Keysight M8194A User Manual
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Keysight M8194A User Manual

Keysight M8194A User Manual

120 gsa/s arbitrary waveform generator
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Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s
Arbitrary Waveform Generator
User Guide

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Summary of Contents for Keysight M8194A

  • Page 1 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 2 ALL WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR met. which is embodied in its End User License IMPLIED WITH REGARD TO THIS MANUAL Agreement (EULA), a copy of which can be AND ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 3: Safety Summary

    Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings or operating instructions in the product manuals violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. Keysight Technologies assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with these requirements. Product manuals are provided with your instrument on CD-ROM and/or in printed form.
  • Page 4 All front-panel connectors of the M8194A are sensitive to Electrostatic discharge (ESD). There are also several exposed components on the PCAs, on both sides of M8194A, which can be touched accidentally while handling the unit and can risk damage to the instrument, due to ESD.

  • Page 5: Instrument Markings

    The RCM mark is a registered trademark of the Australian Communications and Media Authority. The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the CSA International. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 6 Universal recycling symbol. This symbol indicates compliance with the China standard GB 18455-2001 as required by the China RoHS regulations for paper/fiberboard packaging. The Keysight email address is required by EU directives applicable to our product. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 7: Compliance And Environmental Information

    Product Category: With reference to the equipment types in WEEE Directive Annex I, this product is classed as a “Monitoring and Control instrumentation” product. Do not dispose in domestic household waste. To return unwanted products, contact your local Keysight office, or see http://about.keysight.com/en/companyinfo/environment/takeback.shtml for more information.

  • Page 9: Table Of Contents

    Supporting Operating System Options Upgrade Options Installing Licenses Front Panel Instrument Modes Related Documents Additional Documents 2 M8194A Software Installation Prerequisites Installation Steps Post Installation Steps How to use M8194A Instrument Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 10 Numeric Control Usage Tooltip Output Tab Clock/Sync Tab Standard Waveform Tab Multi-Tone Waveform Tab Complex Modulated Waveform Tab Serial Data Waveform Tab Import Waveform Tab Supported File Types Correction File Format Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 11 Connection Status Subsystem Run Status Subsystem :ABOrt Commands :INITiate Commands :INSTrument Commands :MMEMory Commands :OUTPut Commands [:SOURce] Commands :SYSTem Commands :TEST Commands :TRACe Commands SCPI Command Differences Between M8194A and M8196A Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 12 6 Characteristics Performance Specification Operating Environment General 7 Appendix Resampling Algorithms for Waveform Import Resampling Requirements Resampling Methodology Examples for Generating Waveforms Generating 64 GBaud QAM Waveform Importing Sample Waveform Data Index Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 13 Supporting Operating System / 15 Options / 16 Upgrade Options / 16 Installing Licenses / 17 Front Panel / 19 Instrument Modes / 20 Related Documents / 20 Additional Documents This chapter provides an overview of M8194A Arbitrary Waveform Generator.

  • Page 14: Introduction

    Introduction M8194A Overview The Keysight M8194A is a 120 GSa/s AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) with highest combination of speed, bandwidth and channel density. The M8194A is ideally suited to address following key applications: • Coherent optical – a single M8194A module can generate 2 independent I/Q baseband signals (dual polarization = 4 channels) at 64 Gbaud and beyond.

  • Page 15: Supporting Operating System

    PC controller Option -001, Option -002, and Option -004 With this option the number of channels is selected. The M8194A is available in a one channel (-001), two channel (-002) or 4 channel (-004) version. A software upgrade from one to two channels is possible by installing option U02.

  • Page 16: Upgrade Options

    Close the firmware of the M8194A. Install the licenses using KLM. Start the firmware of the M8194A. The firmware finds the new licenses in KLM and installs them in the M8194A. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 17: Front Panel

    Close the firmware of the M8194A. Install license -U02 using KLM. Start the firmware of the M8194A. The firmware finds the new license –U02 in KLM and installs it in the M8194A. Close the firmware of the M8194A.
  • Page 18 Represents the state ‘Disable’. Selectable from Soft Front Panel or SCPI. The output amplifier is not powered. After Power-On the LED is off. After successful initialization of the M8194A, the LED turns to its default state which is OFF. ON, Green Output enabled Represents the state ‘Enable’.

  • Page 19: Instrument Modes

    ‘Single Channel with Marker’, ‘Dual Channel with Marker’, ‘Dual Channel’, or ‘Four Channel’. In Instrument mode ‘Four Channel’, no digital markers are available. Each Channel can be enabled and disabled independently from other channels. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 20: Related Documents

    Start > All Programs > Keysight M8194 > Keysight M8194 Documentation - Provides links to all product documentation. • Start > All Programs > Keysight M8194 > Keysight M8194 Examples - Provides example waveform files. • Go to the product web site (www.keysight.com/find/M8194A) and browse the manuals under Document Library tab.

  • Page 21: M8194A Software Installation

    Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide M8194A Software Installation / 22 Prerequisites / 23 Installation Steps / 29 Post Installation Steps / 30 How to use M8194A Instrument This chapter explains the steps required to install M8194A software package.

  • Page 22: Prerequisites

    CD that is part of shipment content or at http://www.keysight.com/find/iosuite Even if a non-Keysight I/O library is already installed on your PC, it is still NOTE necessary to install the Keysight I/O library. The Keysight I/O library will install as “secondary”...

  • Page 23: Installation Steps

    M8194A Software Installation Installation Steps Follow the given steps to install Keysight M8194A software on your system: Double-click the executable (M8194A_Setup.exe). This executable file is available either on CD or Web. The installer will first check and list some prerequisites. Click Install to NOTE install them.
  • Page 24 We recommend you to read the document to check if your hardware configuration is supported. Click Next to proceed to the license agreements. Accept the terms of Keysight software end-user license agreement and click Next. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 25 M8194A Software Installation Select Yes if you want to read the post-installation instructions when finished. Click Next to select setup type. Select a setup type either Complete or Custom. Click Next. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 26 M8194A Software Installation If you select Custom and click Next, you can specify which optional features will be installed. Click Install to begin installation. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 27 M8194A Software Installation 10 The Setup Wizard will now install M8194A beginning with Keysight Common Components Libraries, Host Processor Platform and USB driver installation. 11 The Keysight M8194A will configure the new software installation. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 28 M8194A Software Installation 12 The following screen will appear once the Keysight M8194A software is successfully installed on your system. 13 Click Finish to restart your system. Do not connect the AXIe chassis to your system using the PCIe or USB cable during this reboot.

  • Page 29: Post Installation Steps

    Post Installation Steps Follow the post installation steps as shown below: If M8194A is already powered up and connected to PC using the PCIe, NOTE just reboot the PC and start with step 5. No such reboot step is required in case of USB connection.

  • Page 30: How To Use M8194A Instrument

    How to use M8194A Instrument In order to use the instrument: If you use a PCIe link to control the M8194A, the AXIe chassis must be switched on before you start the PC. Start the M8194A Soft Front Panel (Start > All Programs > Keysight M8121 >...

  • Page 31: M8194A Soft Front Panel

    / 49 Standard Waveform Tab / 57 Multi-Tone Waveform Tab / 65 Complex Modulated Waveform Tab / 76 Serial Data Waveform Tab / 85 Import Waveform Tab / 100 Correction File Format This chapter describes the M8194A Soft Front Panel.

  • Page 32: Launching The M8194A Soft Front Panel

    This dialog box displays the address of the discovered M8194A modules. Select a module from the list and click Connect. If no M8194A module is connected to your PC, you can select Simulation Mode check box and then click on the Simulate button to simulate M8194A module.
  • Page 33 M8194A Soft Front Panel Figure 3 M8194A connected in simulation mode Next, a M8194A software startup screen will be displayed as shown in Figure 4 on page 34. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 34 M8194A Soft Front Panel Figure 4 M8194A startup screen Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 35: M8194A Soft Front Panel

    M8194A Soft Front Panel M8194A Soft Front Panel Figure 5 on page 35 shows the M8194A Soft Front Panel. Figure 5 M8194A soft front panel It includes the following GUI elements: Title Bar Menu Bar Tabs Lower Pane The detailed information on these GUI elements are described in the sections, that follow.

  • Page 36: Title Bar

    Exits the M8194A application. View Menu The View menu includes the following selections: View > Refresh Reads the instrument state and updates all fields. View > Hide Minimizes the GUI to the notify icon. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 37 Opens the instrument’s product support web page. Help > About Displays product information including version number, build date, build info, installed licenses, available options and web links for M8194A information and support. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 38: Run / Stop Button

    M8194A Soft Front Panel Tabs The M8194A Soft Front Panel includes the following tabs to configure the most important parameters of the M8194A module: • Output tab - For details, see Output Tab on page 44. • Clock/Sync tab - For details, see Clock/Sync Tab on page 47.

  • Page 39: Driver Call Log

    M8194A Soft Front Panel Driver Call Log Use this window to inspect the sequence of IVI driver calls and SCPI commands used to configure the M8194A module. (IVI COM driver will be available with a later FW release.) Figure 6...

  • Page 40: Errors List Window

    - This icon represents a warning message. • (Error) - This icon represents an error message. • Time Stamp This column lists the time stamp of individual error/warning message in the format: DD/MM/YYYY HH:MM:SS Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 41: Status Bar

    Signal generation - Displays the information regarding the signal generation. Also, if the signal generation takes some time, it displays an indicator to show that the signal generation is in progress. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 42: Working With M8194A Front Panel

    For example, in the Frequency control you can use "H", "K", "M", or "G" to specify Hz, KHz, MHz or GHz , respectively. (The control is not case sensitive.) Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 43: Tooltip

    Figure 10 Tooltip example Here is another example where the tooltip provides information to the user on the minimum and maximum values the parameter can hold. Figure 11 Tooltip example Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 44: Output Tab

    M8194A Soft Front Panel Output Tab The Output tab is used to configure the data outputs of the different channels (Channel 1, Channel 2, Channel 3, and Channel 4) of the M8194A AWG module. Figure 12 on page 44 display the Output tab and its options.
  • Page 45 It is ‘OFF’ when the channel is disabled and no overload condition at this channel has been detected. • It is ‘GREEN’ if the channel is enabled and no overload condition at this channel has been detected. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 46 When the Stop button is pressed, the output voltage offset remains active as long as the output port is enabled. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 47: Clock/Sync Tab

    It allows you to select or set the sample clock frequency within the given range. • Sampling Frequency Range This drop-down list allows to select a reference clock frequency from the three options; High, Medium or Low. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 48 (High, Medium, Low). The frequency ranges are as following: • Low - 95.6 GHz to 100.2 GHz • Medium - 107.2 GHz to 112.2 GHz • High - 115.2 GHz to 120.2 GHz Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 49: Standard Waveform Tab

    Figure 14 on page 50 display the Standard Waveform tab and its controls. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 50 If selected, baseband (I/Q) signals will be generated. The effect of this control depends on the selected signal type. For Sinusoidal waves, the resulting complex signal will be a single spectral line located at positive Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 51 Factor, and Noise Bandwidth parameters can be defined for this waveform type using the corresponding controls. If the Generate I/Q check box is selected, two uncorrelated noise waveforms will be assigned to the I and Q components. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 52 Actual crest factor in the final signal after filtering will be higher. • Noise Bandwidth Baseband noise bandwidth for Noise waveforms. For IQ modes, noise bandwidth around the carrier frequency will be twice this parameter. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 53 The length in samples of the resulting segment. It may be set within acceptable limits and it may be calculated automatically to properly implement other signal and instrument parameters such as sampling rate. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 54 This parameter sets the minimum level. If set to a higher level than DAC Max, this will be automatically set to the same level. Acceptable range for this parameter is -1/+1, being the full dynamic range of the instrument’s DAC. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 55 Use this button to store the waveform signals. It can be stored either in BIN (for non IQ modes) or IQBIN (for IQ modes) formats. These files may be reused within the Import Waveform tab. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 56 • Set Default Use this button to set the standard waveform parameters automatically to their corresponding default values. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 57: Multi-Tone Waveform Tab

    Figure 16 on page 64 display the Multi-Tone Waveform tab and its controls. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 58 Arbitrarily distributed tones are defined through a table. In order to simplify the creation of complex scenarios, the tones defined in the equally spaced mode are loaded into Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 59 Channel Specific Frequency and Phase Response This check box activates the application of corrections based on frequency-domain calibration data stored in the target instrument in an internal non-volatile memory. It improves flatness and linear phase distortion. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 60 44. • Ch. 3 (Marker 1) Marker 1 is output on Channel 3. Signaling the beginning of the Channel 1 waveform may be activated (Segment selection) and deactivated (None selection). Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 61 Save To File… Signals can be stored in files either in BIN (for non IQ modes) or IQBIN (for IQ modes) formats. These files may be reused within the Import Waveform tab. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 62 This parameter is associated to the random phase distribution and allows generating the same or different random sequences for the phases of each tone. It is also useful to look for a distribution resulting in a desired crest factor value. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 63 While a valid frequency entry must be always entered, any of the amplitude and phase edition fields may kept empty so they take the default values (0.0 dB for Amplitude and 0.0 degrees for Phase). Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 64 M8194A Soft Front Panel Figure 16 Multi-Tone waveform tab, arbitrary tone distribution Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 65: Complex Modulated Waveform Tab

    (time, frequency, and modulation), even if the signal is generated in looped mode. Figure 17 on page 66 display the Complex Modulated Waveform tab and its controls. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 66 I/Q selection toggle buttons for each channel will be shown when the Generate I/Q Data check box is selected. In-Phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) components can be independently assigned to each channel. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 67 Hz. • Symbol Rate This edition field can be used to enter the signaling speed (or baud rate) for the modulated signal expressed in Bauds (1 Baud = 1 Symbol/s). Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 68 The meaning and labeling of this edition field depends on the selected pulse shaping. For “Nyquist” filters (Raised Cosine and Square Root of Raised Cosine) it is the ‘Alpha’ parameter (or roll-off factor) of the filter. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 69 Channel Specific Frequency and Phase Response This check box activates the application of corrections based on frequency-domain calibration data stored in the target instrument in non-volatile memory. It improves flatness and linear phase distortions. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 70 44. • Ch. 2 (Marker 1) Marker 1 is output on Channel 2. Signaling the beginning of the Channel 1 waveform may be activated (Segment selection) and deactivated (None selection). Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 71 Signal will be transferred to the selected segments of the selected channels. The previous running status for the target instrument will be preserved but sampling rate may be modified depending on the waveform requirements. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 72 2N although additional entries will be ignored. Data to symbol mapping depends on the order of the symbols in the file so its position expressed in binary format corresponds to the binary code assigned to that Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 73 The above file does not include any unnecessary line in the header as it defines a non-rotating, non-offset modulation so default values for these fields are used instead. The resulting constellation after loading this file is shown as following: Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 74 The above file includes a line to indicate that this is an offset modulation. The resulting constellation after loading this file is shown as following: The following is a more complex example: Offset, no Rotation, 10.0 RotMODE, cont 1.0, 0.0 2.0, 0.0 0.0,1.0 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 75 (‘RotMODE, cont’). In fact, the ‘Offset’ and ‘RotMode’ fields could be removed without any effect on the final signal as these fields take the default values. The resulting constellation after loading this file is shown as following: Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 76: Serial Data Waveform Tab

    (time, frequency, and modulation), even if the signal is generated in looped mode. Figure 18 on page 77 display the Serial Data Waveform tab and its controls. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 77 Clock:2 (C/2), and Clock:4 (C/4) can be independently assigned to each channel. The nominal timing for the 50% level in the raising edge for the clock signals is located in the center of the eye for the current symbol. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 78 Waveform, Data, and Corrections. Waveform Tab: • Physical Layer Section Physical characteristics of the waveform can be set up in this tab. These include the following controls: Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 79 This edition field only shows up when the Raised Cosine and Square-root of Raised Cosine edge shapes are selected. With it, the excess bandwidth parameter (alpha) of the isolated pulses can be set up. Alpha = 1.0 is the default value. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 80 IQ baseband channels to feed electrical or optical coherent quadrature modulators. The shift added to each channel may be calculated (in bits) for each channel using the Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 81 It improves flatness and linear phase distortions. • Standard Cable This check box activates the application of correction factors based on a typical 2.4 mm connector, high-quality, high-bandwidth 0.85m cable (Huber+Suhner type N4910-61601). Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 82 The accepted format for correction files may be found in the Correction File Format section. In particular, adaptive equalizer models obtained through the Keysight 89600 VSA software can be imported through this procedure to compensate for linear distortions added by any intermediate component, PCB trace, or cable.
  • Page 83 This parameter sets the minimum level. If set to a higher level than DAC Max, this will be automatically set to the same level. Acceptable range for this parameter is -1/+1, being the full dynamic range of the instrument’s DAC. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 84 Set Default All the waveform parameters are set automatically to their corresponding default values. • Abort This button allows canceling signal calculation at any moment. It only shows up during signal compilation. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 85: Import Waveform Tab

    The Import Waveform tab is used to perform the functions such as importing, scaling, and re-sampling waveform files in a variety of formats for their generation by the M8194A Arbitrary Waveform Generator. It provides the controls which allow the complete definition of signal...
  • Page 86 Input File section and can be sent to the instrument to view the waveform preview. The sample waveform data can be found at the location: Start > All Programs > Keysight M8194 > Keysight M8194 Examples Steps to view the sample data file waveform preview: 1 Select the Show Next Waveform Preview check box.
  • Page 87 It can show from one column (Y1) up to 4 (Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4). • Marker Columns This field shows the internal organization of the file regarding markers. It can show from one column (M1) up to 4 (M1, M2, M3, M4). Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 88 Column 1 to Ch 1 and Column 2 to Ch 4, Column 3 is ignored Column 1 to Ch 1 and Column 2 to Ch 4, Column 3 and 4 are ignored Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 89 Quadrature (Q) components can be independently assigned to each channel. • Segment Number The segment number is 1. Please note that the segment number section is only kept for compatibility to M8195A AWG. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 90 Output Sample Rate will be slightly adjusted to keep the input waveform time window. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 91 This field can be used to select the final sample of the section of the input waveform to be imported. It cannot be set to a value lower than the “Start” Sample. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 92 Use this button to send the waveform signal to the selected segments of the selected channels. The previous running status for the target instrument will be preserved but sampling rate may be modified depending on the waveform requirements. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 93 M8194A Soft Front Panel • Set Default Use this button to set the standard waveform parameters automatically to their corresponding default values. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 94: Supported File Types

    Compatibility: Keysight M8194A. One file contains waveform samples for one channel. The waveform samples can be imported to any of the four M8194A channels. Samples consist of binary int16 values (in little endian byte order). Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 95 All other bits including marker bits SYNM and SMPM are ignored. BIN8 BIN8 is the most memory efficient file format for the M8194A without digital markers. As a result, the fastest file download can be achieved One file contains waveform samples for one channel. The waveform samples can be imported to any of the four M8194A channels.
  • Page 96 Compatibility: Keysight 89600 VSA One file contains waveform samples for one or two or three or four M8194A channels. It is a 89600 VSA recording file in MATLAB binary format (.mat) containing floating point values (without markers). Only MATLAB level 4.0 and 5.0 files are supported.
  • Page 97 Compatibility: Keysight DSA90000 Oscilloscope One file contains waveform samples for one M8194A channel. The waveform samples can be imported to any of the four M8194A channels. DSA90000 waveform file in binary format (.bin) containing header and floating point data (without markers). Only waveform type ‘Normal’ is supported.
  • Page 98 Y3 - Waveform data for channel 3. • Y4 - Waveform data for channel 4. • SampleMarker1 - Sample Marker for channel 2. • SampleMarker2 - Sample Marker for channel 3. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 99 SampleRate = 7.2 GHz Y1, Y2, SampleMarker1, SampleMarker2 0.7,0.7,0,0 0.9,1.0,0,1 0.3,-0,3,1,1 … Y1, SampleMarker1 0.7,0 0.9,1 0.3,0 … Y1, SampleMarker1, SampleMarker2 0.7,0,0 0.9,0,1 0.3,1,1 … Y1, Y2, Y4 0.7,0,65,0.36 0.8,0,66,0.35 0.9,0,67,0.34 … Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 100: Correction File Format

    Amp1(Fi), Phase1(Fi) pairs. In particular, this format is compatible with adaptive equalizer files exported in comma-separated value (CSV) format from the Keysight 89600 VSA software package. These files reflect the channel response corrected by the equalizer so they should be applied through the selection of the ‘Channel_Response’...
  • Page 101 ‘Generate IQ Data” check box setting so, as it happens with the correction of multi-tone baseband signals, the internal or external carrier frequency is represented by the central entry in the list. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 103 / 124 :INITiate Commands / 125 :INSTrument Commands / 127 :MMEMory Commands / 133 :OUTPut Commands / 134 [:SOURce] Commands / 139 :SYSTem Commands / 145 :TEST Commands / 146 :TRACe Commands / 155 SCPI Command Differences Between M8194A and M8196A...

  • Page 104: Remote Programming

    SCPI commands is supported. This chapter introduces the basics for remote programming of an M8194A instrument using SCPI commands. The M8194A Soft Front Panel talks to the actual M8194A module using a PCI express or USB connection. I/O to the module is done using VISA library of Keysight I/O library.

  • Page 105: Agm8194Sfp.exe

    Before sending SCPI commands to the instrument, the Soft Front Panel (AgM8194SFP.exe) must be started. This can be done in the Windows Start menu (Start > All Programs > Keysight M8194 > Keysight M8194 Soft Front Panel). Command Line Arguments...

  • Page 106: Communication

    • socket port = 60000 + 2 * <HiSLIP index> + 1 Ports may already be in use by Windows or other applications, so they NOTE are not available for M8194A. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 107: Programming Recommendations

    Sufficient to use: :VOLT M8194A is a 4 channel instrument. Parameters have to be specified for output 1, 2, 3, and 4. If there is no output specified the command will set the default output 1. So, for setting an offset of 10 mV for output 1 and output 2 the commands are: :VOLT:OFFS 0.01 # sets offset of 10mV at output 1...

  • Page 108: Scpi Basics

    (:). They represent the operation to be performed by the oscilloscope. Queries are formed by adding a question mark (?) to the end of the header. Many instructions can be used as either commands or Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 109 When there is more than one data parameter, they are separated by commas (,). You can add spaces around the commas to improve readability. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 110: Common Commands

    *OPC Set the “Operation Complete” bit (bit 0) in the Standard Event register after the previous commands have been completed. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 111 Poll but the “Master Summary” bit (bit 6) is not cleared by the *STB? command. *TST? Execute Self Tests. If self-tests pass, a 0 is returned. A number lager than 0 indicates the number of failed tests. To get actual messages, use :TEST:TST? Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 112 Use :SYST:SET to send the learn string. See :SYSTem:SET[?] on page 143. *WAI? Prevents the instrument from executing any further commands until the current command has finished executing. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 113: Status Model

    Status Model This section describes the structure of the SCPI status system used by the M8194A. The status system records various conditions and states of the instrument in several register groups as shown on the following pages. Each of the register groups is made up of several low level registers called Condition registers, Event registers, and Enable registers which control the action of specific bits within the register group.
  • Page 114 Remote Programming Figure 20 Status register structure Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 115: Status:preset

    One or more bits are set in the Standard Event Register Master Summary One or more bits are set in the Status Byte Register Operational Data One or more bits set in the Operation Data Register (bits must be enabled) Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 116: Questionable Data Register Command Subsystem

    Returns “0” Not used 1024 Returns “0” Not used 2048 Returns “0” Not used 4096 Returns “0” Not used 8192 Returns “0” Not used 16384 Returns “0” Not used 32768 Returns “0” Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 117 Setting both positive/negative filters true allows an event to be reported anytime the condition changes. Clearing both filters disable event reporting. The contents of transition filters are unchanged by *CLS and *RST. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 118: Operation Status Subsystem

    Once a bit is set, it remains set until cleared by this command or *CLS command. A query of the register returns a decimal value which corresponds to the binary-weighted sum of all bits set in the register. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 119 *CLS and *RST. :STATus:PRESet Clears all status group event registers. Presets the status group enables PTR and NTR registers as follows: ENABle = 0x0000, PTR = 0xffff, NTR = 0x0000 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 120: Voltage Status Subsystem

    Not used Returns “0” Frequency Status Subsystem The Frequency Status register contains the frequency conditions of the module. The following SCPI commands and queries are supported: :STATus:QUEStionable:FREQuency[:EVENt]? :STATus:QUEStionable:FREQuency:CONDition? :STATus:QUEStionable:FREQuency:ENABle[?] :STATus:QUEStionable:FREQuency:NTRansition[?] :STATus:QUEStionable:FREQuency:PTRansition[?] Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 121: Connection Status Subsystem

    USB module connection state Run Status Subsystem The Run Status register contains the run status conditions of the individual channels. The following SCPI commands and queries are supported: :STATus:OPERation:RUN[:EVENt]? :STATus:OPERation:RUN:CONDition? :STATus:OPERation:RUN:ENABle[?] :STATus:OPERation:RUN:NTRansition[?] :STATus:OPERation:RUN:PTRansition[?] Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 122 Run Status Indicates if channel 1 is running Run Status Indicates if channel 2 is running Run Status Indicates if channel 3 is running Run Status Indicates if channel 4 is running Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 123: Abort Commands

    None Parameter Suffix None Description This command stops signal generation on a channel. If the channels are coupled, signal generation on both channels will be stopped. Examples Command :ABOR1 Query :ABOR1? Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 124: Initiate Commands

    :INITiate:IMMediate[1|4] Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Description This command starts signal generation on a channel. If the channels are coupled, the signal generation on both channels will start. Examples Command :INIT:IMM1 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 125: Instrument Commands

    1 consists of interleaved 1-byte waveform and 1-byte marker samples Examples Command :INST:DACM DUAL Query :INST:DACM? -> DUAL :INSTrument:HWRevision? Command :INSTrument:HWRevision? Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Description This query returns the M8194A hardware revision number. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 126 Examples Command :INST:IDEN:STOP :INSTrument:SLOT[:NUMBer]? Query :INSTrument:SLOT[:NUMBer]? Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Description This query returns the instrument’s slot number in its AXIe frame. Examples Query :INST:SLOT? “2” Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 127: Mmemory Commands

    In case of directories, <file_entry> is surrounded by square brackets and both <file_type> and <file_size> are empty. Examples Command :MMEM:CAT? :MMEMory:CDIRectory[?] Command :MMEMory:CDIRectory [<directory_name>] Query :MMEMory:CDIRectory? Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 128 The first pair of parameters specifies the source. The second pair specifies the destination. An error is generated if the source doesn't exist or the destination file already exists. Examples Command :MMEM:COPY "C:\data.txt", "C:\data_new.txt" Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 129 "NVWFM1:IQ_Data" - File path and file name. • #149oL - Data block • # - This character indicates the beginning of the data block. • 1 - Number of digits in the byte count. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 130 Examples Command :MMEM:LOAD:CST "C:\data.txt" :MMEMory:MDIRectory Command :MMEMory:MDIRectory <directory_name> Parameters <directory_name> Parameter Suffix None Description Creates a new directory. The <directory_name> parameter specifies the name to be created. Examples Command :MMEM:MDIR "C:\data_dir" Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 131 Parameter Suffix None Description Removes a directory. The <directory_name> parameter specifies the directory name to be removed. All files and directories under the specified directory are also removed. Examples Command :MMEM:RDIR "C:\newdata_dir" Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 132 Remote Programming :MMEMory:STORe:CSTate Command :MMEMory:STORe:CSTate <file_name> Parameters <file_name > Parameter Suffix None Description This command stores the current state of instrument to a file. Examples Command :MMEM:STOR:CST "C:\data.txt" Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 133: Output Commands

    :OUTPut[1|4][:STATe] OFF|ON|0|1 Query :OUTPut[1|4][:STATe]? Parameters OFF|ON|0|1 Parameter Suffix None Description This command enables or disables the amplifier of the output path for a channel. Examples Command :OUTP1 ON Query :OUTP1? -> 1 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 134: [:Source] Commands

    Format: The first three values are output frequency 1 in Hz, corresponding relative magnitude in linear scale, corresponding phase in radians. The next three values are output frequency 2, corresponding relative magnitude, corresponding phase, and so on. Examples Query :CHAR1? "0,1.01068,0, 1e+008,1.00135,-6.11215e-005, Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 135 LOW|MEDium|HIGH Parameter Suffix None Description This command sets or queries the sample frequency of the output DAC for a specific reference clock source. Examples Command :FREQ:RANG HIGH Query :FREQ:RANG? -> HIGH Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 136 Query [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:HIGH? Parameters <level> Parameter Suffix None Description This command sets or queries the output high level. Examples Command :VOLT:HIGH 3e-1 Query :VOLT:HIGH? -> 3e-1 [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:HIGH[?] Command [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:HIGH <level> Query [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:HIGH? Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 137 Command :VOLT:LOW -0.3 Query :VOLT:LOW? -> -0.3 [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:OFFSet[?] Command [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:OFFSet <level> Query [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:OFFSet? Parameters <level> Parameter Suffix None Description This command sets or queries the output offset. Examples Command :VOLT:OFFS 0.02 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 138 :VOLT:OFFS? -> 0.02 [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:TERMination[?] Command [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:TERMinatio n <level> Query [:SOURce]:VOLTage[1|4][:LEVel][:IMMediate]:TERMinatio Parameters <level> Parameter Suffix None Description This command sets or queries the termination voltage level. Examples Command :VOLT:TERM -0.3 Query :VOLT:TERM? -> -0.3 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 139: System Commands

    This query returns the VXI-11 instrument number used by the firmware. Examples Query :SYST:COMM:INST? :SYSTem:COMMunicate:SOCKet[:PORT]? Query :SYSTem:COMMunicate:SOCKet[:PORT]? Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Description This query returns the socket port used by the firmware. Examples Query :SYST:COMM:SOCK? Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 140 This query returns the telnet port used by the firmware. Examples Query :SYST:COMM:TELN? :SYSTem:ERRor:COUNT? Query :SYSTem:ERRor:COUNT? Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Description This query returns the error count. Examples Query :SYST:ERR:COUNT? -> “5” Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 141 The response is a <DEFINITE LENGTH ARBITRARY BLOCK RESPONSE DATA> element. The full path for every command and query is returned separated by line feeds. The syntax of the response is defined as: Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 142 Default nodes are surrounded by square brackets ([]). Examples Query :SYST:HELP:HEAD? :SYSTem:LICense:EXTended:LIST? Query :SYSTem:LICense:EXTended:LIST? Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Description This query lists the licenses installed. Examples Query Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 143 The data is in a binary format, not ASCII, and cannot be edited. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 144 Query :SYSTem:VERSion? Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Description This query returns a formatted numeric value corresponding to the SCPI version number for which the instrument complies. Examples Query :SYST:VERS? -> “1999.0” Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 145: Test Commands

    This query returns the results of the power on self-tests. Examples Query :TEST:PON? :TEST:TST? Query :TEST:TST? Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Description This query is similar to *TST?, but the actual test messages are returned. Examples Query :TEST:TST? Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 146: Trace Commands

    This command associates a comment to a segment. The query gets the comment for a segment. <segment_id> – must be 1 <comment> – string of at most 256 characters Examples Command :TRAC:COMM 1, “Comment” Query :TRAC:COMM? 1 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 147 Use this command to load waveform and marker data into the module memory. If <segment_id> is already filled with data, the new values overwrite the current values. If length is exceeded error -223 (too much data) is reported. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 148 DAC value. For interpolated modes this is the I-part of an I/Q sample pair. • <init_value2> – optional initialization value, only applicable for interpolated modes. This is the Q-part of an I/Q sample pair. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 149 Description Use this query to define the size of a waveform memory segment. If <init_value1> is specified (direct modes) or <init_value1> and <init_value2> (interpolated modes) are specified, all sample values in Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 150 :TRAC1:DEF:WONL 1,1280 :TRACe[1|4]:DEFine:WONLy:NEW? Query :TRACe[1|4]:DEFine:WONLy:NEW? <length>[,<init_value>] Parameters <length>[,<init_value>] • <length> – length of the segment in samples, marker samples do not count • <init_value> – optional initialization DAC value Parameter Suffix None Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 151 Delete a segment. The command can only be used in program mode. Examples Command :TRAC:DEL 5 :TRACe[1|4]:DELete:ALL Command :TRACe[1|4]:DELete:ALL Query Parameters None Parameter Suffix None Description Delete all segments. The command can only be used in program mode. Examples Command :TRAC:DEL:ALL Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 152 ‘ON’. This flag is applicable to BIN5110 format only. If BIN5110 format consists of full 16 bit DAC values (without markers) this flag should be set to ‘OFF’ so that 2 LSB’s are ignored. Since M8194A does not support markers this flag should be set to ‘OFF’. •...
  • Page 153 OFF | ON | 0 | 1 Parameter Suffix None Description Use this command to enable or disable markers for the selected segment. The query form gets the current marker state. Examples Command :TRAC:MARK ON Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 154 This command associates a name to a segment. The query gets the name for a segment. <segment_id> – must be 1 <name> – string of at most 32 characters Examples Command :TRAC:NAME 1,”ADY” Query :TRAC:NAME? 1 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 155: Scpi Command Differences Between M8194A And M8196A

    Remote Programming SCPI Command Differences Between M8194A and M8196A This section is intended to the users who are using both M8194A and M8196A AWGs for waveform generation. Since, most of the SCPI commands in both the instruments are similar, so the user can use the same test automation suit, by making few edits.
  • Page 157 User Guide M8194A Maintenance / 158 Service and Repair / 158 ESD Protection / 160 Power and Ventilation Requirements / 160 Thermal Protection / 160 Battery / 160 Operating Environment This chapter explains the steps required to install M8194A software package.

  • Page 158: Service And Repair

    CAUTION There are also several exposed components on the PCAs, on both sides of M8194A, which can be touched accidentally while handling the unit and can risk damage to the instrument, due to ESD. When you connect a device or cable that is not fully discharged to these connectors, you risk damage to the instrument and expensive instrument repairs.
  • Page 159 1 MW of isolation from ground. These techniques for a static-safe work station should not be used when WARNING working on circuitry with a voltage potential greater than 500 volts. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 160: Power And Ventilation Requirements

    Keysight Service for repair. Battery The M8194A module does not have a battery. Operating Environment For details on operating environment for M8194A module, refer to the section Operating Environment on page 161. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 161: Performance Specification Operating Environment General

    Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide Characteristics / 161 Performance Specification / 161 Operating Environment / 162 General Performance Specification The performance specification can be found in the Data Sheet of the M8194A at: http://www.keysight.com/find/M8194A. Operating Environment Storage Temperature −40 °C to +70 °C...
  • Page 162 30 min Calibration interval 2 years recommended Cooling When operating the M8194A choose a location that provides at least 80 mm of Requirements clearance at rear, and at least 30 mm of clearance at each side for the AXIe chassis.
  • Page 163 Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide Appendix / 164 Resampling Requirements / 164 Resampling Methodology / 167 Generating 64 GBaud QAM Waveform / 168 Importing Sample Waveform Data...

  • Page 164: Resampling Algorithms For Waveform Import

    • Filtering calculations will be kept to a minimum by using a filter with a fast enough roll-off and sufficient stop band attenuation according to the target AWG dynamic range. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 165 Stop band attenuation better than 80 dB • F80dB/F3dB ratio better than 1.15 The final filter consists in a sinc signal with a 41 sample periods length after applying a Blackman-Harris time-domain window. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 166 (>80 dB) at the output signal Nyquist frequency. For the implemented filter this is accomplished by choosing 0.89 ratio between the output sampling period and the distance between consecutive nulls in the filter’s impulse response. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 167: Examples For Generating Waveforms

    ‘Send To Instrument’ button is pressed, the waveform will be sent to all selected channels. Select the data source “PRBS 2 ”. Select modulation scheme as QAM. Select modulation order as QAM64. Select the symbol rate as 64 GBaud. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...

  • Page 168: Importing Sample Waveform Data

    Start > All Programs > Keysight M8194 > Keysight M8194 Examples > WaveformDataFiles Follow the given steps to view the sample data file waveform preview: Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 169 ‘Send To Instrument’ button is pressed, the waveform will be sent to all selected channels. Click Send to Instrument. Click “Run” button to start a waveform generation on the selected channels. Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 171 Examples, Overheating detection, Fan failure, PCIe, Feature Options, Performance Specification, File menu, Post Installation Steps, Post-installation steps, Power requirements, Pre-requisites, Help menu, Related Documents, Installation Process, Remote Programming, 103, IOs Tab, Keysight M8194A 120 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator User Guide...
  • Page 172 This information is subject to change without notice. © Keysight Technologies 2018 Edition 1.0, October 2018 www.keysight.com...

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