FLIR A615 User Manual
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FLIR A615 User Manual

A6xx series
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Summary of Contents for FLIR A615

  • Page 1 User’s manual FLIR A6xx series...
  • Page 3 User’s manual FLIR A6xx series #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    5.3.2 Procedure ..............9 Installation (FLIR A6xx sc cameras)........... 10 Quick start guide ................11 Quick start guide, FLIR A6xx series ..........11 7.1.1 Download FLIR Tools ............ 11 Quick start guide, FLIR A6xx sc series......... 11 List of accessories and services ............12 Mechanical installation ..............
  • Page 6 FLIR A6xx sc series..............19 12.2.1 Figure ................ 19 12.2.2 Explanation..............19 Digital I/O functionality..............20 13.1 FLIR A615 and A655sc ............20 Technical data ................. 21 14.1 Online field-of-view calculator ............ 21 14.2 Note about technical data ............21 14.3...
  • Page 7 Table of contents Glossary ..................83 Thermographic measurement techniques .......... 86 23.1 Introduction ................86 23.2 Emissivity................86 23.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample ........86 23.3 Reflected apparent temperature..........89 23.4 Distance ................90 23.5 Relative humidity ..............90 23.6 Other parameters..............

  • Page 9: Legal Disclaimer

    Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems deliv- ered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particu- lar supplier only. FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.

  • Page 10: Quality Assurance

    1.8 EULA Terms • You have acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes software licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing, GP or its affiliates (“MS”). Those in- stalled software products of MS origin, as well as associated media, printed materials, and “online”...
  • Page 11 Legal disclaimer ◦ NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS” and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, PER- FORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE) IS WITH YOU. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.

  • Page 12: Safety Information

    Safety information WARNING Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on con- tainers before you use a liquid. The liquids can be dangerous. Injury to persons can occur. CAUTION Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at strong energy sources, for example, devices that cause laser radiation, or the sun.

  • Page 13: Notice To User

    3.7 Important note about this manual FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.

  • Page 14: Customer Help

    • The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex- ample, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire) • Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.) • Version of any programs from FLIR Systems • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 15: Downloads

    Customer help 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following, when applicable for the product: • Firmware updates for your infrared camera. • Program updates for your PC/Mac software. • Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software. •...

  • Page 16: Installation (Flir A6Xx Cameras)

    • FLIR IR Camera Player: A PC-based remote control and video player for infrared cam- eras from FLIR Systems. • A link to a web installation of FLIR Axxx Control & Image Interfaces: An installation that includes Interface Control Documents (ICDs), user documentation, and Ccode examples.

  • Page 17: Installation

    SETUP.HTM on the CD-ROM. 3. Click one of the following: • Install FLIR IP Config. • Install FLIR IR Monitor. • Install FLIR IR Camera Player. • Install AXXX Control & Image Interfaces. 4. Follow the on-screen instructions. #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 18: Installation (Flir A6Xx Sc Cameras)

    Installation (FLIR A6xx sc cameras) The FLIR A6xx sc cameras are supported by the FLIR ResearchIR software. A download card for this software is included in the camera package. To install the software, follow the procedure in the user’s manual for FLIR ResearchIR.

  • Page 19: Quick Start Guide

    2. Install FLIR ResearchIR Max. 3. Start FLIR ResearchIR Max. When asked for the license key, enter the license key that is printed on the FLIR Re- searchIR Max download card. The card is included with your camera. 4. Connect the camera to the computer using the provided Ethernet cable.

  • Page 20: List Of Accessories And Services

    ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. T198566 One year extended warranty for A6xx, A6xxsc T199827 series Note FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 21: Mechanical Installation

    9.4 Further information For further information regarding installation recommendations and environmental enclo- sures, contact FLIR Systems. 9.5 Cable strain relief In installations were the camera is subject to vibrations or shocks the power cord may need an external strain relief arrangement to avoid power port failure.
  • Page 22 Mechanical installation Example 2, cable strain relief with cable clamps. #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 23: Mounting And Removing Lenses

    Mounting and removing lenses 10.1 Removing an infrared lens Note • Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in section 20.2 Infrared lens, page 78. •...

  • Page 24: Connectors, Controls, And Indicators

    Connectors, controls, and indicators 11.1 Explanation 1. Network cable with an RJ45 connector for Ethernet connectivity and Power over Ethernet (PoE) (dependent on the camera model). Note Only CAT-6 Ethernet cables should be used with this camera. 2. Power cable for 12–24 V DC power in. Note The power connector on the camera is polarity protected.

  • Page 25: Example System Overviews

    Example system overviews 12.1 FLIR A6xx series 12.1.1 Figure 12.1.2 Explanation 1. Computer. 2. CAT-6 Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors. 3. Industrial Ethernet switches with fiber-optic ports. 4. Fiber-optic cable. 5. FLIR A6xx cameras. 6. Industrial process to be monitored, e.g., items on a conveyor belt.

  • Page 26: Figure

    Example system overviews 12.1.3 Figure 12.1.4 Explanation 1. Computer. 2. CAT-6 Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors. 3. Industrial Ethernet switch. 4. FLIR A6xx cameras. 5. Industrial process to be monitored, e.g., a gasifier. 12.1.5 Figure #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 27: Explanation

    7. Industrial Ethernet switch. 8. FLIR A6xx cameras. 12.2 FLIR A6xx sc series 12.2.1 Figure 12.2.2 Explanation 1. Computer. 2. CAT-6 Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors. 3. Laboratory set-up with a FLIR A6xx sc camera. #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 28: Digital I/O Functionality

    Digital I/O functionality 13.1 FLIR A615 and A655sc • The state (high or low voltage) on an input pin is used to mark images for use by an application. • The state (high or low voltage) on an output pin is controlled by an application.

  • Page 29: Technical Data

    14.2 Note about technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Please check http://support.flir.com for latest changes.

  • Page 30: Flir A615 15

    Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 31 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 32 Base mounting 2 × M4 thread mounting holes (on three sides) Housing material Aluminum Comments to physical data Outline dimensional drawings and STEP files can be found at http://support.flir.com Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens •...
  • Page 33 • T197870ACC; Cardboard box for A3xx/A6xx series • T126889ACC; Filter holder for A6xx lenses • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player • T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET •...

  • Page 34: Flir A615 25

    Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 35 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 36 Base mounting 2 × M4 thread mounting holes (on three sides) Housing material Aluminum Comments to physical data Outline dimensional drawings and STEP files can be found at http://support.flir.com Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens •...
  • Page 37 • T197870ACC; Cardboard box for A3xx/A6xx series • T126889ACC; Filter holder for A6xx lenses • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player • T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET •...

  • Page 38: Flir A615 45

    Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 39 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 40 Base mounting 2 × M4 thread mounting holes (on three sides) Housing material Aluminum Comments to physical data Outline dimensional drawings and STEP files can be found at http://support.flir.com Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens •...
  • Page 41 • T197870ACC; Cardboard box for A3xx/A6xx series • T126889ACC; Filter holder for A6xx lenses • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player • T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET •...

  • Page 42: Flir A615 7

    Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 43 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 44 Base mounting 2 × M4 thread mounting holes (on three sides) Housing material Aluminum Comments to physical data Outline dimensional drawings and STEP files can be found at http://support.flir.com Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens •...
  • Page 45 • T197870ACC; Cardboard box for A3xx/A6xx series • T126889ACC; Filter holder for A6xx lenses • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player • T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET •...

  • Page 46: Flir A615 Windowing 80

    Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 47 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 48 Base mounting 2 × M4 thread mounting holes (on three sides) Housing material Aluminum Comments to physical data Outline dimensional drawings and STEP files can be found at http://support.flir.com Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens •...
  • Page 49 • T197870ACC; Cardboard box for A3xx/A6xx series • T126889ACC; Filter holder for A6xx lenses • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player • T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET •...

  • Page 50: Flir A655Sc 15

    General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D but don't need the highest frame rates but do require 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 51 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 52 Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens • Ethernet cable • FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (licence only) • Hard transport case • Mains cable • Power cable, pig-tailed • Power supply •...
  • Page 53 • T198697; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (hardware sec. dev.) • T199014; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (printed license key) • T199044; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 Upgrade (printed license key) • T198696; FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (hardware sec. dev.) •...

  • Page 54: Flir A655Sc 25

    Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D and require the highest frame rates and 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 55 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 56 Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens • Ethernet cable • FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (licence only) • Hard transport case • Mains cable • Power cable, pig-tailed • Power supply •...
  • Page 57 • T198697; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (hardware sec. dev.) • T199014; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (printed license key) • T199044; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 Upgrade (printed license key) • T198696; FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (hardware sec. dev.) •...

  • Page 58: Flir A655Sc 45

    Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D and require the highest frame rates and 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 59 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 60 Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens • Ethernet cable • FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (licence only) • Hard transport case • Mains cable • Power cable, pig-tailed • Power supply •...
  • Page 61 • T198697; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (hardware sec. dev.) • T199014; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (printed license key) • T199044; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 Upgrade (printed license key) • T198696; FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (hardware sec. dev.) •...

  • Page 62: Flir A655Sc 7

    Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D and require the highest frame rates and 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 63 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 64 Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens • Ethernet cable • FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (licence only) • Hard transport case • Mains cable • Power cable, pig-tailed • Power supply •...
  • Page 65 • T198697; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (hardware sec. dev.) • T199014; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (printed license key) • T199044; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 Upgrade (printed license key) • T198696; FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (hardware sec. dev.) •...

  • Page 66: Flir A655Sc 80

    Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D and require the highest frame rates and 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 67 Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, connector type RJ-45 Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI- Cam protocol Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 50 Hz 16-bit 640 × 240 pixels @ 100 Hz 16-bit 640 × 120 pixels @ 200 Hz •...
  • Page 68 Shipping information Packaging, type Cardboard box List of contents • Infrared camera with lens • Ethernet cable • FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (licence only) • Hard transport case • Mains cable • Power cable, pig-tailed • Power supply •...
  • Page 69 • T198697; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (hardware sec. dev.) • T199014; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (printed license key) • T199044; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 Upgrade (printed license key) • T198696; FLIR ResearchIR Max 4 (hardware sec. dev.) •...

  • Page 70: Pin Configurations And Schematics

    Pin configurations and schematics 15.1 Pin configuration for camera I/O connector Function Data IN 1 opto-isolated, 0–1.5 V = low, 3– 25 V = high IN 2 opto-isolated, 0–1.5 V = low, 3– 25 V = high OUT 1 opto-isolated, ON = supply (max.

  • Page 71: Mechanical Drawings

    Mechanical drawings #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 81: Ce Declaration Of Conformity

    CE Declaration of conformity #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 83: Network Troubleshooting

    Network troubleshooting Try one of the following if you experience network problems: • Reset the modem and unplug and replug the Ethernet cable at both ends. • Reboot the computer with the cables connected. • Swap your Ethernet cable with another cable that is either brand new or known to be in working condition.

  • Page 84: Digital I/O Connection Diagrams

    Digital I/O connection diagrams #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 86: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 20.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 20.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 20.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 20.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2.

  • Page 87: Procedure

    Cleaning the camera Note • This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared detector. • In some cases the dust cannot be removed by following this procedure: the infrared detector must be cleaned mechanically. This mechanical cleaning must be carried out by an authorized service partner.

  • Page 88: About Flir Systems

    —together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our internation- al customer base. FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We antici- pate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new...

  • Page 89: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    21.1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infra- red camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera sys- tems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–...
  • Page 90 About FLIR Systems no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language. #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 91: Glossary

    Glossary absorption The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re- (absorption ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1. factor) atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor- mally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.
  • Page 92 Glossary image correc- A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of tion (internal or live images and also of stabilizing the camera. external) infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm. infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals.
  • Page 93 Glossary span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. spectral (radi- Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and ant) emittance wavelength (W/m /μm) temperature A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature difference, or values.

  • Page 94: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 23.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera- ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
  • Page 95 Thermographic measurement techniques 23.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 23.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
  • Page 96 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • D You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 23.3 1 = Reflection source Figure 23.4 1 = Reflection source Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two important reasons:...

  • Page 97: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    Thermographic measurement techniques 5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. Figure 23.5 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil. 23.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure: 1. Select a place to put the sample. 2.

  • Page 98: Distance

    50%. 23.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com- pensate for the following parameters: • Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam- era and the target •...

  • Page 99: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec- trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to- day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 100 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag- netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re- ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’.
  • Page 101 History of infrared technology Figure 24.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break- through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re- sponded.

  • Page 102: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 25.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 25.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 103: Planck's Law

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera- ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black.

  • Page 104: Wien's Displacement Law

    Theory of thermography where: Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. λb Velocity of light = 3 × 10 Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10 Joule sec. Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10 Joule/K. Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ...

  • Page 105: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    Theory of thermography Figure 25.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra- red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif- icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

  • Page 106: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    Theory of thermography Figure 25.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
  • Page 107 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp- tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since α...

  • Page 108: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    Theory of thermography 25.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab- sorbed.

  • Page 109: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob- ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 110 U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3): Solve Equation 3 for U (Equation 4): This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Table 26.1 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e.
  • Page 111 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algo- rithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
  • Page 112 The measurement formula Figure 26.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam- era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos- phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 113: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 27.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

  • Page 114: Aluminum As Received, 100 T

    Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Aluminum anodized, light 0.97 gray, dull Aluminum as received, plate 0.09 Aluminum as received, 0.09...
  • Page 115 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Brass polished 0.03 Brass polished, highly 0.03 0.20 Brass rubbed with 80- grit emery Brass sheet, rolled...

  • Page 116: Polished

    Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Chipboard untreated 0.90 polished 0.10 Chromium Chromium polished 500–1000 0.28–0.38 Clay fired 0.91 Cloth...
  • Page 117 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Gold polished, carefully 200–600 0.02–0.03 polished, highly 0.02 Gold Granite polished 0.849 Granite rough...

  • Page 118: Oxidized

    Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Iron and steel shiny, etched 0.16 Iron and steel wrought, carefully 40–250 0.28 polished...
  • Page 119 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Lead unoxidized, 0.05 polished Lead red 0.93 Lead red, powder 0.93 Leather tanned 0.75–0.80...
  • Page 120 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Nickel wire 200–1000 0.1–0.2 Nickel oxide 1000–1250 0.75–0.86 Nickel oxide 500–650 0.52–0.59 0.27 Oil, lubricating...
  • Page 121 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Paper yellow 0.72 Plaster 0.86 Plaster plasterboard, 0.90 untreated Plaster rough coat 0.91 Plastic glass fibre lami-...
  • Page 122 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Soil 0.92 0.95 Soil saturated with water alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled...
  • Page 123 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Water ice, smooth 0.97 Water ice, smooth –10 0.96 Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 0.95–0.98 thick...
  • Page 124 ALPINE C O M P O N E N T S Postal Address Alpine Components Ltd Innovation Centre, Highfield Drive Churchfields St. Leonards-on-Sea TN38 9UH United Kingdom Telephone 01424 858118 Website Address www.alpine-components.co.uk "Alpine Components" is the abbreviated trading name for "Alpine Components Limited" The company has been trading since 1991 and was incorporated on 13/11/2006 in the United Kingdom Company Registration Number: 05996485 VAT Number: GB583598190...

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