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Berthold LB 444 Operating Manual

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OPERATING MANUAL
DENSITY METER LB 444

Table of Contents

1.
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Safety Summary ............................................................................................. 1
1.2
Overview ......................................................................................................... 2
2.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................... 3
2.1
Use and Function............................................................................................ 3
2.2
The Principle of Measurement........................................................................ 4
2.3
Measuring Configuration................................................................................. 5
2.4
Instrument Description.................................................................................... 7
Radioactive Source......................................................................................... 7
Shieldings ....................................................................................................... 8
2.4.1.1 Shielding Types LB744............................................................ 8
2.4.1.2 Shieldings for Installation in a Container ................................. 9
Detector ........................................................................................................ 11
Evaluation Unit LB 444 ................................................................................. 12
2.4.1.3 General Description ............................................................... 12
2.4.1.4 Display ................................................................................... 13
2.4.1.5 Keypad Function.................................................................... 13
2.4.1.6 Menu Structure (Flow Chart) ................................................. 14
2.5
Software Functions and System Configuration ............................................ 15
3.
INSTALLATION...................................................................................................... 26
3.1
General Safety Precautions.......................................................................... 26
3.2
Installation..................................................................................................... 27
Installation on Pipelines ................................................................................ 27
Installation in a Container or Tank ................................................................ 31
3.3
Installation of Water Cooling......................................................................... 33
3.4
Installation of Resistance Thermometer Pt 100............................................ 35
3.5
Installation of Evaluation Unit ....................................................................... 35
4.
CONNECTIONS...................................................................................................... 36
4.1
Detector ........................................................................................................ 36
4.2
Evaluation Unit LB 444 ................................................................................. 37
5.
GETTING STARTED .............................................................................................. 39
5.1
Quick Installation Overview .......................................................................... 39
Getting Started ........................................................................................................ 40
Opening the Radiation Exit Channel............................................................. 40
5.1.1.1 Shielding Container Type LB 744.......................................... 40
i
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Summary of Contents for Berthold LB 444

  • Page 1: Table Of Contents

    Shieldings ....................... 8 2.4.1.1 Shielding Types LB744............8 2.4.1.2 Shieldings for Installation in a Container ......... 9 Detector ......................11 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ................. 12 2.4.1.3 General Description ............... 12 2.4.1.4 Display ................... 13 2.4.1.5 Keypad Function..............13 2.4.1.6 Menu Structure (Flow Chart) ..........14 Software Functions and System Configuration ..........
  • Page 2 Correcting the Results: Addition and Multiplication ........75 Additive Constant..................75 6.6.2 Multiplication Factor................75 TECHNICAL DATA ....................77 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ................. 77 Detector ......................79 SERVICE INSTRUCTIONS ..................81 RADIATION PROTECTION ................... 82 Basics and Guidelines .................. 82 Shielding Installation ..................
  • Page 3 Density Meter LB 444 Table of Contents APPENDIX......................91 10.1 Configuration Checklist................. 91 10.2 Parameter Protocol ..................92 10.3 Absorption Coefficients ................. 93 10.4 Temperature Coefficients ................93 10.5 Density of Water as a Function of the Temperature........96 10.6 Setup Protocol ....................97 10.7 Wiring Diagram ...................
  • Page 4 Figure 5: Shielding for installation in a container ..............9 Figure 6: Shutter switch for ex-protected area ..............10 Figure 7: Scintillation counter .................... 11 Figure 8: Front Panel LB 444 .................... 12 Figure 9: Softkeys functions ....................13 Figure 10: Live display ...................... 13 Figure 11: Diagram illustrating the hysteresis ..............

  • Page 5: Density Meter Lb

    OPERATING MANUAL DENSITY METER LB 444 Revision History Revision No. Date Comments 3/7/99 USA Version 2/15/00 USA Version...

  • Page 6: Introduction

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Safety Summary GENERAL WARNINGS Electrical Shock Hazard Disconnect power during installation and before servicing. SPECIFIC WARNINGS Never change the installation or the parameter settings without a full knowledge of the relevant part of this manual, the connected controller and the process controlled by this measuring device.

  • Page 7: Overview

    When handled properly, no hazard to persons due to normal operation of the device exists. The hardware and software of the LB 444 system makes it easy to adapt the system to a variety of measurement geometries and measuring tasks. There- fore, the settings and parameters of the measuring instrument must be defined with care for each specific measuring task when commissioning the system.

  • Page 8: System Description

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.1 Use and Function The radiometric density measuring system can be used to measure the density • liquids • suspensions • pulps and • bulk goods. The measurement can made directly in-line or in a tank or container. Pressure and viscosity fluctuations or the flow rate of the product does not affect meas- urement accuracy.

  • Page 9: The Principle Of Measurement

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.2 The Principle of Measurement The density measurement is based on the irradiation method. It utilizes the physical law of the attenuation of gamma radiation passing through the product being measured. The resulting measurement effect is the ratio I/I...

  • Page 10: Measuring Configuration

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.3 Measuring Configuration To cover a desired measurement range continuously, a configuration must be realized where the dimensions of source and detector cover a measuring field of equal size. The different options available to accomplish this are described be- low.

  • Page 11: Figure 3: Installation On A U-Shaped Measuring Path

    SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 45° and 30° mounting devices are available to extend the measuring path (see enclosed Technical Information LB 444). The detector-source arrangement may vary depending on the measuring path. If measuring paths have the shape of a U or S the shielding must be installed at the top, the detector at the bottom, as shown in Figure 3.

  • Page 12: Instrument Description

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.4 Instrument Description Radioactive Source Radioactive sources for industrial applications are always „encapsulated radio- active substances“ which are tightly welded into a sturdy stainless steel capsule, so that the radioactive substance cannot leak out. Contamination is therefore not possible.

  • Page 13: Shieldings

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Shieldings Except for a few special cases, the source is firmly installed into the working shielding which includes a radiation exit channel to release the active beam to- wards the detector. The active beam can be shielded during transport and in- stallation, and when performing service work.

  • Page 14: Shieldings For Installation In A Container

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.4.1.2 Shieldings for Installation in a Container Shieldings with manually operated lock The shielding consists of a lead-filled steel pipe, with a guide tube for the radio- active source installed in the center. The radiation exit channel is located in an angle of 90°...

  • Page 15: Figure 6: Shutter Switch For Ex-Protected Area

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Shutter switches signal the position of the sources. Two versions are available: Version for use in areas not endangered of explosion: 2 Reed contacts max. 250 V, 40 VA 1 x for OPEN, 1 x for CLOSED.

  • Page 16: Detector

    To ensure reliable operation and a long service life, the detector probe must not be subject to heavy mechanical stress or vibrations. Cooling must be provided for ambient temperatures above 50°C. (see sec- tion 3.3 Installation of Water Cooling). For more information see: Technical Information LB 444.

  • Page 17: Evaluation Unit Lb 444

    ..clear Funktion keys Figure 8: Front Panel LB 444 The terminal strip on the instrument rear panel includes all terminals for power for the detector and for the analog and digital output signals. The current output is isolated and the built-in relays for max.-min.-indication and for error messages include an isolated contact.

  • Page 18: Display

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.4.1.4 Display The illuminated display field of the instrument comprises 4 lines; the first three lines show the menu titles, the currently selected parameters or the current measurement value. The bottom line shows the current function of the softkey button located below or, when a measurement is running, the status “run“.

  • Page 19: Menu Structure (Flow Chart)

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.4.1.6 Menu Structure (Flow Chart) The flow chart below shows in a simplified way the menu structure for parameter input and operation. With <more> you select the various menu groups and from there you get to the respective menu with <sk1>...

  • Page 20: Software Functions And System Configuration

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.5 Software Functions and System Configuration The factory settings are listed in the Configuration Checklist in the Appendix. Enter the final operating settings in this list. Please remember that the entry in all operating levels is made with the <^^^>...
  • Page 21 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Operating Mode Config Instrument : The instrument configuration is defined by the required measuring configuration and the measuring task and can be selected by pressing <^^^> and <enter>. Density without TC Density measurement without temperature compensation...
  • Page 22 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Parameter Productselect No. 1/2/3/4: Parameters (calibration data, temperature coefficients, current output range, limit values etc.) for max. 4 different products can be entered and stored. These parameters must be entered separately and the calibration must be performed for each product.
  • Page 23 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Rapid switch-over: The function "Rapid switch-over" (=1/10 of the defined time constant) is needed to adjust the output signal quickly to the new value in the presence of sudden density changes. This function is enabled and disabled via <ON> and <OFF>.

  • Page 24: Figure 11: Diagram Illustrating The Hysteresis

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Product Data Enter the product data for calibration separately for each product. Product Selection No. 1/2/3/4: Enter the product number for calibration. Current Output : Select the start value 0 or 4 mA of the current output signals (26a/26c).
  • Page 25 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Relay No. 3 Setup: Same as relay no. 2. Solids density (0 - 9,999): Enter the solids density (g/cm³) of the component to be measured (only for sus- pension measurements). See also section 0 Calculating the Density of Individ- ual Components.
  • Page 26 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Calibrate Product Selection No. 1/2/3/4: Enter the product number for the calibration product and confirm with <enter>. Suspension measure Yes/No If you select Yes the Solids density and Liquid density parameters are taken into account in the calculation (see also section 6.5 Measurements of Suspensions...
  • Page 27 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION sk2: Calculate Calibration Calibrate mode none/lin/squ/cub/auto Select the calibration mode. none: One-point calibration. For this you only need one value pair (countrate and density or concentration value) and the absorption coefficient. For common products it can be taken from the table in the Appendix and en- tered at Coefficient a1 (see also section 6.2 Calibration Method).
  • Page 28 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Zero Countrate I0 The zero countrate is automatically calculated for calibration. It corresponds to the zero point of the unit of measure, i.e. the density or concentration value “0”. The zero countrate is automatically corrected at midnight, compensating for source decay.
  • Page 29 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Live Display Start measurement A measurement can be started from any menu item by pressing the <run> but- ton (exception: Service menu). Then the measured values are displayed con- tinuously in the selected unit for the selected product. RUN appears on the dis- play.
  • Page 30 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Service Menu See: section 8 Service Instructions. Mass Flow Unit Mass Flow For mass flow measurement: select the unit for result output – either kg/h or t/h. Range Input [at 20 mA] Enter the volume flow in m³/h at 20 mA.

  • Page 31: Installation

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION 3. INSTALLATION 3.1 General Safety Precautions The shielding with the radioactive source is delivered in a box in compliance with the regulations concerning the transportation of radioactive devices. Take the shielding out of the box just prior to installation. Up to that time, store it in a location that is guarded against unauthorized access.

  • Page 32: Installation

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION Installation Installation on Pipelines The radiation exit channel of the shielding container must always be locked in the closed position during installation. The detector must be protected against temperatures > 50°C by a water- cooling jacket.

  • Page 33: Figure 13: Outdoor Installation

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION The pipeline should not be expanded. If this must be done, do it only on vertical pipelines. Pipelines may only be expanded at the measuring point, if • a continuous flow of the product over the entire pipeline cross-section will be ensured.

  • Page 34: Figure 14: Installation On S Or U-Shaped Measuring Path

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION i) S or U-shaped measuring paths must be installed such that the shielding container with source is on top at the detector at the bottom. Figure 14: Installation on S or U-shaped measuring path j) Temperature insulation consisting of glass or rock wool is NOT suitable, as it does not ensure safe installation of the measuring system.

  • Page 35: Figure 15: External Installation With Shielding And Detector

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION Cover sheet RADIOACTIVE Figure 15: External installation with shielding and detector Ensure that no persons can insert any part of the human body in the radia- tion beam! k) The pipeline must not be subject to excessive vibration as this could damage the detector.

  • Page 36: Installation In A Container Or Tank

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION Installation in a Container or Tank If density measurements are made in a container, the source is installed in a special lead shielding in a protection tube inside the container. Special care must be taken to ensure that bending the protection pipe does not alter the measuring path, as this leads to significant measurement errors.

  • Page 37: Figure 17: Installation In A Container With Horizontal Flow

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION a) Side view b) Top view Figure 17: Installation in a container with horizontal flow a) Side view b) Top view Figure 18: Installation in a container with vertical flow Important points for installation in a container or tank: Selection of measuring point.

  • Page 38: Installation Of Water Cooling

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION 3.3 Installation of Water Cooling The maximum operating temperature of a scintillation counter is 50°C. A cooling system (which is available as an accessory) must be used if the tem- perature at the detector is likely to be higher, due to heat emission of the pipe- line and/or higher ambient temperatures.

  • Page 39: Figure 20: Required Amount Of Water-Cooling

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION Cooling Medium Water should preferably be used as the cooling medium, because air does not ensure adequate cooling with high temperatures. The water must be clean to avoid dirt deposits in the cooling jacket.

  • Page 40: Installation Of Resistance Thermometer Pt 100

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION 3.4 Installation of Resistance Thermometer Pt 100 A temperature measurement must made to ensure that the measured tempera- ture is fairly similar to the product temperature at the density measuring location. The resistance thermometer must not obstruct the path of radiation.

  • Page 41: Connections

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 4. CONNECTIONS 4. CONNECTIONS 4.1 Detector Switch off the evaluation unit before connecting the scintillation counter, Open the screws and remove the connection box cover to expose the connec- tion area. The detector is connected to terminals 1 and 2 on the evaluation unit via a 2-wire (2 x 1 mm Anschlüsse...

  • Page 42: Evaluation Unit Lb 444

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 4. CONNECTIONS Evaluation Unit LB 444 Make the connections on the rear panel of the evaluation unit as shown in the wiring diagram in the appendix to this manual. Detector LB 444 1(+) 2(-) Relay 2...
  • Page 43 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 4. CONNECTIONS Terminal for relay 1 (16a/16c) The relay is used for error alarm signaling. External product selection Digital input 1 (18a/18c) Digital input 2 (20a/20c) Four different products can be defined. External Start/Stop-Signal (22a/22c)

  • Page 44: Getting Started

    = product temperature. Resistance thermometer must not be in radiation path! 4. Install evaluation unit. 5. Connect detector to LB 444 via two-wire cable. Connect cable to terminal 2a and 2c of the evaluation unit. In case of high ambient temperature, install water cooling.

  • Page 45: Getting Started

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED Getting Started Proceed as follows to take the instrument into operation: Turn on the power supply of the instrument. Then the manufacturer’s name, versions number and instrument type is displayed (Figure 8) Opening the Radiation Exit Channel 5.1.1.1 Shielding Container Type LB 744.

  • Page 46: Shielding Container For Installation In A Container

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED 5.1.1.2 Shielding Container for Installation in a Container Version with knurled nut • Open padlock and turn protective cap until it can be taken off. • Open knurled nut and pull source forward to position “OPEN”.

  • Page 47: Figure 25: Locking Mechanism With Spring Pin

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED Version with spring pin • Open padlock and turn protective cap until it can be taken off. Open fasten- ing screw. • Pull out spring pin and push source-locking lever toward the front in position “OPEN”...

  • Page 48: Calibration And Connection Of Pt 100 Resistance Thermometer

    • Enter password and unlock or lock the system with <enter> • Check date & time and correct it, if necessary • Check instrument version (e.g. LB 444, version 1.0) • Select language • Print Parameter, only if needed Factory Setting, only if needed •...
  • Page 49 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED 2. Select menu Parameter / Product Data via the key <more>. 2.1 Select Parameter menu with <sk1> and with <more> call the parameters sequentially. • Select product • Select detector and isotope •...
  • Page 50 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED...

  • Page 51: Calibration

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED Calibration One-point calibration is sufficient for preliminary adjustment of the measurement ranges. Two- or multi-point calibrations should be performed for accurate and fi- nal adjustment. Different procedures are required for each calibration method.

  • Page 52: Two- And Multi-Point Calibration

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED 16. Select calibration mode "none" = one-point calibration 17. Calculate absorption coefficient and enter it in Results a1. Calibration starts as soon as you confirm <enter>. 18. Zero countrate I0 is displayed. Continue with <more>.
  • Page 53 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED 11. Accept result with <enter>. Cursor jumps to next row. 12. Enter the density value of the sample(s) determined in the lab in g/cm³ and confirm with <enter>. Cursor jumps to third row.

  • Page 54: Measurement

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED 5.2 Measurement Start measurement: Press <run> Stop measurement: Press <run> again Result display for density and concentration measurements: Current measured value in the selected unit Average countrate (averaging according to entered time constant)

  • Page 55: Error Messages

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED 5.3 Error Messages Resetting Error Messages a) All error messages must be reset with <enter>. b) Several simultaneously or consecutively occurring errors are stored in an er- ror register in the order of their appearance; they must be reset individually by operating <enter>several times.

  • Page 56: Error Messages During Measurement

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED Error Messages during Measurement Message Cause, Notes Measurement halted Measurement stopped via digital input Measurement stopped because the countrate threshold has been exceeded or not reached the countrate threshold Rate Overflow Countrate is > 520,000 (e.g. empty meas. path, detector error).

  • Page 57: Starting/Stopping Operation Of The System

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED 5.4 Starting/Stopping Operation of the System To stop operation of the measuring system, proceed as follows: 1. Turn the system off. 2. Lock the radiation exit channel of the shielding container and secure the locking handle by a lock.

  • Page 58: Basics Of Density Measurements

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS 6.1 Temperature Compensation The data for temperature compensation (TC1, TC2) and the reference tem- perature have to be entered before starting calibration. The temperature compensation is then turned on automatically.

  • Page 59: Function Of Temperature Compensation

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Function of Temperature Compensation The temperature coefficient of a liquid is not constant over a large temperature range, but usually it increases with rising temperatures. Temperature compen- sation is carried out according to the following formula: ρ...
  • Page 60 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS For other units of measure (e.g. °Bx, %-concentration, g/l, etc.), the temperature coefficient has to be converted accordingly. To do this, one first has to calculate the density change/unit of measure obtained for the measuring range (e.g. %): ∆ρ...

  • Page 61: Calculation Of The Square Temperature Coefficient

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Calculation of the Square Temperature Coefficient If significant temperature variations are likely to occur in the product (approx. > ± 20°C), it is advisable to enter the square temperature coefficient as well.

  • Page 62: Reference Temperature

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Reference Temperature a) With linear temperature coefficient: If you use only TC , enter the average product temperature as reference temperature, rather than the Lab temperature of, say, 20°C. - ρ...

  • Page 63: Square Temperature Coefficient

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS 6.1.1.2 Square Temperature Coefficient a) To calculate the square coefficients, one first has to calculate the linear coef- ficient, starting from the reference temperature (here: lowest temperature), as described above. The initial temperature should match the lowest product temperature.

  • Page 64: Calibration Method

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Calibration Method The calibration is carried out as follows: The counts supplied by the detector are read into memory at various product densities or concentrations. At the same time the product temperature is auto- matically stored.
  • Page 65 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Calibrate mode 2: Linear curve fit Select lin This calibration mode must be chosen • only two value pairs are available. This calibration mode should also be selected when •...

  • Page 66: One-Point Calibration

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS One-Point Calibration For one-point calibration one needs a value pair (countrate and density or con- centration value) and the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient for common products is listed in the enclosed table (see Appendix). For products...
  • Page 67 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS ρ = 0.95: C = 30 % ρmax ρ = 0.91: C = 50 % ρmin 0.95 - 0.91 µ% = - 0.0664 = - 0.000133 − 30 50...

  • Page 68: Figure 26: Influence Of Absorption Coefficients On One-Point Calibration

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS ln I Density/Concentration Figure 26: Influence of absorption coefficients on one-point calibration Line a: absorption coefficient correct Line b: absorption coefficient too small Line c: absorption coefficient too big The curve always passes through the calibration point.

  • Page 69: Two And Multi-Point Calibration

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Two and Multi-Point Calibration The gradient of the calibration curve can be determined accurately by two-point calibration. Multi-point calibration helps to exclude errors made during sampling and analysis. Furthermore, the output signal is in linear proportion to the con- centration, even though the density is not linear to the concentration.

  • Page 70: Correction Of Analysis Values

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS During multi-point calibration, the following additional functions will be initiated after selection of the calibration mode with <enter> and then <more> : Calculation of curve function: The curve function is calculated in accordance with the selected calibra- tion mode from the value pairs entered and corrected as described below (see 0 Correction of Analysis Values).
  • Page 71 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS No correction is required if the density has been determined at exactly the same temperature at which the countrate was read in (e.g. density meters at site). The density value determined can be read in directly.

  • Page 72: Checking The Calibration

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Checking the Calibration 6.2.1.1 One-Point Calibration The absorption coefficient entered in Result a1 must remain unchanged. Also, check the data in the following code numbers: Display Value Coefficient a2 Coefficient a3...

  • Page 73: Multi-Point Calibration

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS 6.2.1.3 Multi-Point Calibration The absorption coefficients and thus the curve function are calculated from the value pairs entered. At the same time, a factor (square error) will be calculated (only if more than three value pairs were entered), indicating how well the cal- culated curve approximates the entered values.

  • Page 74: Interference Radiation Detection

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS 6.3 Interference Radiation Detection Select the function Radiation Interference (Parameter menu, page 18) to sup- press interfering radiation (e.g. weld seam testing). Caution: When this function is on (Interference Radiation Detection <On>) •...

  • Page 75: Automatic Measuring Time Switchover

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS 6.4 Automatic Measuring Time Switchover To obtain a quick update of the measured value in case of sudden density changes, you can activate the automatic measuring time switchover (rapid switch-over in the Parameter menu, see page 18).

  • Page 76: Measurements Of Suspensions And Solutions

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS 6.5 Measurements of Suspensions and Solutions Measurement Density or concentration measurements of suspensions can be carried out in these units: Density in g/cm Concentration in g/l Concentration in weight-% °Be Data input, calibration and display are done in the selected unit of measure.
  • Page 77 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS...

  • Page 78: Calculating The Density Of Individual Components

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Calculating the Density of Individual Components To calculate the concentration of suspensions and solutions from the measured density value, you need to know the density of both components and enter it as Solids density and Liquid density in the product parameters.
  • Page 79 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Table values of the example given under a) are available as concentration in g/l ρ ⋅ ρ ρ + − ρ Concentration in g/l / 1000 (for example, at 100 g/l S = 0.1...

  • Page 80: Correcting The Results: Addition And Multiplication

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS 6.6 Correcting the Results: Addition and Multiplication This option should not be regarded as a substitute for a careful calibration. It should only be used if minor corrections are required. Otherwise we recommend a re-calibration.
  • Page 81 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS Input value for Offset: K = L F = 1.1 g/cm - 1.1 g/cm · 1.5 g/cm = -0.55 nominal actual = upper value of the measuring range in g/cm...

  • Page 82: Technical Data

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 7. TECHNICAL DATA 7. TECHNICAL DATA Evaluation Unit LB 444 Assembly: 19" module 3 HE, 21 TE; Protection type IP 20 115 V ± 10% Power supply: 230 V ± 10% 18 to 32 V DC Power consumption: approx.
  • Page 83 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 7. TECHNICAL DATA Inputs/Outputs: Detector terminal: EEx iB IIB (2a/2c) For inherently safe installation, the cable ends on the strip terminal must be protected by a 10 mm long shrink plastic tubing (see also the connection diagram) 3 digital inputs: 2 Dig.

  • Page 84: Detector

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 7. TECHNICAL DATA 7.2 Detector The probe is designed for industrial application. It includes a scintillation counter for Gamma radiation, which is equipped with a NaI crystal. The built-in micro- processor tracks the configuration, counts the pulse rates, controls the high volt- age, measures the temperature of the probe and an external Pt 100, transfers data and performs calibration and control functions.

  • Page 85: Power Supply

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 7. TECHNICAL DATA Power Supply Input voltage: +11 to 16 V Power consumption: Typically 60 mA max. 90 mA Feed voltage: Typically 13.6 to 14.1 V Housing sealing: IP65 Screwed cable gland: PG7, cable diameter: 4 to 6.5 mm...

  • Page 86: Service Instructions

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 8. Service Instructions 8. Service Instructions...

  • Page 87: Radiation Protection

    Depending on the nature of the license covering the installation, he or she is on site in the case of a Spe- cific License or at PerkinElmer Berthold USA in the case of a General Li- cense.
  • Page 88 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 9. RADIATION PROTECTION The Radiation Safety Officer must ensure that the provisions of the Radiation Protection Regulations are observed. In particular, his duties include instructing the staff on the proper handling of radioactive substances. Radioactive sources that are no longer in use or have reached the end of their service life must be returned to the manufacturer.
  • Page 89 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 9. RADIATION PROTECTION Shielding The shielding material surrounding the source pro- vides the shielding effect. As the shielding effect de- pends, following an exponential function, on the prod- uct of thickness multiplied by the density, it follows...

  • Page 90: Shielding Installation

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 9. RADIATION PROTECTION Safety Instructions Shielding Installation ONLY persons specifically licensed by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an Agreement State may install, move, repair or relocate a device or shielding containing a radioactive source.

  • Page 91: Figure 30: Source Holder

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 9. RADIATION PROTECTION IF YOU ARE LICENSED: If sufficient space is available, the source can be replaced in the shielding in- stalled at the measuring location. To this end, bring the new source in its trans- port shielding close to the measuring location.

  • Page 92: Radiation Dose Calculations

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 9. RADIATION PROTECTION 5. If necessary, clean and grease the threading on the source holder and the shielding. 6. Using a pair of pliers, take the new source out of the transport shielding and firmly fix it onto the source holder together with the locking washer.

  • Page 93: Exposure When Installing The Shielding

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 9. RADIATION PROTECTION The dose in a distance of 50 cm of a Co-60 source with an activity of 350 MBq and a time of 30 minutes in this distance has to be calculated. The source is shielded by a shielding with an shielding factor of 30: ⋅...
  • Page 94 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 9. RADIATION PROTECTION Using a pocket dosimeter with direct reading, measure the accurate radiation exposure during this work, even if the radiation exposure lies below the detec- tion limit of dosimeters.

  • Page 95: Emergency Instructions

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 9. RADIATION PROTECTION 9.3 Emergency Instructions In case of fire or explosion, it must be assumed that the functions of the shutter, the shielding efficiency or the integrity of the source capsule have been impaired.

  • Page 96: Appendix

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX 10. APPENDIX 10.1 Configuration Checklist TAG NO. Detector Source FUNCTION RANGE FACT. SETTING FINAL SETTING Password 0-999999 Date YY.MM.TT actual date Time HH.MM. actual time Model/Version e.g.: LB 444 Version Language German/English English...

  • Page 97: Parameter Protocol

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX 10.2 Parameter Protocol EG&G Berthold 19.071997 / 14:44 LB 444 D E N S I T Y - M E T E R V 1.00 a Operating mode Without Temp. Comp. Measure mode...

  • Page 98: Absorption Coefficients

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX 10.3 Absorption Coefficients Absorption coefficients for 137-Cs at one-point calibration. Crystal size 25/25 and 40/35 with frontal irradiation 1. When using a 50/50 crystal, multiply the values listed below by 0.9. With ra- dial irradiation, these values must be multiplied by 0.85.
  • Page 99 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX Product Concentration Aver. Temp. Input value at g/cm in % in °C °Be O - H 0.595 1022 5.31 0.695 1932 7.73 1.015 2519 4.99 0.635 1107 12.92 0.753 1447 9.13 0.973 2425 9.70...
  • Page 100 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX Product Concentration Aver. Temp. Input value at °Bx in °C °Bx °Be g/cm Sugar solution 0.2377 57.48 0.823 0.341 71.44 1.245 0.436 1196 79.4 1.488 0.518 1457 85.5 3.55 0.472 1247 116.7 3.39 0.582...

  • Page 101: Density Of Water As A Function Of The Temperature

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX 10.5 Density of Water as a Function of the Temperature Temp. in °C Density in g/cm Temp. in °C Density in g/cm 0.99973 0.98673 0.99963 0.98524 0.99951 0.98475 0.99939 0.98425 0.99926 0.98375 0.99911 0.98324...

  • Page 102: Setup Protocol

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX 10.6 Setup Protocol Measuring Point ..........Date ......Radioactive source: No......Activity ......Isotope ....Pipeline ........mm Material ........Irradiation angle: 90°/45°/30°/others ....Product ................. Parameters Range value Password Instrument ID...
  • Page 103 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX Suspension measurement Yes/No Unit Data input: Countrate CPS Density (Lab values) Date Temperature °C Calculation: Parameters Range Value Calibrate mode none/lin/squ/cub/auto Result a1 Zero countrate I0 Coefficient a1 Coefficient a2 Coefficient a3 Square error...
  • Page 104 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX...

  • Page 105: Wiring Diagram

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX 10.7 Wiring Diagram...

  • Page 106: Dimensional Drawings

    Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX 10.8 Dimensional Drawings...
  • Page 107 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX...
  • Page 108 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX...
  • Page 109 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX...

  • Page 110: Index

    ............17 Evaluation Unit Baudrate............16 Installation ............35 Calculation of Temperature Coefficients..54 Evaluation Unit LB 444......5, 12 Calibration ..........22, 46 Connection ............37 Calibration data input ........21 Extension of measuring path......6 Calibration Method........59 External product selection......
  • Page 111 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX Irradiation method ........... 4 Pipeline axis ..........17 Isolated current output ........38 Point Source Replacement ......85 Isotope ............17 Power on ............40 Isotopes............7 Power supply........... 11, 38 Keypad function ..........13 Principle of Measurement .......
  • Page 112 Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX S-shaped measuring path......6, 29 Temperature range........77, 79 Starting Operation of the System....52 Terminal strip..........12 Stopping Operation of the System....52 Terminals............12 Suspension measure ........21 Thallium............11 Suspension measurements ....20, 28, 71 Time ..............

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