FLIR ix Series User Manual
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FLIR ix Series User Manual

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User's manual
Publ. No.
T559733_en-US
Revision
a571
Language
English (EN)
Issue date
November 4, 2011
FLIR ix series

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  • Page 1 User’s manual FLIR ix series Publ. No. T559733_en-US Revision a571 Language English (EN) Issue date November 4, 2011...
  • Page 3 User’s manual Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...
  • Page 4 FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply. FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
  • Page 5 NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED ■ HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.
  • Page 6 Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...

  • Page 7: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Warnings & Cautions ........................Notice to user ..........................Customer help ..........................Documentation updates ......................... Important note about this manual ....................Quick Start Guide ........................... Parts lists ............................Scope of delivery ........................List of accessories ........................ Camera parts ..........................Screen elements ..........................
  • Page 8 Faulty contact in socket ......................15.3 Oxidized socket ........................15.4 Insulation deficiencies ......................15.5 Draft ............................16 About FLIR Systems ........................16.1 More than just an infrared camera ..................16.2 Sharing our knowledge ......................16.3 Supporting our customers ....................16.4 A few images from our facilities ...................

  • Page 9: Warnings & Cautions

    Warnings & Cautions (Applies only to Class A digital devices.) This equipment generates, uses, and WARNING ■ can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial...
  • Page 10 Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a ■ specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems. Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery ■...
  • Page 11 1 – Warnings & Cautions The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is ±0°C to ■ +45°C (+32°F to +113°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documenta- tion. If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range, it can cause the battery to become hot or to break.

  • Page 12: Notice To User

    As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environ- mentally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste. Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details. Training To read about infrared training, visit: http://www.infraredtraining.com...

  • Page 13: Customer Help

    Customer help General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com Submitting a To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It question only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledge- base for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.

  • Page 14: Documentation Updates

    To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at: http://support.flir.com It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products.

  • Page 15: Important Note About This Manual

    Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model. NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, software, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications and/or functionality at any time without prior notice.

  • Page 16: Quick Start Guide

    Quick Start Guide Procedure Follow this procedure to get started right away: Remove the protective film from the LCD. You must charge the battery inside the camera for four full hours (or until the battery charging indicator displays a green light) before you use the camera for the first time.
  • Page 17 6 – Quick Start Guide Aim the camera toward your target of interest. Pull the Save trigger to save the image. To move the image to a computer, do one of the following: T630178;a2 (Item 1 above) Remove the miniSD™ memory card and insert it into a ■...

  • Page 18: Parts Lists

    Contact your local sales office if any item is damaged or missing. You can find the addresses and ■ telephone numbers of local sales offices on the back cover of this manual. FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to ■ change specifications at any time without prior notice.
  • Page 19 Contact your local sales office if any item is damaged or missing. You can find the addresses and ■ telephone numbers of local sales offices on the back cover of this manual. FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to ■ change specifications at any time without prior notice.

  • Page 20: Camera Parts

    Camera parts Figure 10780903;a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Infrared lens Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...
  • Page 21 8 – Camera parts Lever to open and close the lens cap Trigger to save images Cover to connectors and the miniSD™ memory card slot Cover to the battery compartment Attachment point for the hand strap Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...
  • Page 22 8 – Camera parts Figure 10781003;a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Archive button Function: Push to open the image archive. Left arrow button (on the navigation pad) Function: Push to go left in menus, submenus, and dialog boxes ■...
  • Page 23 8 – Camera parts Right arrow button (on the navigation pad) Function: Push to go right in menus, submenus, and dialog boxes. ■ Push to navigate in the image archive. ■ Right selection button. This button is context-sensitive, and the current function is displayed above the button on the screen.

  • Page 24: Screen Elements

    Screen elements Figure 10781203;a4 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Menu system Measurement result Power indicator Icon Meaning One of the following: The camera is powered using ■ the battery. The battery is being charged ■ (indicated by a refilling battery animation).
  • Page 25 9 – Screen elements Temperature scale Currently set emissivity value or material properties Current function for the right selection button Current function for the left selection button Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...

  • Page 26: Connectors And Storage Media

    Connectors and storage media Figure 10780803;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: miniSD™ memory card We recommend that you do not save more than 5,000 images on the min- iSD™ memory card. Although a memory card may have a higher capacity than 5,000 images, saving more than that number of images severely slows down file manage- ment on the miniSD™...

  • Page 27: Using The Camera

    Using the camera 11.1 Installing the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to install the battery: Remove the battery compartment cover. T630174;a2 Connect the cable that is attached to the battery to the connector inside the battery compartment. Note: Do not use conductive tools when doing this.

  • Page 28: Charging The Battery

    11 – Using the camera 11.2 Charging the battery You must charge the battery inside the camera for four full hours (or until the NOTE ■ battery indicator displays a green light) before you use the camera for the first time.

  • Page 29: Saving An Image

    11 – Using the camera 11.3 Saving an image General You can save multiple images to the miniSD™ memory card. Image capacity We recommend that you do not save more than 5,000 images on the miniSD™ memory card. Although a memory card may have a higher capacity than 5,000 images, saving more than that number of images severely slows down file management on the memory card.

  • Page 30: Recalling An Image

    11 – Using the camera 11.4 Recalling an image General When you save an image, it is stored on the removable miniSD™ memory card. To display the image again, you can recall it from the miniSD™ memory card. Procedure Follow this procedure to recall an image: Push the Archive button.

  • Page 31: Opening The Image Archive

    11 – Using the camera 11.5 Opening the image archive General The image archive is a thumbnail gallery of all the images on the miniSD™ memory card. Procedure Follow this procedure to open the image archive: Push the Archive button. Push the top arrow button on the navigation pad.

  • Page 32: Deleting An Image

    11 – Using the camera 11.6 Deleting an image General You can delete one or more images from the miniSD™ memory card. Alternative 1 Follow this procedure to delete an image: Push the Archive button. Push the top arrow button. This will display the image archive. Select the image you want to delete by using the navigation pad.

  • Page 33: Deleting All Images

    11 – Using the camera 11.7 Deleting all images General You can delete all images from the miniSD™ memory card. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete all images: Push the Archive button. Push the top arrow button. This will display the image archive Push the left selection button (Options).

  • Page 34: Measuring A Temperature Using A Spotmeter

    11 – Using the camera 11.8 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter General You can measure a temperature using a spotmeter. This will display the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen. Procedure Follow this procedure: Push the left selection button (Menu). Use the navigation pad to select Measurement.

  • Page 35: Measuring A Temperature Using An Area

    11 – Using the camera 11.9 Measuring a temperature using an area General You can continuously indicate the highest or lowest temperature within an area, using a continuously moving cursor. Procedure Follow this procedure: Push the left selection button (Menu). Use the navigation pad to select Measurement.

  • Page 36: Marking All Areas Above Or Below A Set Temperature Level

    11 – Using the camera 11.10 Marking all areas above or below a set temperature level General You can mark all areas above or below a set temperature level. Procedure Follow this procedure: Push the left selection button (Menu). Use the navigation pad to select Measurement. Push the left selection button (Select).

  • Page 37: Changing The Color Palette

    11 – Using the camera 11.11 Changing the color palette General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different tempera- tures. A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image. Procedure Follow this procedure to change the color palette: Push the left selection button (Menu).

  • Page 38: Changing The Settings

    ■ Time format ■ Set time ■ Time stamp ■ Firmware (to download program updates for your camera. See http://flir.cus- ■ thelp.com for more information.) Restore ■ Procedure Follow this procedure to change a setting: Push the left selection button (Menu).

  • Page 39: Changing The Image Mode

    11 – Using the camera 11.13 Changing the image mode General The camera can operate in two different image modes: Image mode Icon Explanation Auto [None] In Auto mode, the cam- era is continuously auto- adjusted for best image brightness and contrast. Locked In Locked mode, the camera locks the temper-...

  • Page 40: Setting The Surface Properties

    11 – Using the camera 11.14 Setting the surface properties General To measure temperatures accurately, the camera must know what kind of surface you are measuring. The easiest way to do this is to set the surface property on the Measure menu. You can choose between the following surface properties: Matt ■...

  • Page 41: Changing The Emissivity

    11 – Using the camera 11.15 Changing the emissivity General For very precise measurements, you may need to set the emissivity, instead of se- lecting a surface property. You also need to understand how emissivity and reflectiv- ity affect measurements, rather than just simply selecting a surface property. Emissivity is a property that indicates how much radiation originates from an object as opposed to being reflected by it.

  • Page 42: Changing The Reflected Apparent Temperature

    11 – Using the camera 11.16 Changing the reflected apparent temperature General This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected temperature it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.

  • Page 43: Resetting The Camera

    11 – Using the camera 11.17 Resetting the camera General If you need to reset the camera, there is a reset button inside the battery compartment. NOTE Do not use a metal or other conductive tool to reset the camera. Procedure Follow this procedure to reset the camera: Open the battery compartment cover.

  • Page 44: Finding The Serial Number Of The Camera

    11 – Using the camera 11.18 Finding the serial number of the camera General When you communicate with our service departments, you may need to state the serial number of the camera. The serial number is printed on a label inside the battery compartment, behind the battery.

  • Page 45: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 12.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items Liquids Use one of these liquids: Warm water ■ A weak detergent solution ■ Equipment A soft cloth Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cloth in the liquid. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. Clean the part with the cloth.

  • Page 46: Infrared Lens

    12 – Cleaning the camera 12.2 Infrared lens Liquids Use one of these liquids: 96% isopropyl alcohol. ■ A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol. ■ Equipment Cotton wool Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cotton wool in the liquid. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.

  • Page 47: Infrared Detector

    12 – Cleaning the camera 12.3 Infrared detector General Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image. To remove any dust from the detector, follow the procedure below. This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared NOTE ■...

  • Page 48: Technical Data

    Technical data For technical data, refer to the datasheets on the user documentation CD-ROM that comes with the camera. Technical data can also be found at http://support.flir.com. Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...

  • Page 49: Additional Data

    Field of view & 10780503;a2 distance (FLIR i3) Figure 13.1 Relationship between the field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan- taneous field of view (size of one detector element).
  • Page 50 Field of view & 10780503;a2 distance (FLIR i5) Figure 13.2 Relationship between the field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan- taneous field of view (size of one detector element).
  • Page 51 Field of view & 10780503;a2 distance (FLIR i7) Figure 13.3 Relationship between the field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan- taneous field of view (size of one detector element).

  • Page 52: Dimensions

    Dimensions 14.1 Camera (front) Figure 10780603;a2 Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...

  • Page 53: Camera (Side)

    14 – Dimensions 14.2 Camera (side) Figure 10780703;a2 Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...

  • Page 54: Application Examples

    Application examples 15.1 Moisture & water damage General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an in- frared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduc- tion property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material.

  • Page 55: Faulty Contact In Socket

    15 – Application examples 15.2 Faulty contact in socket General Depending on the type of connection a socket has, an improperly connected wire can result in local temperature increase. This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket , and can result in an electrical fire.

  • Page 56: Oxidized Socket

    15 – Application examples 15.3 Oxidized socket General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, oxides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase.

  • Page 57: Insulation Deficiencies

    15 – Application examples 15.4 Insulation deficiencies General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insu- lation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.

  • Page 58: Draft

    15 – Application examples 15.5 Draft General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceiling trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. NOTE When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.

  • Page 59: About Flir Systems

    About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and government applications.

  • Page 60: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR i7 from 2009. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.

  • Page 61: Sharing Our Knowledge

    16.3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language.
  • Page 62 16 – About FLIR Systems 10401403;a1 Figure 16.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing 10401503;a1 Figure 16.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...

  • Page 63: Glossary

    Glossary Term or expression Explanation absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1. atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc- tion.
  • Page 64 17 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the camera and the object being measured. filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths. Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens.
  • Page 65 17 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image. pixel Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image. radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and angle (W/m /sr) radiant power...
  • Page 66 17 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission (or transmittance) factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent. Transmis- sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number between 0 and 1. transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, instead of cover- ing the highlighted parts of the image.

  • Page 67: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 18.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem- perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.

  • Page 68: Finding The Emissivity Of A Sample

    18 – Thermographic measurement techniques 18.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 18.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature: 18.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b).
  • Page 69 18 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: Emissivity: 1.0 ■ ■ You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: 10589003;a2 Figure 18.3 1 = Reflection source Note: Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom- mended for two important reasons: A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity...

  • Page 70: Step 2: Determining The Emissivity

    18 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. 10727003;a2 Figure 18.4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 18.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure.

  • Page 71: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    50%. 18.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters: Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the ■...

  • Page 72: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 73 19 – History of infrared technology however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;a1 Figure 19.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum,...
  • Page 74 19 – History of infrared technology 10399103;a1 Figure 19.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a breakthrough occurred;...
  • Page 75 19 – History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.

  • Page 76: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 20.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind ther- mography will be given. 20.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re- gions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 77: Blackbody Radiation

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo- graphic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011...

  • Page 78: Planck's Law

    20 – Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further.

  • Page 79: Wien's Displacement Law

    20 – Theory of thermography ➲ The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m , μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ...
  • Page 80 20 – Theory of thermography μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm. 10399403;a1 Figure 20.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx.

  • Page 81: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    20 – Theory of thermography 10327203;a4 Figure 20.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm (μm));...

  • Page 82: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    20 – Theory of thermography 10399303;a1 Figure 20.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
  • Page 83 20 – Theory of thermography For opaque materials τ = 0 and the relation simplifies to: λ Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition: The spectral emissivity ε...

  • Page 84: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    20 – Theory of thermography 10401203;a2 Figure 20.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody. 10327303;a4 Figure 20.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody;...
  • Page 85 20 – Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi- transparent plate is obtained as: When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:...

  • Page 86: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 87 21 – The measurement formula or, with simplified notation: where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would consequently be εW source We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms: 1 –...
  • Page 88 21 – The measurement formula This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Figure 21.2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature.
  • Page 89 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, pro- vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
  • Page 90 21 – The measurement formula 10400603;a2 Figure 21.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).
  • Page 91 21 – The measurement formula 10400703;a2 Figure 21.4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 92: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 22.1 References Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

  • Page 93: Tables

    22 – Emissivity tables 22.3 Tables Figure 22.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6: Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical < 80 Ca.
  • Page 94 22 – Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 3 µm 0.28 Aluminum roughened 10 µm 0.18 Aluminum rough surface 20–50 0.06–0.07 Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.03–0.06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.05–0.08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 0.04 Aluminum weathered, heavily 0.83–0.94 Aluminum bronze 0.60...
  • Page 95 22 – Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80- 0.20 grit emery Brass sheet, rolled 0.06 Brass sheet, worked with emery Brick alumina 0.68 Brick common 0.86–0.81 Brick Dinas silica, 1100 0.85 glazed, rough Brick Dinas silica, refrac- 1000 0.66 tory Brick Dinas silica, 1000...
  • Page 96 22 – Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 0.87 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.06 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.08 Bronze polished Bronze porous, rough 50–150 0.55 Bronze powder 0.76–0.80 Carbon candle soot 0.95 Carbon charcoal powder 0.96 Carbon graphite, filed sur- 0.98 face Carbon graphite powder 0.97 Carbon...
  • Page 97 22 – Emissivity tables Copper oxidized, heavily 0.78 Copper oxidized to black- 0.88 ness Copper polished 50–100 0.02 Copper polished 0.03 Copper polished, commer- 0.03 cial Copper polished, mechan- 0.015 ical Copper pure, carefully 0.008 prepared surface Copper scraped 0.07 Copper dioxide powder 0.84...
  • Page 98 22 – Emissivity tables Granite rough, 4 different 0.95–0.97 samples Gypsum 0.8–0.9 Ice: See Water Iron, cast casting 0.81 Iron, cast ingots 1000 0.95 Iron, cast liquid 1300 0.28 Iron, cast machined 800–1000 0.60–0.70 Iron, cast oxidized 0.63 Iron, cast oxidized 0.64 Iron, cast...
  • Page 99 22 – Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 0.77 Iron and steel hot rolled 0.60 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 0.78–0.82 Iron and steel oxidized 0.79 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 0.89...
  • Page 100 22 – Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 0.064 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.96 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.97 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.92–0.94 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.50–0.53...
  • Page 101 22 – Emissivity tables Magnesium 0.18 Magnesium polished 0.07 Magnesium pow- 0.86 Molybdenum 600–1000 0.08–0.13 Molybdenum 1500–2200 0.19–0.26 Molybdenum filament 700–2500 0.1–0.3 Mortar 0.87 Mortar 0.94 Nextel Velvet 811- Flat black –60–150 > 0.97 10 and 21 Black Nichrome rolled 0.25 Nichrome sandblasted...
  • Page 102 22 – Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 0.11 iron, unpolished Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 1227 0.85 Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 0.37–0.48 Nickel polished 0.045 Nickel wire 200–1000 0.1–0.2 Nickel oxide 500–650 0.52–0.59 Nickel oxide 1000–1250 0.75–0.86 Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film...
  • Page 103 22 – Emissivity tables Paint oil based, average 0.94 of 16 colors Paint plastic, black 0.95 Paint plastic, white 0.84 Paper 4 different colors 0.92–0.94 Paper 4 different colors 0.68–0.74 Paper black 0.90 Paper black, dull 0.94 Paper black, dull 0.89 Paper black, dull...
  • Page 104 22 – Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.29 tion board Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.93 dull, structured Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.94 dull, structured Platinum 0.016 Platinum 0.03 Platinum 0.05 Platinum 0.06 Platinum 0.10 Platinum 1000–1500 0.14–0.18...
  • Page 105 22 – Emissivity tables Skin human 0.98 Slag boiler 0–100 0.97–0.93 Slag boiler 200–500 0.89–0.78 Slag boiler 600–1200 0.76–0.70 Slag boiler 1400–1800 0.69–0.67 Snow: See Water Soil 0.92 Soil saturated with wa- 0.95 Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled 0.45...
  • Page 106 22 – Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.40 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.50 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 1000 0.60 Titanium polished 0.15 Titanium polished 0.20 Titanium polished 1000 0.36 Tungsten 0.05 Tungsten 600–1000 0.1–0.16 Tungsten 1500–2200 0.24–0.31 Tungsten filament 3300 0.39 Varnish...
  • Page 107 22 – Emissivity tables Wood pine, 4 different 0.81–0.89 samples Wood pine, 4 different 0.67–0.75 samples Wood planed 0.8–0.9 Wood planed oak 0.90 Wood planed oak 0.88 Wood planed oak 0.77 Wood plywood, smooth, 0.82 Wood plywood, untreat- 0.83 Wood white, damp 0.7–0.8 Zinc...
  • Page 108 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML—the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721, which is Bitstream’s pan-European version of the Helvetica™ typeface. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980).
  • Page 110 Corporate Headquarters FLIR Systems, Inc. 27700 SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville, OR 97070 Telephone: +1-800-727-3547 Website: http://www.flir.com...

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