loads at least one of the following three conditions apply.
UM3161 Bidirectional communication Figure 45. Example of a differential bi-phase encoding scheme To transmit a single byte of data, the power receiver must send an 11-bit sequence. This sequence consists of a START bit (ZERO), the 8 data bits of the byte (LSB first), a parity bit and a STOP bit (ONE). The parity is odd, meaning an even number of ONE bits in the data byte results in the parity bit being equal to ONE, while an odd number of ONE bits in the data byte results in the parity bit being equal to ZERO.
UM3161 Bidirectional communication Figure 48. ASK communication - no load 4.12.2 FSK communication The power transmitter modulates the power signal by switching between its normal operating frequency f and its modulated frequency f . The difference between f and f can be described by two parameters: polarity and depth.
UM3161 Bidirectional communication There is also an additional type of message that can be sent from the transmitter to the receiver – a response to a receiver’s message. A response consists of 8 bits, so the receiver can use quite a simple logic to decode it. The response can be either Acknowledge (ACK), Not-Acknowledge (NACK) or Not-Defined (ND).
UM3161 I2C interface 4.13 I2C interface The STWBC86 can operate fully independent, that is, without being interfaced with a host system. In applications in which the STWBC86 is a part of peripherals managed by the host system, the two SDA and SCL pins could be connected to the existing I2C bus.
UM3161 I2C interface Figure 51. Writing to a single register 4.13.6 Writing to multiple registers with incremental addressing The STWBC86 supports writing to multiple registers with auto-incremental addressing. When data is written into a register, the register pointer is automatically incremented, therefore transferring data to a set of subsequent registers (also known as page write) is a straightforward operation.
UM3161 GPIOx and INTB pins 4.13.8 Reading from multiple registers with incremental addressing Similarly, to multiple bytes (page) writing, reading from subsequent registers relies on an auto-increment of the register: The master can extend data reading to the following registers by generating an ACK pulse at the end of each byte.
UM3161 Frequency hopping (fhop) Figure 55. Interrupt registers 4.16 Frequency hopping (fhop) One of the most common causes of ASK demodulation failure is noise produced by the adapter supplying power to the transmitter. The noise interferes with the communication, which may cause the decoding to fail, as the principal components of the noise are often close to the 2 kHz ASK communication frequency.
UM3161 Frequency hopping (fhop) Figure 56. FHOP settings The figure below shows an example of frequency hopping with the parameters defined above. Figure 57. FHOP example Receiver is placed on the transmitter; transmitter regulates based on the CEP value; the Rx is removed shortly after.
Power regulation of the power transmitter is controlled by a PID algorithm, as defined by the Qi specification. The default scaling factors for the respective parts are set according to the topology used – A11a in the case of STEVAL-WBC86TX. Application specific requirements may demand adjustments in the topology, such as coil design or the input voltage (also defined by the topology specification).
UM3161 Typical performance characteristics • GPIOs – No functions assigned Typical performance characteristics The following table shows charging performance of an STWBC86/STWLC38 (TX/RX) setup at various load currents, with the temperature being measured after 5 minutes of continuous operation. Table 5. Charging performance Iout [mA] (RX) Iin [mA] (TX)
Efficiency and spatial freedom of the STEVAL-WBC86TX were measured with STEVAL-WLC38RX as the receiver. The efficiency was measured from the transmitter DC input to the receiver DC output. The measurement does not include any power losses in the wall adapter or the USB Type-C®...
Z-axis distance between the coils, also known as charging gap, is an additional parameter that significantly affects charging performance. Therefore, the STEVAL-WBC86TX was also tested at various charging gap distances. Efficiency curves for various misalignments in the Z-axis are shown in the figure below:...
UM3161 Typical performance characteristics Figure 63. Efficiency curve in Z axis STEVAL-WBC86TX + STEVAL-WLC38RX (Z-axis) Iout [A] 3 mm gap 8 mm gap 10 mm gap 13 mm gap Z-distance of 3 mm is a typical value for most applications (2 mm on the TX side + 1 mm on the RX side).
UM3161 Designing a 5 W wireless power transmitter based on the STEVAL-WBC86TX evaluation board Designing a 5 W wireless power transmitter based on the STEVAL- WBC86TX evaluation board The design should begin with external component selection, as those components have a significant impact on the board performance.
UM3161 Ring node voltage sensing Ring node voltage sensing Ring node (the node between transmitting coil and series resonant capacitor) voltage measurement is used as an additional indicator in foreign object detection. However, the DFT pin, used for the ring node voltage sensing, is only 1.98 V tolerant.
UM3161 Reference code with STM32 development boards 6.4.3 Software requirements Patch/Configuration data in header (.h) file format STSW-WBC86FWBPP STWLC NVM programming reference code STM32CubeIDE 6.4.4 Source files The source files included in the reference code are listed below. STWBC86.h – Provides NVM programming API and holds the structure and register definitions of STWBC86.
UM3161 Reference code with STM32 development boards Add the following I²C error handling code below stm32f7xx_it.c when using STM32 FW_F7 V1.7.0 or lower. This handles the I²C NACK after performing a system reset. * @brief this function handles I2C1 error interrupt. voidI2C1_ER_IRQHandler(void) /* USER CODE BEGIN I2C1_ER_IRQn 0 */ i2c_temp.Mode = hi2c1.Mode;...
UM3161 Bill of materials Bill of materials Table 9. STEVAL-WBC86TX bill of materials Item Q.ty Ref. Value Description Manufacturer Part number C6, C8, Min 50V; 100nF, C_0402, 50V, 10%, Wurth 885012205092 CO4, CR4 X5R/X7R C16, C17 N.M. N.M. N.M. CO1, CO2, Min 35V;...
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UM3161 Bill of materials Item Q.ty Ref. Value Description Manufacturer Part number Min. 50V; GCM155R71H223MA55 22n, C_0402, 50V, 20%, Murata X5R/X7R Min. 50V; 680p, C_0402, 50V, 10%, Wurth 885012205060 X5R/X7R Min. 16V; 1uF, C_0402, 10V, 20%, Wurth 885012105012 X5R/X7R COIL connect to Wurth 760308111...
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UM3161 Bill of materials Item Q.ty Ref. Value Description Manufacturer Part number USBLC6-2SC6, STMicroelectronic V_SOT23-6L USBLC6-2SC6 SOT23-6L Jumpers short SDA, Short SDA, SCL, SCL, INT, INT, and POWER and POWER coming from USB coming from Wurth 60900213421 Type-C® (in the USB Type- center of 2x3 C®...
UM3161 Board versions Board versions Table 10. STEVAL-WBC86TX versions Finished good Schematic diagrams Bill of materials STEVAL$WBC86TXA STEVAL$WBC86TXA schematic diagrams STEVAL$WBC86TXA bill of materials 1. This code identifies the STEVAL-WBC86TX evaluation board first version. UM3161 - Rev 1 page 66/78...
Conformity. Compliance to EMC standards in Class A (industrial intended use). Notice for the United Kingdom The kit STEVAL-WBC86TX is in compliance with the UK Radio Equipment Regulations 2017 (UK SI 2017 No. 1206 and amendments) and with the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2012 (UK SI 2012 No.
UM3161 Thermal measurements Appendix A Thermal measurements Thermal measurements on the Board tested at 25⁰C ambient temperature. Figure 77. Temperature Before Power Transfer Maximum 25⁰C on STEVAL-WBC86TX UM3161 - Rev 1 page 68/78...
UM3161 Thermal measurements Figure 78. Maximum Temperature of the Board after 2hours (40.8⁰C) - 5W power transfer STEVAL- WLC38RX UM3161 - Rev 1 page 69/78...
UM3161 Thermal measurements Figure 79. Maximum Temperature of the Board and Plastic case after 2hours (33.5⁰C) - 5W power transfer Note: The ambient temperature should not exceed 65⁰C UM3161 - Rev 1 page 70/78...
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Bottom layer..............65 Figure 77. Temperature Before Power Transfer Maximum 25⁰C on STEVAL-WBC86TX ......68 Figure 78.
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ST’s terms and conditions of sale in place at the time of order acknowledgment. Purchasers are solely responsible for the choice, selection, and use of ST products and ST assumes no liability for application assistance or the design of purchasers’...
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