TABLE OF CONTENTS Shifting, riding ..........21 TABLE OF CONTENTS MEANS OF REPRESENTATION ........4 Applying the brakes......... 21 Symbols used ........... 4 Stopping, parking..........21 Formats used............ 4 Transport ............22 SAFETY ADVICE............5 Refueling ............22 Use definition - intended use ......5 SERVICE SCHEDULE ..........
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 11.31 Removing the main silencer ......47 16.3 Adjusting the idle speed ......76 11.32 Installing the main silencer......47 16.4 Checking the basic position of the shift lever ..76 11.33 Changing the glass fiber yarn filling of the 16.5 Adjusting the basic position of the shift main silencer...
All work marked with this symbol requires specialist knowledge and technical understanding. In the interest of your own safety, have these jobs performed by an authorized KTM workshop. There, your motorcycle will be opti- mally cared for by specially trained experts using the specialist tools required.
Use definition - intended use (All SX‑F models) KTM sport motorcycles are designed and built to withstand the normal stresses and strains of competitive use. The motorcycles comply with currently valid regulations and categories of the top international motorsport organizations.
Keep the Owner's Manual in an accessible place to enable you to refer to it as needed. If you would like to know more about the vehicle or have questions on the material you read, please contact an authorized KTM dealer.
Guarantee, warranty The work prescribed in the service schedule must be carried out by an authorized KTM workshop only and confirmed in the customer's service record and in the KTM dealer.net; otherwise, all warranty claims will be void. No warranty claims can be considered for damage resulting from manipulations and/or alterations to the vehicle.
VIEW OF VEHICLE View of vehicle, front left side (example) 101753-10 Hand brake lever ( p. 11) Clutch lever ( p. 11) Filler cap Fork rebound setting Cold start button ( p. 13) Shift lever ( p. 14) Air filter box lid Plug-in stand ( p.
SERIAL NUMBERS Chassis number The chassis number is stamped on the right side of the steering head. 101755-10 Type label The type label is fixed to the front of the steering head. 101756-10 Engine number The engine number is stamped on the left side of the engine under the engine sprocket.
CONTROLS Clutch lever The clutch lever is fitted on the left side of the handlebar. The clutch is hydraulically operated and self-adjusting. 101656-10 Hand brake lever Hand brake lever is located on the right side of the handlebar. The hand brake lever is used to activate the front brake. 101759-10 Throttle grip The throttle grip...
CONTROLS Overview of indicator lamps Possible states FI warning lamp (MIL) lights up/flashes orange – The OBD (onboard diagnosis) has identified an emissions- or safety-critical fault. (XC‑F) Fuel level warning lamp lights up orange – Fuel level has reached the reserve mark. C00218-01 Opening the filler cap Danger...
CONTROLS Closing the filler cap (All SX‑F models) – Mount filler cap and turn it clockwise until the fuel tank is tightly closed. Info Run the fuel tank breather hose without kinks. 101765-10 (XC‑F) – Replace the filler cap and turn clockwise until the release button locks in place.
CONTROLS 6.10 Idle speed adjusting screw The idle setting of the throttle valve body has a big influence on the starting behavior, stable idling and the response to throttle opening. This means that an engine with a correctly set idle speed is easier to start than if the idle is set wrongly. The idle speed is adjusted with the idle speed adjusting screw Turning the adjusting screw clockwise increases the idle speed.
CONTROLS 6.13 Plug-in stand (All SX‑F models) The holder for the plug-in stand is the left side of the wheel spindle. The plug-in stand is used to park the motorcycle. Info Remove the plug-in stand before starting on a trip. 101668-10 6.14 Side stand (XC‑F)
When using your motorcycle, remember that others may feel disturbed by excessive noise. – Make sure that the pre-delivery inspection work has been carried out by an authorized KTM workshop. You receive a delivery certificate and the service record at vehicle handover.
PREPARING FOR USE (All SX‑F models) – Do not transport luggage. (XC‑F) – If you carry any baggage, make sure it is fixed firmly as close as possible to the center of the vehicle and ensure even weight distribution between the front and rear wheels. Info Motorcycles react sensitively to any changes of weight distribution.
– Fit a dust protection device on the air filter. Dust protection device for air filter (77206920000) Info See the KTM PowerParts fitting instructions. B00435-01 – Fit a sand protection device on the air filter. Sand protection device for air filter (77206922000) Info See the KTM PowerParts fitting instructions.
Preparing for rides on wet and muddy surfaces – Fit a waterproofing device on the air filter. Waterproofing device for air filter (77206921000) Info See the KTM PowerParts fitting instructions. B00437-01 – Fit the steel sprocket. – Clean the motorcycle. ( p.
RIDING INSTRUCTIONS Checks and maintenance before putting into operation Info Before every trip, check the condition of the vehicle and ensure that it is safe to operate. The vehicle must be in perfect technical condition when used. – Check the engine oil level. ( p.
Do not change into a low gear at high engine speed. The engine races and the rear wheel can lock up. Info If you hear unusual noises while riding, stop immediately, switch off the engine and contact an authorized KTM workshop. First gear is used for starting off or for steep inclines.
– In some countries and regions, the available fuel quality and cleanliness may not be sufficient. This will result in problems with the fuel system. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) – Only refuel with clean fuel that meets the specified standards.
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RIDING INSTRUCTIONS – Switch off the engine. – Open the filler cap. ( p. 12) – Fill the fuel tank with fuel up to measurement Guideline Measurement of 35 mm (1.38 in) Total fuel tank 7.5 l Super unleaded (ROZ 95/RON 95/PON capacity, approx.
Final check: Check the vehicle for roadworthiness and take a test ride. • • • • Read out the fault memory using the KTM diagnostics tool after a test ride. • • • • Make the service entry in KTM DEALER.NET and in the service record.
SERVICE SCHEDULE Service work (as additional order) S20N S40A S50A S100A Change the front brake fluid. • Change the rear brake fluid. • Change the hydraulic clutch fluid. p. 56) • Grease the steering head bearing. p. 40) • Service the shock absorber. •...
Caution Danger of accidents Disassembly of pressurized parts can lead to injury. – The shock absorber is filled with high density nitrogen. Adhere to the description provided. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) Info The low-speed setting can be seen during the slow to normal compression of the shock absorber.
Caution Danger of accidents Disassembly of pressurized parts can lead to injury. – The shock absorber is filled with high density nitrogen. Adhere to the description provided. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) Info The high-speed setting can be seen during the fast compression of the shock absorber.
Adjusting the rebound damping of the shock absorber Caution Danger of accidents Disassembly of pressurized parts can lead to injury. – The shock absorber is filled with high density nitrogen. Adhere to the description provided. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) – Turn adjusting screw clockwise up to the last perceptible click.
Caution Danger of accidents Disassembly of pressurized parts can lead to injury. – The shock absorber is filled with high density nitrogen. Adhere to the description provided. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) Info Before changing the spring preload, make a note of the present setting, e.g., by measuring the length of the spring.
TUNING THE CHASSIS – After removing the shock absorber, clean it thoroughly. Main work – Loosen screw – Turn adjusting ring until the spring is no longer under tension. Hook wrench (T106S) – Measure the overall spring length while the spring is not under tension. –...
TUNING THE CHASSIS – Check the static sag of the shock absorber. ( p. 29) – Check the riding sag of the shock absorber. ( p. 29) – Adjust the rebound damping of the shock absorber. ( p. 28) – Remove the motorcycle from the lift stand.
TUNING THE CHASSIS 10.13 Adjusting the rebound damping of the fork Info The hydraulic rebound damping determines the fork suspension behavior. – Remove protection caps – Turn adjusting screws clockwise all the way. Info Adjusting screws are located at the bottom end of the fork legs. Make the same adjustment on both fork legs.
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TUNING THE CHASSIS Info Position the left and right handlebar supports evenly. – Position the handlebar. Info Make sure cables and wiring are positioned correctly. – Position the handlebar clamp. Mount and evenly tighten the four screws Guideline Screw, handlebar clamp 20 Nm (14.8 lbf ft)
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.1 Raising the motorcycle with the lift stand Note Danger of damage The parked vehicle may roll away or fall over. – Always place the vehicle on a firm and even surface. – Raise the motorcycle at the frame underneath the engine. The wheels must no longer touch the ground.
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.4 Cleaning the dust boots of the fork legs Preparatory work – Raise the motorcycle with the lift stand. ( p. 34) – Loosen the fork protection. ( p. 35) Main work – Push dust boots of both fork legs downwards.
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.7 Removing the fork legs Preparatory work – Raise the motorcycle with the lift stand. ( p. 34) – Remove the front wheel. p. 65) Main work – Remove screws and take off the clamp. –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.9 Removing the fork protector Preparatory work – Raise the motorcycle with the lift stand. ( p. 34) – Remove the front wheel. p. 65) – Remove the fork legs. p. 36) Main work – Remove screws on the left fork leg.
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.12 Installing the lower triple clamp Main work – Clean the bearing and sealing elements, check for damage, and grease. High viscosity grease ( p. 96) – Insert the lower triple clamp with the steering stem. Mount the upper steering head bearing.
Danger of accidents Unstable vehicle handling from incorrect steering head bearing play. – Adjust the steering head bearing play without delay. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) Info If the bike is ridden with play in the steering head bearing, the bearing and the bearing seats in the frame can become dam- aged over time.
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS Main work – Move the handlebar to the straight-ahead position. Move the fork legs to and fro in the direction of travel. No play should be noticeable in the steering head bearing. » If there is noticeable play present: –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.16 Removing the start number plate – Remove screw and take off the clamp. – Remove screw . Take off the start number plate. 101680-10 11.17 Installing the start number plate – Position the start number plate. Mount and tighten screw Guideline Remaining screws, chassis 10 Nm (7.4 lbf ft)
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.19 Installing the front fender Main work – Ensure that the spacers are mounted in the fender. – Position the front fender. Mount and tighten screws Guideline Remaining screws, chassis 10 Nm (7.4 lbf ft) 101724-10 Finishing work –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS – Detach springs Spring hooks (50305017000) – Remove screw – Press the shock absorber toward the rear and remove the manifold. 101791-10 – Remove screw – Remove the shock absorber from the top. 101792-10 11.21 Installing the shock absorber Main work –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS – Position the angle lever and linkage lever. – Mount and tighten fitting Guideline Nut, linkage lever to angle lever M14x1.5 80 Nm (59 lbf ft) – Mount and tighten screw Guideline Screw, bottom shock 60 Nm Loctite ®...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.25 Installing the air filter box lid – Insert the air filter box lid into rear area and clip it into front area 101797-10 Condition The air filter box lid is secured. – Mount and tighten screws Guideline Screw, air filter box lid EJOT PT...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS – Insert both parts together, position them, and fasten them using air filter holder The arrow of marking UP faces up. Info If the air filter is not correctly mounted, dust and dirt can enter the engine and cause damage.
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.30 Sealing the air filter box – Seal the air filter box in the marked area 401527-10 11.31 Removing the main silencer Warning Danger of burns The exhaust system gets very hot when the vehicle is driven. –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS Main work – Remove all screws from the main silencer. Take off protection cap and outer tube – Pull the glass fiber yarn filling from inner tube – Clean the parts that are to be reinstalled. –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS – Remove screws with the collar bushing. 101687-12 – Remove screw with the rubber bushing. 101688-12 – Pull both spoilers off of the sides of the radiator bracket and lift off the fuel tank. 101689-01 11.35 Installing the fuel tank Danger...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS – Mount and tighten screws with the collar bushing. Guideline Remaining screws, chassis 10 Nm (7.4 lbf ft) 101687-11 – Connect the electrical plug-in connection – Thoroughly clean the plug-in connection of the fuel line using compressed air. Info Under no circumstances should dirt enter into the fuel line.
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS – Clean the chain regularly and then treat with chain spray. Chain cleaner ( p. 96) Off-road chain spray ( p. 96) 400725-01 11.38 Checking the chain tension Warning Danger of accidents Danger caused by incorrect chain tension. –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS Main work – Loosen nut – Loosen nuts – Adjust the chain tension by turning the adjusting screws left and right. Guideline Chain tension 55… 58 mm (2.17… 2.28 in) Turn adjusting screws on the left and right so that the markings on the left and right chain adjusters are in the same position relative to the reference marks .
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS – Check the chain sliding guard for wear. » If the bottom edge of the chain bolt is in line with or below the chain sliding guard: – Change the chain sliding guard. – Check that the chain sliding guard is firmly seated. »...
If the frame exhibits cracking or deformation due to a mechanical impact: – Change the frame. Info A frame that has been damaged due to a mechanical impact must always be changed. Repair of the frame is not authorized by KTM. 500284-01 11.43 Checking the swingarm –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS Main work – Check the throttle cable routing. Both throttle cables must be routed to the throttle valve body side by side behind the handlebars and above the fuel tank bearing. » If the throttle cable is not routed as specified: –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE CHASSIS 11.48 Checking/rectifying the fluid level of the hydraulic clutch Info The fluid level rises with increased wear of the clutch lining discs. – Move the clutch fluid reservoir mounted on the handlebar to a horizontal position. –...
Danger of accidents Reduced braking efficiency due to worn brake disc(s). – Change the worn brake disc(s) without delay. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) – Check the thickness of the front and rear brake discs at several places on the disk...
Warning Danger of accidents Reduced braking efficiency due to old brake fluid. – Change the brake fluid of the front and rear brake according to the service schedule. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) – Move the brake fluid reservoir mounted on the handlebar to a horizontal position.
Warning Danger of accidents Reduced braking efficiency due to old brake fluid. – Change the brake fluid of the front and rear brake according to the service schedule. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) Warning Environmental hazard Hazardous substances cause environmental damage.
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BRAKE SYSTEM Warning Environmental hazard Hazardous substances cause environmental damage. – Oil, grease, filters, fuel, cleaners, brake fluid, etc., should be disposed of as stipulated in applicable regulations. Info Never use DOT 5 brake fluid! It is silicone-based and purple in color. Oil seals and brake lines are not designed for DOT 5 brake fluid.
BRAKE SYSTEM – Add brake fluid to level Guideline Dimension (brake fluid level below 5 mm (0.2 in) top edge of container) Brake fluid DOT 4 / DOT 5.1 ( p. 94) – Position cover with membrane – Mount and tighten screws Info Clean up overflowed or spilt brake fluid immediately with water.
Warning Danger of accidents Reduced braking efficiency due to old brake fluid. – Change the brake fluid of the front and rear brake according to the service schedule. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) – Stand the vehicle upright.
Warning Danger of accidents Reduced braking efficiency due to old brake fluid. – Change the brake fluid of the front and rear brake according to the service schedule. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) Warning Environmental hazard Hazardous substances cause environmental damage.
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BRAKE SYSTEM Info Never use DOT 5 brake fluid! It is silicone-based and purple in color. Oil seals and brake lines are not designed for DOT 5 brake fluid. Avoid contact between brake fluid and painted parts. Brake fluid attacks paint! Use only clean brake fluid from a sealed container.
WHEELS, TIRES 13.1 Removing the front wheel Preparatory work – Raise the motorcycle with the lift stand. ( p. 34) Main work – Press the brake caliper onto the brake disc by hand in order to push back the brake pistons.
WHEELS, TIRES – Mount and tighten screw Guideline Screw, front wheel spindle M24x1.5 45 Nm (33.2 lbf ft) – Activate the hand brake lever multiple times until the brake linings are in contact with the brake disc. – Remove the motorcycle from the lift stand. ( p.
Checking the tire condition Info Only mount tires approved and/or recommended by KTM. Other tires could have a negative effect on riding behavior. The type, condition and air pressure of the tires all have an important impact on the riding behavior of the motorcycle.
Danger of accidents Instable handling due to incorrect spoke tension. – Ensure that the spoke tension is correct. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help.) Info A loose spoke causes wheel imbalance and rapidly leads to more loose spokes.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 14.1 Removing the battery Warning Risk of injury Battery acid and battery gases cause serious chemical burns. – Keep batteries out of the reach of children. – Wear suitable protective clothing and goggles. – Avoid contact with battery acid and battery gases. –...
– Do not discard batteries with the household trash. Dispose of a defective battery in an environmentally compatible manner. Give the battery to your KTM dealer or to a recycling center that accepts used batteries. Warning Environmental hazard Hazardous substances cause environmental damage.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 14.4 Changing the main fuse Warning Fire hazard The electrical system can be overloaded if the wrong fuses are used. – Use only fuses with the prescribed amperage. Never by-pass or repair fuses. Info The main fuse protects all power consumers of the vehicle. It is located in the starter relay housing under the air filter box lid. Preparatory work –...
COOLING SYSTEM 15.1 Cooling system Water pump in the engine circulates the coolant. The pressure resulting from the warming of the cooling system is regulated by a valve in radiator cap . This ensures that operating the vehicle at the specified coolant tem- perature will not result in a risk of malfunctions.
COOLING SYSTEM 15.3 Checking the coolant level Warning Danger of scalding During motorcycle operation, the coolant gets very hot and is under pressure. – Do not remove the radiator cap, radiator hoses or other cooling system components when the engine is hot. Allow the engine and cooling system to cool down.
COOLING SYSTEM – Position the motorcycle upright. – Place a suitable container under the water pump cover. – Remove screw . Take off radiator cap – Completely drain the coolant. – Mount and tighten screw with a new seal ring. Guideline Screw, water pump cover 10 Nm (7.4 lbf ft)
TUNING THE ENGINE 16.1 Checking the play in the throttle cable – Check the throttle grip for smooth operation. – Move the handlebar to the straight-ahead position. Move the throttle grip back- wards and forwards to ascertain the play in the throttle cable. Throttle cable play 3…...
TUNING THE ENGINE 16.3 Adjusting the idle speed – Run the engine until warm. – Set the desired idle speed by turning the idle speed adjusting screw Guideline Idle speed 2,150… 2,250 rpm Info Turn counterclockwise to decrease the idle speed. Turn clockwise to increase the idle speed.
SERVICE WORK ON THE ENGINE 17.1 Changing the fuel screen Danger Fire hazard Fuel is highly flammable. – Never refuel the vehicle near open flames or burning cigarettes, and always switch off the engine first. Be careful that no fuel is spilt, especially on hot vehicle components. Clean up spilt fuel immediately. –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE ENGINE The engine oil is at a level between the middle and upper edge of the level viewer. » If the engine oil is not up to the middle of the level viewer: – Add engine oil. ( p.
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SERVICE WORK ON THE ENGINE – Remove screws . Remove the oil filter cover with the O-ring. 101828-10 – Pull oil filter out of the oil filter housing. Circlip pliers reverse (51012011000) – Completely drain the engine oil. – Thoroughly clean the parts and sealing surfaces. 101829-10 –...
SERVICE WORK ON THE ENGINE 17.4 Adding engine oil Info Too little engine oil or poor-quality engine oil results in premature wear to the engine. – Remove the oil filler plug with the O-ring from the clutch cover. – Add the same engine oil that was used when the motor was changed. Engine oil (SAE 10W/50) ( p.
CLEANING, CARE 18.1 Cleaning the motorcycle Note Material damage Damage and destruction of components by high-pressure cleaning equipment. – When cleaning the vehicle with a pressure cleaner, do not point the water jet directly onto electrical components, connectors, cables, bearings, etc. Maintain a minimum distance of 60 cm between the nozzle of the pressure cleaner and the component. Excessive pressure can cause malfunctions or destroy these parts.
– Store the vehicle in a dry location that is not subject to large fluctuations in tem- perature. Info KTM recommends raising the motorcycle. – Raise the motorcycle with the lift stand. ( p. 34) – Cover the vehicle with a tarp or a cover that is permeable to air.
– Check the electrical system. – Defect in fuel injection system Read out the fault memory using the KTM diag- nostics tool. – Engine does not speed up Defect in fuel injection system Read out the fault memory using the KTM diag- nostics tool.
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TROUBLESHOOTING Faults Possible cause Action – High oil consumption Piston and cylinder worn Piston/cylinder - determine the mounting clear- ance. – Battery discharged Battery is not charging Check the charging voltage. – Check the stator winding of the alternator. – Unwanted power consumer Check the open-circuit current.
BLINK CODE Blink code FI warning lamp (MIL) 02 FI warning lamp (MIL) flashes 2x short Error level condition Crankshaft position sensor - circuit fault Blink code FI warning lamp (MIL) 06 FI warning lamp (MIL) flashes 6x short Error level condition Throttle position sensor circuit A - input signal too low Throttle position sensor circuit A - input signal too high Blink code FI warning lamp (MIL)
Dunlop GEOMAX MX51 80/100 - 21 51M TT 100/100 - 18 64M TT (XC‑F) Dunlop GEOMAX MX51F Dunlop GEOMAX MX51 Additional information is available in the Service section under: http://www.ktm.com 22.7 Fork 22.7.1 250 SX‑F EU Fork part number 14.18.7M.05...
TECHNICAL DATA Spring length with preload spacer(s) 497 mm (19.57 in) Spring rate Weight of rider: 65… 75 kg (143… 165 lb.) 4.4 N/mm (25.1 lb/in) Weight of rider: 75… 85 kg (165… 187 lb.) 4.6 N/mm (26.3 lb/in) Weight of rider: 85… 95 kg (187… 209 lb.) 4.8 N/mm (27.4 lb/in) Gas pressure 1.2 bar (17 psi)
TECHNICAL DATA Oil capacity per cartridge 195 ml (6.59 fl. oz.) Fork oil (SAE 4) (48601166S1) ( p. 95) Oil capacity fork leg without 380 ml (12.85 fl. oz.) Fork oil (SAE 4) (48601166S1) ( p. 95) cartridge 22.8 Shock absorber 22.8.1 250 SX‑F EU Shock absorber part number...
TECHNICAL DATA Weight of rider: 85… 95 kg (187… 209 lb.) 57 N/mm (325 lb/in) Spring length 260 mm (10.24 in) Gas pressure 10 bar (145 psi) Static sag 30 mm (1.18 in) Riding sag 100 mm (3.94 in) Fitted length 486 mm (19.13 in) Shock absorber oil Shock absorber oil (SAE 2.5) (50180342S1) (...
Brake fluid DOT 4 / DOT 5.1 According to – Guideline – Use only brake fluid that complies with the specified standard (see specifications on the container) and that possesses the corre- sponding properties. KTM recommends Castrol and Motorex ® products. Supplier Castrol –...
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SUBSTANCES Fork oil (SAE 4) (48601166S1) According to – SAE ( p. 98) (SAE 4) Guideline – Use only oils that comply with the specified standards (see specifications on the container) and that possess the corresponding properties. Shock absorber oil (SAE 2.5) (50180342S1) According to –...
AUXILIARY SUBSTANCES Air filter cleaner Guideline – KTM recommends Motorex ® products. Supplier Motorex ® – Twin Air Dirt Bio Remover Chain cleaner Guideline – KTM recommends Motorex ® products. Supplier Motorex ® – Chain Clean Cleaning and preserving materials for metal, rubber and plastic Guideline –...
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AUXILIARY SUBSTANCES Oil for foam air filter Guideline – KTM recommends Motorex ® products. Supplier Motorex ® – Twin Air Liquid Bio Power Paint cleaner and polish for high-gloss and matte finishes, bare metal and plastic surfaces Guideline – KTM recommends Motorex ®...
STANDARDS JASO T903 MA Different technical development directions required a new specification for 4-stroke motorcycles – the JASO T903 MA Standard. Ear- lier, engine oils from the automobile industry were used for 4-stroke motorcycles because there was no separate motorcycle specifi- cation.
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