FLIR A3 SERIES Installation Manual
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FLIR A3 SERIES Installation Manual

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See also: User Manual
Installation Manual
Publ. No.
T559498
Revision
a461
Language
English (EN)
Issue date
August 19, 2010
FLIR A3XX series
FLIR A6XX series

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Summary of Contents for FLIR A3 SERIES

  • Page 1 Installation Manual FLIR A3XX series FLIR A6XX series Publ. No. T559498 Revision a461 Language English (EN) Issue date August 19, 2010...
  • Page 3 Installation Manual Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...
  • Page 4 FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply. FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    General information ......................System requirements ......................Installation ..........................Mechanical installation ........................Installation of fixed cameras ....................Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A3XX series) ............9.2.1 Mounting an additional infrared lens ..............9.2.2 Removing an additional infrared lens ..............Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A6XX series) ............
  • Page 6 16.2.5 Specification of mounting interfaces, #2 ............. 16.2.6 Camera dimensions (rear view) ................16.2.7 Infrared lens (24.5 mm/25°) .................. 17 About FLIR Systems ........................17.1 More than just an infrared camera ..................17.2 Sharing our knowledge ......................17.3 Supporting our customers ....................

  • Page 7: Warnings & Cautions

    Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a ■ specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems. Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery ■...
  • Page 8 1 – Warnings & Cautions Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a ■ hammer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it. Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery ■...

  • Page 9: Notice To User

    As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environ- mentally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste. Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details. Training To read about infrared training, visit: http://www.infraredtraining.com...
  • Page 10 2 – Notice to user One (1) back-up copy of the software may also be made for archive purposes. Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 11: Customer Help

    Customer help General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com Submitting a To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It question only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledge- base for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.

  • Page 12: Documentation Updates

    To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at: http://support.flir.com It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products.

  • Page 13: Important Note About This Manual

    Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model. NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, software, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications and/or functionality at any time without prior notice.

  • Page 14: Overview Of Camera Models

    FLIR A300 T638517;a1 The FLIR A300 camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that do not call for the highest speed or reaction and who uses a PC. Due to to its composite video output, it is also an excellent choice for thermal image automation applications, where you can utilize its unique properties such as looking through steam.

  • Page 15: Flir A310

    Ethernet hardware and software protocols. The FLIR A310 camera also has built in support to connect to industrial control equipment such as PLCs, and allows for sharing of analysis and alarm results and simple control using the Ethernet/IP and Modbus TCP field bus protocol.

  • Page 16: Flir A315

    FLIR A315 T638517;a1 The FLIR A315 camera has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC software to solve problems and for whom 320 × 240 pixel res- olution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision™ and GenICam™ com- pliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.

  • Page 17: Flir A320 Tempscreen

    6 – Overview of camera models FLIR A320 Tempscreen T638517;a1 The FLIR A320 Tempscreen is a camera preconfigured to work well in applications where you want to find temperature deviations in a population of people, utilizing difference temperature alarms with a dynamically updated reference temperature.

  • Page 18: Flir A615

    FLIR A615 T638519;a1 The FLIR A615 camera has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC software to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision™ and GenICam™ compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.

  • Page 19: Packing List

    USB cable ■ NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 20: Installation

    FLIR IR Camera Player: A PC-based remote control and video player for IR cameras ■ from FLIR Systems. A link to a web installation of FLIR AXXX Control & Image Interfaces: An installation ■ that includes Interface Control Documents (ICDs), user documentation and C- code examples.

  • Page 21: System Requirements

    8 – Installation System requirements ® ® Microsoft Windows XP Professional, with Service Pack 2 (SP2) Operating system ■ ® ® Microsoft Windows Vista Ultimate 32-bit ■ ® ® Microsoft Windows 7, 32- and 64-bit ■ Personal computer with a 2 GHz 32-bit or 64-bit processor Hardware ■...

  • Page 22: Installation

    If you experience problems during the installation, please visit our Customer Help NOTE ■ by pointing your browser to http://support.flir.com. You must be an Adminstrator or a user with Administrative Rights to install the ■ programs. A complete installation consists of several subinstallations, some of which are ■...

  • Page 23: Mechanical Installation

    Further For further information regarding mounting recommendations and environmental information enclosures, contact FLIR Systems. Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 24: Mounting And Removing Lenses (Flir A3Xx Series)

    9 – Mechanical installation Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A3XX series) 9.2.1 Mounting an additional infrared lens NOTE Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in section 13.2 – Infrared lens on page 32.

  • Page 25: Removing An Additional Infrared Lens

    9 – Mechanical installation 9.2.2 Removing an additional infrared lens Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens. If this happens, NOTE ■ clean the lens according to the instructions in section 13.2 – Infrared lens on page 32.

  • Page 26: Mounting And Removing Lenses (Flir A6Xx Series)

    9 – Mechanical installation Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A6XX series) 9.3.1 Removing an infrared lens Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens. If this happens, NOTE ■ clean the lens according to the instructions in section 13.2 – Infrared lens on page 32.

  • Page 27: Mounting An Infrared Lens

    9 – Mechanical installation 9.3.2 Mounting an infrared lens NOTE Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in section 13.2 – Infrared lens on page 32. Procedure Follow this procedure to mount an infrared lens: Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring.

  • Page 28: Connectors, Controls, And Indicators

    Connectors, controls, and indicators FLIR A3XX series 10769803;a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Network cable with an RJ45 connector for Ethernet™ connectivity and PoE™ (dependent on the camera model) Note: Only CAT-6 Ethernet™ cables should be used with this camera.
  • Page 29 10 – Connectors, controls, and indicators Power indicator Note: The LEDs indicate the following: Type of signal Explanation The LED glows continuously or- The camera is starting up. ange. The LED glows continuously red. An error has been detected. Con- tact service.
  • Page 30 10 – Connectors, controls, and indicators FLIR A6XX series T638542;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Network cable with an RJ45 connector for Ethernet™ connectivity and PoE™ (dependent on the camera model) Note: Only CAT-6 Ethernet™ cables should be used with this camera.
  • Page 31 10 – Connectors, controls, and indicators Power indicator Note: The LEDs indicate the following: Type of signal Explanation The LED glows continuously or- The camera is starting up. ange. The LED glows continuously red. An error has been detected. Con- tact service.

  • Page 32: Example System Overviews

    CAT-6 Ethernet™ cable with RJ45 connectors Industrial Ethernet™ switches with fiber optic ports Fiber optic cable FLIR A3XX/A6XX cameras Industrial process to be monitored, e.g., items on a conveyor belt Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...
  • Page 33 10777503;a3 Explanation This table explains the figure: Computer CAT-6 Ethernet™ cable with RJ45 connectors Industrial Ethernet™ switch FLIR A3XX/A6XX cameras Industrial process to be monitored, e.g., a gasifier Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...
  • Page 34 Fiber optic cable Wireless access points CAT-6 Ethernet™ cable with RJ45 connectors—powering the camera using PoE (Power over Ethernet™, dependent on the camera model) Industrial Ethernet™ switch FLIR A3XX/A6XX cameras Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 35: Temperature Screening

    You can change the temperature 2°C/3.6°F (described below) using the Screening NOTE ■ tab in FLIR IR Monitor (included on the ThermoVision™ System Tools & Utilities 1.5.1 HF2 (1.5.1.16)). HF2 can be downloaded from http://support.flir.com. The camera should run for at least 30 minutes before carrying out measurements.
  • Page 36 12 – Temperature screening T638569;a1 Screening of elevated facial temperatures using FLIR A320 + 10 - 30 volts Ground Acquire sample focus near Reset/restart reference temperature Autofocus focus far both = autofocus Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 37: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 13.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items Liquids Use one of these liquids: Warm water ■ A weak detergent solution ■ Equipment A soft cloth Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cloth in the liquid. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. Clean the part with the cloth.

  • Page 38: Infrared Lens

    13 – Cleaning the camera 13.2 Infrared lens Liquids Use one of these liquids: 96% ethyl alcohol (C OH). ■ DEE (= ‘ether’ = diethylether, C ■ 50% acetone (= dimethylketone, (CH CO)) + 50% ethyl alcohol (by volume). ■ This liquid prevents drying marks on the lens.

  • Page 39: Infrared Detector

    13 – Cleaning the camera 13.3 Infrared detector General Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image. To remove any dust from the detector, follow the procedure below. This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared NOTE ■...

  • Page 40: Technical Data

    Technical data For technical data, refer to the datasheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the camera. Datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com. Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 41: Pin Configurations

    Pin configurations Pin configuration Configuration for I/O connector IN 1 IN 2 OUT 1 OUT 2 I/O + I/O – Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...
  • Page 42 15 – Pin configurations Schematic 10771603;a1 overview of the digital I/O ports Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 43: Mechanical Drawings

    Mechanical drawings 16.1 FLIR A3XX series 16.1.1 Camera dimensions (front) Figure 10770303;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 44: Camera Dimensions (Side)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.1.2 Camera dimensions (side) Figure 10770403;a1 NOTE The BNC connector on the rear panel is dependent on the camera model. Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 45: Camera Dimensions (Bottom)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.1.3 Camera dimensions (bottom) Figure 10770503;a1 NOTE The BNC connector on the rear panel is dependent on the camera model. Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 46: Camera Dimensions (With 10 Mm/45° Lens)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.1.4 Camera dimensions (with 10 mm/45° lens) Figure 10770603;a1 NOTE The BNC connector on the rear panel is dependent on the camera model. Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 47: Camera Dimensions (With 30 Mm/15° Lens)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.1.5 Camera dimensions (with 30 mm/15° lens) Figure 10770703;a1 NOTE The BNC connector on rthe ear panel is dependent on the camera model. Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 48: Infrared Lens (10 Mm/45°)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.1.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°) Figure 10762403;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 49: Infrared Lens (30 Mm/15°)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.1.7 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°) Figure 10762503;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 50: Flir A6Xx Series

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.2 FLIR A6XX series 16.2.1 Camera dimensions (front view, without lens) Figure T638548;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 51: Camera Dimensions (Side View, Without Lens)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.2.2 Camera dimensions (side view, without lens) Figure T638546;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 52: Camera Dimensions (Side View, With 24.5 Mm/25° Lens)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.2.3 Camera dimensions (side view, with 24.5 mm/25° lens) Figure T638545;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 53: Specification Of Mounting Interfaces, #1

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.2.4 Specification of mounting interfaces, #1 Figure T638550;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 54: Specification Of Mounting Interfaces, #2

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.2.5 Specification of mounting interfaces, #2 Figure T638544;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 55: Camera Dimensions (Rear View)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.2.6 Camera dimensions (rear view) Figure T638547;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 56: Infrared Lens (24.5 Mm/25°)

    16 – Mechanical drawings 16.2.7 Infrared lens (24.5 mm/25°) Figure T638549;a1 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 57: About Flir Systems

    10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR i7 from 2009. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.

  • Page 58: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    17.1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–software combination.

  • Page 59: A Few Images From Our Facilities

    17 – About FLIR Systems 17.4 A few images from our facilities 10401303;a1 Figure 17.2 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector 10401403;a1 Figure 17.3 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...
  • Page 60 17 – About FLIR Systems 10401503;a1 Figure 17.4 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 61: Glossary

    Glossary Term or expression Explanation absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1. atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc- tion.
  • Page 62 18 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the camera and the object being measured. filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths. Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens.
  • Page 63 18 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image. pixel Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image. radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and angle (W/m /sr) radiant power...
  • Page 64 18 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission (or transmittance) factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent. Transmis- sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number between 0 and 1. transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, instead of cover- ing the highlighted parts of the image.

  • Page 65: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 19.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem- perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.

  • Page 66: Finding The Emissivity Of A Sample

    19 – Thermographic measurement techniques 19.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 19.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature: 19.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b).
  • Page 67 19 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: Emissivity: 1.0 ■ ■ You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: 10589003;a2 Figure 19.3 1 = Reflection source Note: Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom- mended for two important reasons: A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity...

  • Page 68: Step 2: Determining The Emissivity

    19 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. 10727003;a2 Figure 19.4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 19.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure.

  • Page 69: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    50%. 19.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters: Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the ■...

  • Page 70: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 71 20 – History of infrared technology however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;a1 Figure 20.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum,...
  • Page 72 20 – History of infrared technology 10399103;a1 Figure 20.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a breakthrough occurred;...
  • Page 73 20 – History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.

  • Page 74: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 21.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind ther- mography will be given. 21.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re- gions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 75: Blackbody Radiation

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo- graphic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010...

  • Page 76: Planck's Law

    21 – Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further.

  • Page 77: Wien's Displacement Law

    21 – Theory of thermography ➲ The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m , μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ...
  • Page 78 21 – Theory of thermography μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm. 10399403;a1 Figure 21.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx.

  • Page 79: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    21 – Theory of thermography 10327203;a4 Figure 21.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm (μm));...

  • Page 80: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    21 – Theory of thermography 10399303;a1 Figure 21.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
  • Page 81 21 – Theory of thermography For opaque materials τ = 0 and the relation simplifies to: λ Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition: The spectral emissivity ε...

  • Page 82: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    21 – Theory of thermography 10401203;a2 Figure 21.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody. 10327303;a4 Figure 21.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody;...
  • Page 83 21 – Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi- transparent plate is obtained as: When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:...

  • Page 84: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 85 22 – The measurement formula or, with simplified notation: where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would consequently be εW source We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms: 1 –...
  • Page 86 22 – The measurement formula This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Figure 22.2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature.
  • Page 87 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, pro- vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
  • Page 88 22 – The measurement formula 10400603;a2 Figure 22.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).
  • Page 89 22 – The measurement formula 10400703;a2 Figure 22.4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 90: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 23.1 References Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

  • Page 91: Tables

    23 – Emissivity tables 23.3 Tables Figure 23.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6: Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical < 80 Ca.
  • Page 92 23 – Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 3 µm 0.28 Aluminum roughened 10 µm 0.18 Aluminum rough surface 20–50 0.06–0.07 Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.03–0.06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.05–0.08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 0.04 Aluminum weathered, heavily 0.83–0.94 Aluminum bronze 0.60...
  • Page 93 23 – Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80- 0.20 grit emery Brass sheet, rolled 0.06 Brass sheet, worked with emery Brick alumina 0.68 Brick common 0.86–0.81 Brick Dinas silica, 1100 0.85 glazed, rough Brick Dinas silica, refrac- 1000 0.66 tory Brick Dinas silica, 1000...
  • Page 94 23 – Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 0.87 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.06 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.08 Bronze polished Bronze porous, rough 50–150 0.55 Bronze powder 0.76–0.80 Carbon candle soot 0.95 Carbon charcoal powder 0.96 Carbon graphite, filed sur- 0.98 face Carbon graphite powder 0.97 Carbon...
  • Page 95 23 – Emissivity tables Copper oxidized, heavily 0.78 Copper oxidized to black- 0.88 ness Copper polished 50–100 0.02 Copper polished 0.03 Copper polished, commer- 0.03 cial Copper polished, mechan- 0.015 ical Copper pure, carefully 0.008 prepared surface Copper scraped 0.07 Copper dioxide powder 0.84...
  • Page 96 23 – Emissivity tables Granite rough, 4 different 0.95–0.97 samples Gypsum 0.8–0.9 Ice: See Water Iron, cast casting 0.81 Iron, cast ingots 1000 0.95 Iron, cast liquid 1300 0.28 Iron, cast machined 800–1000 0.60–0.70 Iron, cast oxidized 0.63 Iron, cast oxidized 0.64 Iron, cast...
  • Page 97 23 – Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 0.77 Iron and steel hot rolled 0.60 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 0.78–0.82 Iron and steel oxidized 0.79 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 0.89...
  • Page 98 23 – Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 0.064 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.96 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.97 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.92–0.94 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.50–0.53...
  • Page 99 23 – Emissivity tables Magnesium 0.18 Magnesium polished 0.07 Magnesium pow- 0.86 Molybdenum 600–1000 0.08–0.13 Molybdenum 1500–2200 0.19–0.26 Molybdenum filament 700–2500 0.1–0.3 Mortar 0.87 Mortar 0.94 Nextel Velvet 811- Flat black –60–150 > 0.97 10 and 21 Black Nichrome rolled 0.25 Nichrome sandblasted...
  • Page 100 23 – Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 0.11 iron, unpolished Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 1227 0.85 Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 0.37–0.48 Nickel polished 0.045 Nickel wire 200–1000 0.1–0.2 Nickel oxide 500–650 0.52–0.59 Nickel oxide 1000–1250 0.75–0.86 Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film...
  • Page 101 23 – Emissivity tables Paint oil based, average 0.94 of 16 colors Paint plastic, black 0.95 Paint plastic, white 0.84 Paper 4 different colors 0.92–0.94 Paper 4 different colors 0.68–0.74 Paper black 0.90 Paper black, dull 0.94 Paper black, dull 0.89 Paper black, dull...
  • Page 102 23 – Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.29 tion board Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.93 dull, structured Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.94 dull, structured Platinum 0.016 Platinum 0.03 Platinum 0.05 Platinum 0.06 Platinum 0.10 Platinum 1000–1500 0.14–0.18...
  • Page 103 23 – Emissivity tables Skin human 0.98 Slag boiler 0–100 0.97–0.93 Slag boiler 200–500 0.89–0.78 Slag boiler 600–1200 0.76–0.70 Slag boiler 1400–1800 0.69–0.67 Snow: See Water Soil 0.92 Soil saturated with wa- 0.95 Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled 0.45...
  • Page 104 23 – Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.40 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.50 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 1000 0.60 Titanium polished 0.15 Titanium polished 0.20 Titanium polished 1000 0.36 Tungsten 0.05 Tungsten 600–1000 0.1–0.16 Tungsten 1500–2200 0.24–0.31 Tungsten filament 3300 0.39 Varnish...
  • Page 105 23 – Emissivity tables Wood pine, 4 different 0.81–0.89 samples Wood pine, 4 different 0.67–0.75 samples Wood planed 0.8–0.9 Wood planed oak 0.90 Wood planed oak 0.88 Wood planed oak 0.77 Wood plywood, smooth, 0.82 Wood plywood, untreat- 0.83 Wood white, damp 0.7–0.8 Zinc...
  • Page 106 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML—the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721, which is Bitstream’s pan-European version of the Helvetica™ typeface. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980).
  • Page 108 Corporate Headquarters FLIR Systems, Inc. 27700 SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville, OR 97070 Telephone: +1-800-727-3547 Website: http://www.flir.com...

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