FLIR i5 User Manual
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FLIR i5 User Manual

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June 23, 2009
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  • Page 1 – Brukerveiledning – Instrukcja obsługi – – Kullanım Bruksanvisning dning Gebruikershandleiding – Brukerveiledning – Instrukcja obsługi – – Kullanım Kılavuzu – Uživatelská příručka – Gebruikershandleiding Kılavuzu – Uživatelská příručka – FLIR i5 FLIR i7 Publ. No. T559382 Revision a358 Language English (EN) Issue date...
  • Page 3 User’s manual Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...
  • Page 4 FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply. FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
  • Page 5 NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS” and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SAT- ■ ISFACTORY QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE) IS WITH YOU. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT. IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE, THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM, AND ARE NOT BINDING ON, MS.
  • Page 6 Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...

  • Page 7: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Warnings & Cautions ........................Notice to user ..........................Customer help ..........................Documentation updates ......................... Important note about this manual ....................Quick Start Guide ........................... Packing list ............................Camera parts ..........................Screen elements ..........................10 Connectors and storage media ....................11 Using the camera ..........................
  • Page 8 15 Application examples ........................15.1 Moisture & water damage ....................15.2 Faulty contact in socket ......................15.3 Oxidized socket ........................15.4 Insulation deficiencies ......................15.5 Draft ............................16 Introduction to building thermography ..................16.1 Important note ........................16.2 Typical field investigations ....................16.2.1 Guidelines ......................
  • Page 9 Rain showers ......................17.7.3 Emissivity ......................17.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature ................17.7.5 Object too far away ....................18 About FLIR Systems ........................18.1 More than just an infrared camera ..................18.2 Sharing our knowledge ......................18.3 Supporting our customers ....................
  • Page 10 19 Glossary ............................20 Thermographic measurement techniques ................... 20.1 Introduction .......................... 20.2 Emissivity ..........................20.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample ............... 20.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature ....... 20.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity ........... 20.3 Reflected apparent temperature ..................20.4 Distance ..........................

  • Page 11: Warnings & Cautions

    Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a ■ specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems. Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery ■...
  • Page 12 1 – Warnings & Cautions Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a ■ hammer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it. Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery ■...

  • Page 13: Notice To User

    As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environ- mentally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste. Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details. Training To read about infrared training, visit: http://www.infraredtraining.com...

  • Page 14: Customer Help

    Customer help General For customer help, visit: http://flir.custhelp.com Submitting a To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It question only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledge- base for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.

  • Page 15: Documentation Updates

    To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at: http://flir.custhelp.com It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products.

  • Page 16: Important Note About This Manual

    Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model. NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, software, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications and/or functionality at any time without prior notice.

  • Page 17: Quick Start Guide

    Quick Start Guide Procedure Follow this procedure to get started right away: Remove the protective film from the LCD. You must charge the battery inside the camera for four full hours (or until the battery charging indicator displays a green light) before you use the camera for the first time.
  • Page 18 6 – Quick Start Guide Push the On/Off button to turn on the camera. Note: If the camera does not start after you have charged the battery, push the reset button with a non-conductive tool. The reset button is located beside the battery connector, inside the battery compartment.

  • Page 19: Packing List

    FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and ■ other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice.

  • Page 20: Camera Parts

    Camera parts Figure 10780903;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Infrared lens Lever to open and close the lens cap Trigger to save images Cover to connectors and the miniSD™ memory card slot Cover to the battery compartment Attachment point for the hand strap Publ.
  • Page 21 8 – Camera parts Figure 10781003;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Archive button Function: Push to open the image archive. Left arrow button (on the navigation pad) Function: Push to go left in menus, submenus, and dialog boxes ■...
  • Page 22 8 – Camera parts Right arrow button (on the navigation pad) Function: Push to go right in menus, submenus, and dialog boxes. ■ Push to navigate in the image archive. ■ Right selection button. This button is context-sensitive, and the current function is displayed above the button on the screen.

  • Page 23: Screen Elements

    Screen elements Figure 10781203;a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Menu system Measurement result Power indicator Icon Meaning One of the following: The camera is powered using ■ the battery. The battery is being charged ■ (indicated by a refilling battery animation).
  • Page 24 9 – Screen elements Temperature scale Currently set emissivity value or material properties Current function for the right selection button Current function for the left selection button Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...

  • Page 25: Connectors And Storage Media

    Connectors and storage media Figure 10780803;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: miniSD™ memory card We recommend that you do not save more than 5,000 images on the min- iSD™ memory card. Although a memory card may have a higher capacity than 5,000 images, saving more than that number of images severely slows down file manage- ment on the miniSD™...

  • Page 26: Using The Camera

    Using the camera 11.1 Installing the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to install the battery: Remove the battery compartment cover. T630174;a1 Connect the cable that is attached to the battery to the connector inside the battery compartment. Note: Do not use conductive tools when doing this.

  • Page 27: Charging The Battery

    11 – Using the camera 11.2 Charging the battery You must charge the battery inside the camera for four full hours (or until the NOTE ■ battery indicator displays a green light) before you use the camera for the first time.
  • Page 28 11 – Using the camera Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket. Make sure that you use the correct AC plug. Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the battery charging indicator displays a green light. Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...

  • Page 29: Saving An Image

    11 – Using the camera 11.3 Saving an image General You can save multiple images to the miniSD™ memory card. Image capacity We recommend that you do not save more than 5,000 images on the miniSD™ memory card. Although a memory card may have a higher capacity than 5,000 images, saving more than that number of images severely slows down file management on the memory card.

  • Page 30: Recalling An Image

    11 – Using the camera 11.4 Recalling an image General When you save an image, it is stored on the removable miniSD™ memory card. To display the image again, you can recall it from the miniSD™ memory card. Procedure Follow this procedure to recall an image: Push the Archive button.

  • Page 31: Opening The Image Archive

    11 – Using the camera 11.5 Opening the image archive General The image archive is a thumbnail gallery of all the images on the miniSD™ memory card. Procedure Follow this procedure to open the image archive: Push the Archive button. Push the + button on the navigation pad.

  • Page 32: Deleting An Image

    11 – Using the camera 11.6 Deleting an image General You can delete one or more images from the miniSD™ memory card. Alternative 1 Follow this procedure to delete an image: Push the Archive button. Push the + button. This will display the image archive. Select the image you want to delete by using the navigation pad.

  • Page 33: Deleting All Images

    11 – Using the camera 11.7 Deleting all images General You can delete all images from the miniSD™ memory card. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete all images: Push the Archive button. Push the + button. This will display the image archive Push the left selection button (Options).

  • Page 34: Measuring A Temperature Using A Spotmeter

    11 – Using the camera 11.8 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter General You can measure a temperature using a spotmeter. This will display the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen. Procedure Follow this procedure: Push the left selection button (Menu). Use the navigation pad to select Measurement.

  • Page 35: Measuring A Temperature Using An Area

    11 – Using the camera 11.9 Measuring a temperature using an area General You can continuously indicate the highest or lowest temperature within an area, using a continuously moving cursor. Procedure Follow this procedure: Push the left selection button (Menu). Use the navigation pad to select Measurement.

  • Page 36: Marking All Areas Above Or Below A Set Temperature Level

    11 – Using the camera 11.10 Marking all areas above or below a set temperature level General You can mark all areas above or below a set temperature level. Procedure Follow this procedure: Push the left selection button (Menu). Use the navigation pad to select Measurement. Push the left selection button (Select).

  • Page 37: Changing The Color Palette

    11 – Using the camera 11.11 Changing the color palette General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different tempera- tures. A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image. Procedure Follow this procedure to change the color palette: Push the left selection button (Menu).

  • Page 38: Changing The Settings

    ■ Time format ■ Set time ■ Time stamp ■ Firmware (to download program updates for your camera. See http://flir.cus- ■ thelp.com for more information.) Restore ■ Procedure Follow this procedure to change a setting: Push the left selection button (Menu).

  • Page 39: Changing The Image Mode

    11 – Using the camera 11.13 Changing the image mode General The camera can operate in two different image modes: Image mode Icon Explanation Auto [None] In Auto mode, the cam- era is continuously auto- adjusted for best image brightness and contrast. Locked In Locked mode, the camera locks the temper-...

  • Page 40: Setting The Surface Properties

    11 – Using the camera 11.14 Setting the surface properties General To measure temperatures accurately, the camera must know what kind of surface you are measuring. The easiest way to do this is to set the surface property on the Measure menu. You can choose between the following surface properties: Matt ■...

  • Page 41: Changing The Emissivity

    11 – Using the camera 11.15 Changing the emissivity General For very precise measurements, you may need to set the emissivity, instead of se- lecting a surface property. You also need to understand how emissivity and reflectiv- ity affect measurements, rather than just simply selecting a surface property. Emissivity is a property that indicates how much radiation originates from an object as opposed to being reflected by it.

  • Page 42: Changing The Reflected Apparent Temperature

    11 – Using the camera 11.16 Changing the reflected apparent temperature General This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected temperature it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.

  • Page 43: Resetting The Camera

    11 – Using the camera 11.17 Resetting the camera General If you need to reset the camera, there is a reset button inside the battery compartment. NOTE Do not use a metal or other conductive tool to reset the camera. Procedure Follow this procedure to reset the camera: Open the battery compartment cover.

  • Page 44: Finding The Serial Number Of The Camera

    11 – Using the camera 11.18 Finding the serial number of the camera General When you communicate with our service departments, you may need to state the serial number of the camera. The serial number is printed on a label inside the battery compartment, behind the battery.

  • Page 45: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 12.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items Liquids Use one of these liquids: Warm water ■ A weak detergent solution ■ Equipment A soft cloth Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cloth in the liquid. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. Clean the part with the cloth.

  • Page 46: Infrared Lens

    12 – Cleaning the camera 12.2 Infrared lens Liquids Use one of these liquids: 96% isopropyl alcohol. ■ A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol. ■ Equipment Cotton wool Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cotton wool in the liquid. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.

  • Page 47: Technical Data

    Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled microbolometer Spectral range 7.5–13 µm IR resolution Dependent on the camera: 80 × 80 pixels (FLIR i5 (2009 model)) ■ 120 × 120 pixels (FLIR i7) ■ Image Display 2.8 in. color LCD...
  • Page 48 13 – Technical data Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials Reflected apparent tem- Automatic, based on input of reflected temperature perature correction Set-up Color palettes Black and white, iron and rainbow Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time formats Storage of images Image storage type...
  • Page 49 Color Blue and gray Certifications Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC Scope of delivery Packaging, type Hard case Packaging, contents FLIR QuickReport CD ■ Printed Getting Started Guide ■ User documentation CD-ROM ■ Calibration certificate ■ Hand strap ■...

  • Page 50: Additional Data

    Field of view & 10780503;a1 distance (FLIR i5) Figure 13.1 Relationship between the field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan- taneous field of view (size of one detector element).
  • Page 51 Field of view & 10780503;a1 distance (FLIR i7) Figure 13.2 Relationship between the field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan- taneous field of view (size of one detector element).

  • Page 52: Accessories Data

    13 – Technical data 13.3 Accessories data USB cable Std A Cable length 2.0 m (6.6 ft.) ↔ Mini B, 2 m/6.6 Connector Standard USB-A to USB Mini-B Battery Battery type Rechargeable Li Ion battery Battery voltage 3.6 V Battery note Approximate lithium content: 0.7 g Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera...

  • Page 53: Dimensions

    Dimensions 14.1 Camera (front) Figure 10780603;a1 Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...

  • Page 54: Camera (Side)

    14 – Dimensions 14.2 Camera (side) Figure 10780703;a1 Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...

  • Page 55: Application Examples

    Application examples 15.1 Moisture & water damage General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an in- frared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduc- tion property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material.

  • Page 56: Faulty Contact In Socket

    15 – Application examples 15.2 Faulty contact in socket General Depending on the type of connection a socket has, an improperly connected wire can result in local temperature increase. This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket , and can result in an electrical fire.

  • Page 57: Oxidized Socket

    15 – Application examples 15.3 Oxidized socket General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, oxides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase.

  • Page 58: Insulation Deficiencies

    15 – Application examples 15.4 Insulation deficiencies General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insu- lation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.

  • Page 59: Draft

    15 – Application examples 15.5 Draft General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceiling trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. NOTE When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.

  • Page 60: Introduction To Building Thermography

    Introduction to building thermography 16.1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup- ported by your particular camera configuration. 16.2 Typical field investigations 16.2.1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection.

  • Page 61: Guidelines For Moisture Detection, Mold Detection & Detection Of Water Damages

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.1.2 Guidelines for moisture detection, mold detection & detection of water damages Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when ■ heat has been applied to the surface, e.g. from the sun. The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of ■...

  • Page 62: About Moisture Detection

    16 – Introduction to building thermography A difference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10–15°C (18–27°F) ■ is recommended. Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference, but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult. Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure—e.g.

  • Page 63: Safety Precautions

    16 – Introduction to building thermography Although a basic understanding of the construction of low-slope commercial roofs is desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection, expert knowledge is not necessary. There is a large number of different design principles for low-slope com- mercial roofs—both when it comes to material and design—and it would be impossible for the infrared inspection person to know them all.

  • Page 64: Commented Building Structures

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.3.3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs. Structural drawing Comment 10553603;a2 Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct.

  • Page 65: Commented Infrared Images

    16 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553803;a2 Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination. Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain, which may lead to local leakage around the channel. 10553903;a2 Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof...
  • Page 66 16 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations, common in many single- ply systems, are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse. This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs: Infrared image Comment...

  • Page 67: Moisture Detection (2): Commercial & Residential Façades

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.4 Moisture detection (2): Commercial & residential façades 16.2.4.1 General information Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential façades. Being able to provide a physical illustration of the moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost-effective than large intrusive test cuts.
  • Page 68 16 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10554503;a2 Rain hits the façade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks. The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion. 10554603;a2 Rain splashes on the façade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption, which eventu- ally leads to frost erosion.

  • Page 69: Commented Infrared Images

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.4.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial & residential façades. Infrared image Comment 10554703;a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte- rior living space.

  • Page 70: Commented Building Structures

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.5.2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Structural drawing Comment 10555203;a2 Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet, leading to leakage during rain. 10555103;a2 No flashing at deck-to-wall connection, leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation.
  • Page 71 16 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10555003;a2 Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade- quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement. SECURITY RISK! 10554903;a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall.

  • Page 72: Commented Infrared Images

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.5.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Infrared image Comment 10555303;a1 Improper flashing at balcony-to-wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a loft complex.

  • Page 73: Commented Infrared Images

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.6.2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks & leaks. Infrared image Comment 10555503;a1 Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan- nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured.
  • Page 74 16 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10555703;a1 The infrared image of this vinyl-sided 3-floor apartment house clearly shows the path of a seri- ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor, which is completely hidden within the wall. 10555803;a1 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles.

  • Page 75: Air Infiltration

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.7 Air infiltration 16.2.7.1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building, temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building, and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building, a negative pressure of 2–5 Pa can be expected.
  • Page 76 16 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10552303;a2 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate flow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts. The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice. 10552603;a2 Air infiltration in a concrete floor-over-crawl-space due to cracks in the brick wall façade.

  • Page 77: Commented Infrared Images

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.7.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred. Infrared image Comment 10552703;a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip. Note the typical ray pattern.

  • Page 78: Insulation Deficiencies

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.8 Insulation deficiencies 16.2.8.1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration. If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure. Since these air pockets have a different thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed, the air pockets can be detected during a building ther- mography inspection.
  • Page 79 16 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553103;a2 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam. Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in- side of the ceiling. This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image.

  • Page 80: Commented Infrared Images

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.2.8.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies. Infrared image Comment 10553303;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets).
  • Page 81 16 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets). Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...

  • Page 82: Theory Of Building Science

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.3 Theory of building science 16.3.1 General information The demand for energy-efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times. Developments in the field of energy, together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments, have resulted in ever-greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building’s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems.

  • Page 83: The Effects Of Testing And Checking

    16 – Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements, there are special requirements in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements, e.g. by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body. 16.3.2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work.

  • Page 84: Sources Of Disruption In Thermography

    16 – Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised ■ requirements in terms of the building’s thermal insulation and airtightness. For the individual, buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment, and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in- volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems.
  • Page 85 16 – Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface. Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls. Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident with characteristically shaped sharp contours.

  • Page 86: Surface Temperature And Air Leaks

    16 – Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces, e.g. as a result of surface condensation, have a definite effect on heat transfer at the surface and the surface temperature. Where there is moisture on a surface, there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat, thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees.
  • Page 87 16 – Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow, Bernoulli’s Law applies: where: Air density in kg/m ρ Wind velocity in m/s Static pressure in Pa and where: denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure. The total of these pressures gives the total pressure.
  • Page 88 16 – Introduction to building thermography 10551803;a1 Figure 16.3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building’s enclosing surfaces depending on wind effects, ventilation and internal/external temperature difference. 1: Wind direction; T : Thermodynamic air temper- ature outdoors in K; T : Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K.
  • Page 89 16 – Introduction to building thermography 10551903;a1 Figure 16.4 Stress concentration factor (C) distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities (v) relative to a building. Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ- ated locations. In thermography, such variations can have a clear effect on the mea- surement results.
  • Page 90 16 – Introduction to building thermography part. At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same, see the figure on page 81. This differential pressure may be described by the relationship: Air pressure differential within the structure in Pa Δp 9.81 m/s...
  • Page 91 16 – Introduction to building thermography 10552003;a1 Figure 16.5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings and where the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature. 1: Neutral zone; 2: Positive pressure; 3: Negative pressure; h: Distance from the neutral zone in meters. The position of the neutral zone may vary, depending on any leaks in the building.

  • Page 92: Measuring Conditions & Measuring Season

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.3.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings. Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex- ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible.
  • Page 93 16 – Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following: Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures, com- prising both defect-free structures and structures with in-built defects. Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 16.2 –...

  • Page 94: Humidity & Dew Point

    16 – Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects. There may obviously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects. Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image.

  • Page 95: Definition Of Dew Point

    16 – Introduction to building thermography Figure 16.7 A: Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit; B: Maximum amount of water in gr/ft (at sea level) 86.0 13.30 68.0 7.58 50.0 4.12 32.0 2.12 84.2 12.60 66.2 7.14 48.2 3.86 30.2 1.96 82.4 11.93 64.4 6.73...

  • Page 96: Introduction

    16 – Introduction to building thermography UK Thermography Association c/o British Institute of Nondestructive Testing 1 Spencer Parade Northampton NN1 5AA United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1604 630124 Fax: +44 (0)1604 231489 16.3.8.2 Introduction Over the last few years the equipment, applications, software, and understanding connected with thermography have all developed at an astonishing rate.

  • Page 97: Quantitative Appraisal Of Thermal Anomalies

    16 – Introduction to building thermography range of thermal anomalies can be found in BINDT Guides to thermal imaging (Infrared Thermography Handbook; Volume 1, Principles and Practise, Norman Walker, ISBN 0903132338, Volume 2, Applications, A. N. Nowicki, ISBN 090313232X, BINDT, 2005). 16.3.8.3.1 Requirements A thermographic survey to demonstrate continuity of insulation, areas of thermal...
  • Page 98 16 – Introduction to building thermography A value for f of 0.75 is considered appropriate across new building as the upper CRsi end usage is not a factor considered in testing for ‘Continuity of Insulation’, or ‘Thermal Bridging’. However, when considering refurbished or extended buildings, for example swimming pools, internal surveys may need to account for unusal circumstances.
  • Page 99 16 – Introduction to building thermography Example for lightweight built-up cladding with defective Good area Failing area insulation Outside temperature in ℃ Inside surface temperature in ℃ 19.1 15.0 Outside surface temperature in ℃ Surface factor from IP17/01 0.95 0.75 Critical external surface temperature factor, after IP17/01 0.92 Insulation thickness to give this level of performance, mm...

  • Page 100: Conditions And Equipment

    16 – Introduction to building thermography used value of 0.1% of the building exposed surface area is generally accepted as the maximum combined defect area allowable to comply with the Building Regulations. This represents one square metre in every thousand. 16.3.8.4.4 Measuring surface temperature Measurement of surface temperature is the function of the infrared imaging system.

  • Page 101: Survey And Analysis

    16 – Introduction to building thermography Necessary surfaces free from direct solar radiation and the residual effects of past ■ solar radiation. This can be checked by comparing the surface temperatures of opposite sides of the building. No precipitation either just prior to or during the survey. ■...

  • Page 102: Reporting

    16 – Introduction to building thermography The viewing angle is nearly perpendicular to the surface being imaged. Interfering ■ sources of infrared radiation such as lights, heat emitters, electric conductors, re- flective elements are minimised. The method of analysis will depend somewhat on analysis software used, but the key stages are as follows: Produce an image of each anomaly or cluster of anomalies.
  • Page 103 16 – Introduction to building thermography Type, extent and position of each observed defect. ■ Results of any supplementary measurements and investigations. ■ Reports should be indexed and archived by thermographers. ■ 16.3.8.7.1 Considerations and limitations The choice between internal and external surveys will depend on: Access to the surface.

  • Page 104: Disclaimer

    16 – Introduction to building thermography 16.4 Disclaimer 16.4.1 Copyright notice Some sections and/or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow- ing organizations and companies: FORMAS—The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences ■ and Spatial Planning, Stockholm, Sweden ITC—Infrared Training Center, Boston, MA, United States ■...

  • Page 105: Introduction To Thermographic Inspections Of Electrical Installations

    Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 17.1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup- ported by your particular camera configuration. Electrical regulations differ from country to country. For that reason, the electrical procedures described in this section may not be the standard of procedure in your particular country.

  • Page 106: General Equipment Data

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations and for the climatic zones. The measurement periods may also differ depending on the type of plant to be inspected, whether they are hydroelectric, nuclear, coal-based or oil-based plants. In the industry the inspections are—at least in Nordic countries with clear seasonal differences—carried out during spring or autumn or before longer stops in the oper- ation.

  • Page 107: Inspection

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The more the IR camera operator knows about the equipment that he or she is about to inspect, the higher the quality of the inspection. But it is virtually impossible for an IR thermographer to have detailed knowledge about all the different types of equipment that can be controlled.

  • Page 108: Priority

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The classification of the defects gives a more detailed meaning that not only takes into account the situation at the time of inspection (which is certainly of great impor- tance), but also the possibility to normalize the over-temperature to standard load and ambient temperature conditions.

  • Page 109: Control

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations However, the most common result of the identification and classification of the detected faults is a recommendation to repair immediately or as soon as it is practically possible. It is important that the repair crew is aware of the physical principles for the identifica- tion of defects.

  • Page 110: Measurement Technique For Thermographic Inspection Of Electrical Installations

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 17.3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 17.3.1 How to correctly set the equipment A thermal image may show high temperature variations: 10712803;a4 Figure 17.2 Temperature variations in a fusebox In the images above, the fuse to the right has a maximum temperature of +61°C (+142°F), whereas the one to the left is maximum +32°C (+90°F) and the one in the middle somewhere in between.
  • Page 111 17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations to be in for the moment. It might be so that you measure heat, which has been con- ducted over some distance, whereas the ‘real’ hot spot is hidden from you. An example is shown in the image below.

  • Page 112: Comparative Measurement

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 17.3.3 Comparative measurement For thermographic inspections of electrical installations a special method is used, which is based on comparison of different objects, so-called measurement with a reference. This simply means that you compare the three phases with each other. This method needs systematic scanning of the three phases in parallel in order to assess whether a point differs from the normal temperature pattern.

  • Page 113: Normal Operating Temperature

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713303;a4 Figure 17.7 A profile (line) in an infrared image and a graph displaying the increasing temperature 17.3.4 Normal operating temperature Temperature measurement with thermography usually gives the absolute temperature of the object. In order to correctly assess whether the component is too hot, it is necessary to know its operating temperature, that is, its normal temperature if we consider the load and the temperature of its environment.

  • Page 114: Classification Of Faults

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The two left phases are considered as normal, whereas the right phase shows a very clear excess temperature. Actually, the operating temperature of the left phase is +68°C (+154°F), that is, quite a substantial temperature, whereas the faulty phase to the right shows a temperature of +86°C (+187°F).
  • Page 115 17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations Excess temperatures measured directly on the faulty part are usually divided into three categories relating to 100% of the maximum load. < 5°C (9°F) The start of the overheat condi- tion. This must be carefully monitored.

  • Page 116: Reporting

    The program, which has been used for creating the report page shown below, is called FLIR Reporter. It is adapted to several types of infrared cameras from FLIR Systems. A professional report is often divided into two sections: Front pages, with facts about the inspection, such as: ■...
  • Page 117 17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713603;a3 Figure 17.10 A report example Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...

  • Page 118: Different Types Of Hot Spots In Electrical Installations

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 17.5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations 17.5.1 Reflections The thermographic camera sees any radiation that enters the lens, not only originating from the object that you are looking at, but also radiation that comes from other sources and has been reflected by the target.

  • Page 119: Inductive Heating

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713803;a3 Figure 17.12 An infrared image of a circuit breaker 17.5.3 Inductive heating 10713903;a3 Figure 17.13 An infrared image of hot stabilizing weights Eddy currents can cause a hot spot in the current path. In cases of very high currents and close proximity of other metals, this has in some cases caused serious fires.

  • Page 120: Varying Cooling Conditions

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714003;a3 Figure 17.14 Examples of infrared images of load variations The image to the left shows three cables next to each other. They are so far apart that they can be regarded as thermally insulated from each other. The one in the middle is colder than the others.

  • Page 121: Resistance Variations

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 17.5.6 Resistance variations Overheating can have many origins. Some common reasons are described below. Low contact pressure can occur when mounting a joint, or through wear of the mate- rial, for example, decreasing spring tension, worn threads in nuts and bolts, even too much force applied at mounting.
  • Page 122 17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714303;a3 Figure 17.17 Overheating in a circuit breaker The overheating of this circuit breaker is most probably caused by bad contact in the near finger of the contactor. Thus, the far finger carries more current and gets hotter. The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same, however, it is similar).

  • Page 123: Disturbance Factors At Thermographic Inspection Of Electrical Installations

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 17.6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations During thermographic inspections of different types of electrical installations, distur- bance factors such as wind, distance to object, rain or snow often influence the measurement result.

  • Page 124: Distance To Object

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations snow or rain and reliable measurement is no longer possible. This is mainly because a heavy snowfall as well as heavy rain is impenetrable to infrared radiation and it is rather the temperature of the snowflakes or raindrops that will be measured. 17.6.3 Distance to object This image is taken from a helicopter 20 meters (66 ft.) away from this faulty connec-...

  • Page 125: Object Size

    The reason for this effect is that there is a smallest object size, which gives correct temperature measurement. This smallest size is indicated to the user in all FLIR Sys- tems cameras. The image below shows what you see in the viewfinder of camera model 695.
  • Page 126 17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations as well, strongly lowering the reading. In the above case, where we have a point- shaped object, which is much hotter than the surroundings, the temperature reading will be too low. 10714703;a3 Figure 17.21 Image from the viewfinder of a ThermaCAM 695 This effect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements.

  • Page 127: Practical Advice For The Thermographer

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 17.7 Practical advice for the thermographer Working in a practical way with a camera, you will discover small things that make your job easier. Here are five of them to start with. 17.7.1 From cold to hot You have been out with the camera at +5°C (+41°F).

  • Page 128: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    17 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 17.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature You are in a measurement situation where there are several hot sources that influence your measurement. You need to have the right value for the reflected apparent tem- perature to input into the camera and thus get the best possible correction.

  • Page 129: About Flir Systems

    10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR i5 from 2008. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.

  • Page 130: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    18.1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–software combination.

  • Page 131: A Few Images From Our Facilities

    18 – About FLIR Systems 18.4 A few images from our facilities 10401303;a1 Figure 18.2 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector 10401403;a1 Figure 18.3 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...
  • Page 132 18 – About FLIR Systems 10401503;a1 Figure 18.4 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...

  • Page 133: Glossary

    Glossary Term or expression Explanation absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1. atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc- tion.
  • Page 134 19 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the camera and the object being measured. filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths. Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens.
  • Page 135 19 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image. pixel Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image. radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and angle (W/m /sr) radiant power...
  • Page 136 19 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission (or transmittance) factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent. Transmis- sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number between 0 and 1. transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, instead of cover- ing the highlighted parts of the image.

  • Page 137: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 20.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem- perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.

  • Page 138: Finding The Emissivity Of A Sample

    20 – Thermographic measurement techniques 20.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 20.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature: 20.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b).
  • Page 139 20 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: Emissivity: 1.0 ■ ■ You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: 10589003;a2 Figure 20.3 1 = Reflection source Note: Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom- mended for two important reasons: A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity...

  • Page 140: Step 2: Determining The Emissivity

    20 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. 10727003;a2 Figure 20.4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 20.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure.

  • Page 141: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    50%. 20.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters: Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the ■...

  • Page 142: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 143 21 – History of infrared technology however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;a1 Figure 21.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum,...
  • Page 144 21 – History of infrared technology 10399103;a1 Figure 21.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a breakthrough occurred;...
  • Page 145 21 – History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.

  • Page 146: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 22.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind ther- mography will be given. 22.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re- gions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 147: Blackbody Radiation

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo- graphic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. Publ. No. T559382 Rev. a358 – ENGLISH (EN) – June 23, 2009...

  • Page 148: Planck's Law

    22 – Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further.

  • Page 149: Wien's Displacement Law

    22 – Theory of thermography ➲ The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m , μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ...
  • Page 150 22 – Theory of thermography μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm. 10399403;a1 Figure 22.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx.

  • Page 151: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    22 – Theory of thermography 10327203;a4 Figure 22.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm (μm));...

  • Page 152: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    22 – Theory of thermography 10399303;a1 Figure 22.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
  • Page 153 22 – Theory of thermography For opaque materials τ = 0 and the relation simplifies to: λ Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition: The spectral emissivity ε...

  • Page 154: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    22 – Theory of thermography 10401203;a2 Figure 22.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody. 10327303;a4 Figure 22.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody;...
  • Page 155 22 – Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi- transparent plate is obtained as: When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:...

  • Page 156: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 157 23 – The measurement formula or, with simplified notation: where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would consequently be εW source We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms: 1 –...
  • Page 158 23 – The measurement formula This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Figure 23.2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature.
  • Page 159 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, pro- vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
  • Page 160 23 – The measurement formula 10400603;a2 Figure 23.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).
  • Page 161 23 – The measurement formula 10400703;a2 Figure 23.4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 162: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 24.1 References Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

  • Page 163: Tables

    24 – Emissivity tables 24.3 Tables Figure 24.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6: Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical < 80 Ca.
  • Page 164 24 – Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 3 µm 0.28 Aluminum roughened 10 µm 0.18 Aluminum rough surface 20–50 0.06–0.07 Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.03–0.06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.05–0.08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 0.04 Aluminum weathered, heavily 0.83–0.94 Aluminum bronze 0.60...
  • Page 165 24 – Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80- 0.20 grit emery Brass sheet, rolled 0.06 Brass sheet, worked with emery Brick alumina 0.68 Brick common 0.86–0.81 Brick Dinas silica, 1100 0.85 glazed, rough Brick Dinas silica, refrac- 1000 0.66 tory Brick Dinas silica, 1000...
  • Page 166 24 – Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 0.87 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.06 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.08 Bronze polished Bronze porous, rough 50–150 0.55 Bronze powder 0.76–0.80 Carbon candle soot 0.95 Carbon charcoal powder 0.96 Carbon graphite, filed sur- 0.98 face Carbon graphite powder 0.97 Carbon...
  • Page 167 24 – Emissivity tables Copper oxidized, heavily 0.78 Copper oxidized to black- 0.88 ness Copper polished 50–100 0.02 Copper polished 0.03 Copper polished, commer- 0.03 cial Copper polished, mechan- 0.015 ical Copper pure, carefully 0.008 prepared surface Copper scraped 0.07 Copper dioxide powder 0.84...
  • Page 168 24 – Emissivity tables Granite rough, 4 different 0.95–0.97 samples Gypsum 0.8–0.9 Ice: See Water Iron, cast casting 0.81 Iron, cast ingots 1000 0.95 Iron, cast liquid 1300 0.28 Iron, cast machined 800–1000 0.60–0.70 Iron, cast oxidized 0.63 Iron, cast oxidized 0.64 Iron, cast...
  • Page 169 24 – Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 0.77 Iron and steel hot rolled 0.60 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 0.78–0.82 Iron and steel oxidized 0.79 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 0.89...
  • Page 170 24 – Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 0.064 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.96 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.97 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.92–0.94 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.50–0.53...
  • Page 171 24 – Emissivity tables Magnesium 0.18 Magnesium polished 0.07 Magnesium pow- 0.86 Molybdenum 600–1000 0.08–0.13 Molybdenum 1500–2200 0.19–0.26 Molybdenum filament 700–2500 0.1–0.3 Mortar 0.87 Mortar 0.94 Nextel Velvet 811- Flat black –60–150 > 0.97 10 and 21 Black Nichrome rolled 0.25 Nichrome sandblasted...
  • Page 172 24 – Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 0.11 iron, unpolished Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 1227 0.85 Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 0.37–0.48 Nickel polished 0.045 Nickel wire 200–1000 0.1–0.2 Nickel oxide 500–650 0.52–0.59 Nickel oxide 1000–1250 0.75–0.86 Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film...
  • Page 173 24 – Emissivity tables Paint oil based, average 0.94 of 16 colors Paint plastic, black 0.95 Paint plastic, white 0.84 Paper 4 different colors 0.92–0.94 Paper 4 different colors 0.68–0.74 Paper black 0.90 Paper black, dull 0.94 Paper black, dull 0.89 Paper black, dull...
  • Page 174 24 – Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.29 tion board Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.93 dull, structured Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.94 dull, structured Platinum 0.016 Platinum 0.03 Platinum 0.05 Platinum 0.06 Platinum 0.10 Platinum 1000–1500 0.14–0.18...
  • Page 175 24 – Emissivity tables Skin human 0.98 Slag boiler 0–100 0.97–0.93 Slag boiler 200–500 0.89–0.78 Slag boiler 600–1200 0.76–0.70 Slag boiler 1400–1800 0.69–0.67 Snow: See Water Soil 0.92 Soil saturated with wa- 0.95 Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled 0.45...
  • Page 176 24 – Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.40 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.50 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 1000 0.60 Titanium polished 0.15 Titanium polished 0.20 Titanium polished 1000 0.36 Tungsten 0.05 Tungsten 600–1000 0.1–0.16 Tungsten 1500–2200 0.24–0.31 Tungsten filament 3300 0.39 Varnish...
  • Page 177 24 – Emissivity tables Wood pine, 4 different 0.81–0.89 samples Wood pine, 4 different 0.67–0.75 samples Wood planed 0.8–0.9 Wood planed oak 0.90 Wood planed oak 0.88 Wood planed oak 0.77 Wood plywood, smooth, 0.82 Wood plywood, untreat- 0.83 Wood white, damp 0.7–0.8 Zinc...
  • Page 178 A note on the technical production of this manual This manual was produced using XML—the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this manual This manual was typeset using Swiss 721, which is Bitstream’s pan-European version of the Helvetica™ typeface. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980).
  • Page 180 ■ AUSTRALIA ■ CHINA ■ JAPAN FLIR Systems FLIR Systems FLIR SYSTEMS Japan KK 10 Business Park Drive Guangzhou Representative Office Nishi-Gotanda Access 8F Nottinghill 1105 Main Tower, Guang Dong 3-6-20 Nishi-Gotanda Victoria 3168 International Hotel Shinagawa-Ku Australia 339 Huanshi Dong Road...

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