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Hirschmann MACH 4000 User Manual

Industrial ethernet (gigabit) switch
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User Manual

Routing Configuration

Industrial ETHERNET (Gigabit) Switch
Power MICE, MACH 4000
Routing L3P
Technical Support
Release 4.0 11/07
HAC-Support@hirschmann.de

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  • Page 1: User Manual

    User Manual Routing Configuration Industrial ETHERNET (Gigabit) Switch Power MICE, MACH 4000 Routing L3P Technical Support Release 4.0 11/07 HAC-Support@hirschmann.de...
  • Page 2 This publication has been created by Hirschmann Automation and Control GmbH according to the best of our knowledge. Hirschmann reserves the right to change the con- tents of this manual without prior notice. Hirschmann can give no guarantee in respect of the correctness or accuracy of the details in this publication.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    Inhalt Inhalt About this Manual Configuration Routing - Basics CIDR Multinetting Static Routing Port-based Router Interface 3.1.1 Configuration of the router interfaces VLAN-basiertes Router-Interface Configuration of a Static Route 3.3.1 Configuration of a Static Route 3.3.2 Configuration of a redundant static route 3.3.3 Configuration of a redundant static route with load sharing Adaptation for non-IP-compliant devices Tracking...
  • Page 4 Inhalt Convergence Maximum Network Size General Properties of RIP Configuring the RIP OSPF OSPF-Topology 7.1.1 Autonomous System 7.1.2 Router ID 7.1.3 Areas 7.1.4 Virtual Link 7.1.5 OSPF-Router 7.1.6 Link State Advertisement General Operation of OSPF Setting up the Neighbor Relationship Synchronization of the LSD Routenberechnung Configuring OSPF...
  • Page 5 Inhalt 9.5.1 Example with Layer 3 redundancy 9.5.2 Example with Layer 2 redundancy (HIPER-Ring) 9.5.3 Tips for the configuration Appendix Abbreviations used Based specifications and standards List of RFCs Technical Data - Software Entering the IP Parameters Copyright of integrated software A.6.1 Bouncy Castle Crypto APIs (Java) A.6.2 LVL7 Systems, Inc.
  • Page 6 Inhalt Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 7: About This Manual

    About this Manual About this Manual The “Routing Configuration” user manual contains all the information you need to start operating the routing function. It takes you step by step from a small router application through to the router configuration of a complex network.
  • Page 8 About this Manual The Network Management Software HiVision provides you with additional options for smooth configuration and monitoring: Event logbook. Configuration of „System Location“ and „System Name“. Configuration of the network address range and SNMP parameters. Saving the configuration on the Switch. Simultaneous configuration of multiple Switches.

  • Page 9: Key

    The designations used in this manual have the following meanings: List Work step Subheading Link Indicates a cross-reference with a stored link Note: A note emphasizes an important fact or draws your attention to a dependency. ASCII representation in user interface Courier Execution in the Web-based Interface user interface Execution in the Command Line Interface user interface...
  • Page 10 Server PLC - Programmable logic controller I/O - Robot Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 11: Configuration

    Configuration 1 Configuration Because the configuration of a router is very dependent on the conditions in your network, you are first provided with a general list of the individual configuration steps. To optimally cover the large number of options, this list is followed by examples of networks that usually occur in the industry sector.
  • Page 12 Configuration Note: Dependent of your configuration steps it can be necessary to change the IP parameters of your configuration computer to ensure the accessibility of the layer 3 switches. Selecting a routing procedure On the basis of the network plan and the communication requirements of the connected devices, you select the optimal routing procedure (static routes, RIP, OSPF) for your situation.

  • Page 13: Routing - Basics

    Routing - Basics 2 Routing - Basics A router is a node for exchanging data on the layer 3 of the ISO/OSI layer model. This ISO/OSI reference model had the following goals: To define a standard for information exchange between open systems; To provide a common basis for developing additional standards for open systems;...
  • Page 14 Routing - Basics What does the data exchange on the layer 3 mean in comparison with the data exchange on the layer 2? Layer 7 Layer 7 Layer 7 Layer-2-Switch Layer 7 Layer-3-Switch/ Router Layer 6 Layer 6 Layer 6 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 5...
  • Page 15 Routing - Basics Figure 2: MAC data transmission: Unicast data packet (left) and broadcast data packet (right) This illustration clearly shows that broadcast data packets can considerably reduce the load on larger networks. You also make your network easier to understand by forming subnets, which you connect with each other using routers and, strange as it sounds, also separate securely from each other.

  • Page 16: Arp

    Routing - Basics 2.1 ARP 2.1 ARP The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) determines the MAC address that belongs to an IP address. What is the benefit of this? Let's suppose that you want to configure your Switch using the Web-based interface.
  • Page 17 Routing - Basics 2.1 ARP If the IP address of the Switch is in a different subnet, then the PC asks for the MAC address of the gateway entered in the PC. The gateway/router re- plies with its MAC address. Now the PC packs the IP data packet with the IP address of the switch, the final destination, into a MAC frame with the MAC destination address of the gateway/router and sends the data.
  • Page 18 Routing - Basics 2.1 ARP All terminal devices still working with IPs of the first generation, for example, are not yet familiar with the term 'subnet'. They also send an ARP request when they are looking for the MAC address for an IP address in a different subnet.

  • Page 19: Cidr

    Routing - Basics 2.2 CIDR 2.2 CIDR The original class allocation of the IP addresses only planned for three ad- dress classes to be used by the users (see “Basics of IP Parameters” in the basic configuration of the user manual). Since 1992, five classes of IP address have been defined in the RFC 1340.
  • Page 20 Routing - Basics 2.2 CIDR IP address, decimal Network mask, IP address, hexadecimal decimal 149.218.112.1 255.255.255.128 10010101 11011010 01110000 00000001 149.218.112.127 10010101 11011010 01110000 01111111 25 mask bits CIDR notation: 149.218.112.0/25 Mask bits The combination of a number of class C address ranges is known as “super- netting”.

  • Page 21: Multinetting

    Routing - Basics 2.3 Multinetting 2.3 Multinetting Multinetting allows you to connect a number of subnets to one router port. Multinetting provides a solution for when you want to connect existing sub- nets to a router within a physical medium. In this case you can use multi- netting to assign a number of IP addresses for the different subnets to the routing port to which you are connecting the physical medium.
  • Page 22 Routing - Basics 2.3 Multinetting Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 23: Static Routing

    Static Routing 3 Static Routing Static routes are user-defined routes which the Switch uses to transmit data from one subnet to another. The user specifies to which router (next hop) the Switch forwards data for a particular subnet. Static routes are kept in a table which is permanently stored in the Switch.

  • Page 24: Port-Based Router Interface

    Static Routing 3.1 Port-based Router Interface 3.1 Port-based Router Interface A characteristic of the port-based router interface is that a subnet is connected to a port (see fig. Special features of port-based router interfaces: If there is no active connection, then the entry from the routing table is omitted, because the router transmits exclusively to those ports for which the data transfer is likely to be successful.

  • Page 25: Configuration Of The Router Interfaces

    Static Routing 3.1 Port-based Router Interface 3.1.1 Configuration of the router interfaces 10.0.1.5/24 10.0.2.5/24 Interface 2.1 Interface 2.2 IP=10.0.1.1/24 IP=10.0.2.1/24 Figure 8: Simplest case of a route Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode. enable Switch to the Configuration mode. configure Switch on the router function globally.
  • Page 26 Static Routing 3.1 Port-based Router Interface Primary IP Address......10.0.1.1/255.255.255.0 Routing Mode......Enable Administrative Mode...... Enable Proxy ARP........ Disable Active State......Active Link Speed Data Rate..... 100 Full MAC Address......00:80:63:51:74:0C Encapsulation Type....... Ethernet IP Mtu........1500 Verify the routing table: show ip route Total Number of Routes......

  • Page 27: Vlan-Basiertes Router-Interface

    Create a VLAN by entering the VLAN-ID. The vlan 2 VLAN ID is a number between 1 and 4042 (MACH 4000: 3966). Assign the name „Gerhard” to VLAN 2. vlan name 2 Gerhard Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...
  • Page 28 Static Routing 3.2 VLAN-basiertes Router-Interface Create a virtual router interface and activate the vlan routing 2 routing function for this interface. Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode. exit Display the virtual router interfaces which the show ip vlan router has set up for this VLAN. show ip vlan Logical VLAN ID...
  • Page 29 Static Routing 3.2 VLAN-basiertes Router-Interface VLAN ID: 2 VLAN Name: Gerhard VLAN Type: Static Interface Current Configured Tagging ---------- -------- ----------- -------- Exclude Autodetect Untagged Exclude Autodetect Untagged Exclude Autodetect Untagged Exclude Autodetect Untagged Exclude Autodetect Untagged Exclude Autodetect Untagged Exclude Autodetect Untagged...
  • Page 30 Select the dialog Routing:Interfaces:Configuration. Click on “Assistant” at the bottom right to configure the VLAN router interface. Enter a number between 1 and 4042 (MACH 4000: 3966) as the VLAN-ID, in this example: 2. Click on “Next” at the bottom.

  • Page 31: Configuration Of A Static Route

    Static Routing 3.3 Configuration of a Static Route 3.3 Configuration of a Static Route In the example below, router A requires the information that it can reach the subnet 10.0.3.0/24 via the router B (next hop). It can obtain this information via a dynamic routing protocol or via a static routing entry.

  • Page 32: Configuration Of A Static Route

    Static Routing 3.3 Configuration of a Static Route 3.3.1 Configuration of a Static Route Enter a static route for router A based on the configuration of the router inter- face in the previous example (see fig. Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode. enable Switch to the Configuration mode.

  • Page 33: Configuration Of A Redundant Static Route

    Static Routing 3.3 Configuration of a Static Route 3.3.2 Configuration of a redundant static route To ensure a reliable connection between the two routers, you can connect the routers with two or more lines. Subnet 10.0.1.0/24 Subnet 10.0.3.0/24 Interface 2.3 Interface 2.3 IP=10.0.4.1 IP=10.0.4.2...
  • Page 34 Static Routing 3.3 Configuration of a Static Route Total Number of Routes......5 Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Intf IP Address--------------- --------------- -- ---------- ------ -------------10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.1.110.0.2.0 255.255.255.0 Local 10.0.2.110.0.3.0 255.255.255.0 Static 10.0.2.210.0.3.0 255.255.255.0 Static 10.0.4.210.0.4.0 255.255.255.0 Local...

  • Page 35: Configuration Of A Redundant Static Route With Load Sharing

    Static Routing 3.3 Configuration of a Static Route 3.3.3 Configuration of a redundant static route with load sharing The router shares the load between the two routes (load sharing), when the routes have the same importance (distance). assign the importance “2” to the existing static ip route 10.0.3.0 routing entry (see on page...

  • Page 36: Adaptation For Non-Ip-Compliant Devices

    Static Routing 3.4 Adaptation for non-IP-compliant devices 3.4 Adaptation for non-IP-compli- ant devices Some devices use a simplfied IP stack that does not correspond to the IP standard. Without an ARP request, these devices send their responses to the MAC address contained as the source address in the requesting packet (see figure below, no MAC/IP address resolution).
  • Page 37 Static Routing 3.4 Adaptation for non-IP-compliant devices For you also to be able to connect devices with a simplified IP stack to a VLAN-based router interface, the router provides you with the VLAN single MAC mode. In the VLAN single MAC mode, all VLAN interfaces and all physical ports use the same MAC address, with the exception of the port-based router interface.
  • Page 38 Static Routing 3.4 Adaptation for non-IP-compliant devices Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 39: Tracking

    Tracking 4 Tracking The tracking function gives you the option of monitoring certain objects, such as the availability of an interface. A special feature of this function is that it forwards an object status change to an application, e.g. VRRP, which previously registered as an interested party for this information.

  • Page 40: Interface Tracking

    Tracking 4.1 Interface tracking 4.1 Interface tracking With interface tracking the Switch monitors the link status of: physical ports link aggregation interfaces (interfaces 8.x) VLAN router interfaces (interfaces 9.x) Ports/interfaces can have the following link statuses: interrupted physical link (link down) and existing physical link (link up).

  • Page 41: Configuring The Tracking

    Tracking 4.2 Configuring the tracking 4.2 Configuring the tracking You configure the tracking by setting up tracking objects. The following steps are required to set up a tracking object: Enter the tracking object ID number (track ID). Select a tracking type, e.g interface. Depending on the track type, enter additional options such as "port"...
  • Page 42 Tracking 4.2 Configuring the tracking Click on "Set" at the bottom of the input dialog. The interface goes back to the Routing:Tracking:Configuration dialog and sets up the new tracking object. Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode. enable Switch to the Configuration mode. configure Enter the tracking parameters and activate this track 1 interface 2/3 link-...

  • Page 43: Vrrp/Hivrrp

    VRRP/HiVRRP 5 VRRP/HiVRRP The Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) is a procedure that enables the system to react to the failure of a router. VRRP is used in networks with terminal devices that only support one entry for the default gateway. If the default gateway fails, VRRP ensures that the terminal devices find a redundant gateway.
  • Page 44 VRRP/HiVRRP 00:00:5e:00:01:<VRID>. The first 5 octets form the fixed part in accordance with RFC 2338. The last octet is the virtual router ID (VRID). It is a number between 1 and 255. On the basis of this, the administrator can define 255 virtual routers with- in a network.
  • Page 45 VRRP/HiVRRP VRRP terms: Virtual router A virtual router is a router or group of routers that act as the default gate- way in a network and use the Virtual Router Redandancy Protocol. VRRP router A VRRP router is a router that uses VRRP. It can be part of one or more virtual routers.
  • Page 46 VRRP/HiVRRP Master down interval The master down interval specifies the time when the backup router names itself the master router. Master down interval = 3 * advertisement interval + skew time The configuration of VRRP requires the following steps: Switch on routing globally (if this has not already been done). Switch on VRRP globally.

  • Page 47: Hivrrp

    VRRP priority router B = 128 VRRP priority router C = 254 To be able to achieve faster switching times, Hirschmann provides HiVRRP so that the cycle for sending the IP Multicast message can be shortened to as little as 0.1 seconds. You can thus achieve switching times that are up to ten times as fast.
  • Page 48 VRRP/HiVRRP 5.1 HiVRRP HiVRRP skew time The HiVRRP skew time is the time, dependent on the VRRP priority, that specifies the time when the HiVRRP backup router names itself the HiVR- RP master router. HiVRRP skew time = (256 - VRRP priority) / 256 * advertisement interval Times shown in milliseconds HiVRRP master down interval The HiVRRP master down interval specifies the time when the HiVRRP...
  • Page 49 Unicast data packets when using up to two HiVRRP routers. Note: If you want to avail of the advantages of HiVRRP, then only use VRRP routers equipped with the HiVRRP function from Hirschmann as the virtual router.

  • Page 50: Vrrp Tracking

    VRRP/HiVRRP 5.2 VRRP tracking 5.2 VRRP tracking By monitoring certain router statuses (e.g. line interruption), VRRP tracking makes it possible to switch to a better router when a link goes down. If there is a line interruption between switch S1 and router A (see fig.
  • Page 51 VRRP/HiVRRP 5.2 VRRP tracking A direct link with preference 0 is the best route. The static route with preference 1 is the second-best route. Then comes the dynamic route. Default Gateway Default Gateway 10.0.1.100 10.0.2.100 Master PC A 10.0.1.1 10.0.1.254 10.0.2.254 PC B 10.0.1.2...
  • Page 52 VRRP/HiVRRP 5.2 VRRP tracking Default Gateway Default Gateway 10.0.1.254 10.0.2.254 Priority=50 10.0.1.20 10.0.1.1 10.0.2.1 Port 1.2 Port 1.1 10.0.1.254 10.0.2.254 Port 1.1 10.0.2.2 10.0.1.2 Port 1.2 Priority=100 Figure 19: VRRP tracking after a line interruption Router A Router A Router B Router B Interface IP address...
  • Page 53 VRRP/HiVRRP 5.2 VRRP tracking Configure the VRRP. Add the track ID to the VRRP entry (= register the VRRP entry for the tracking object). Set up interface tracking at port 1.1 with a link down delay of 0 seconds and a link up delay of 3 seconds at port 1.1. Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode.
  • Page 54 VRRP/HiVRRP 5.2 VRRP tracking You also perform the same configuration on the redundant router. Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 55: Vrrp With Load Sharing

    VRRP/HiVRRP 5.3 VRRP with load sharing 5.3 VRRP with load sharing With the simple configuration, a router performs the gateway function for all terminal devices. The capacity of the redundant router lies idle. VRRP allows you to also use the capacity of the redundant router. By setting up a number of virtual routers, you can enter different default gateways on the connected terminal devices and thus steer the data flow.

  • Page 56: Vrrp Mit Multinetting

    VRRP/HiVRRP 5.4 VRRP mit Multinetting 5.4 VRRP mit Multinetting The router allows you to combine VRRP with Multinetting. IP=10.0.1.1 10.0.1.13 IP=10.0.2.1 Default Gateway 10.0.1.12 10.0.1.100 10.0.1.100 10.0.1.11 10.0.2.100 Default Gateway 10.0.2.13 10.0.2.100 IP=10.0.1.2 IP=10.0.2.2 Figure 21: Virtual router with multinetting To use VRRP with multinetting, you perform the following configuration steps on the basis of an existing VRRP configuration (see fig.

  • Page 57: Rip

    6 RIP The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a routing protocol based on the distance vector algorithm. It is used for the dynamic creation of the routing table for routers. When you start a router, the router only knows the networks directly connect- ed to it, and it sends this routing table to the neighboring routers.
  • Page 58 HC = 1 HC = 2 SN 11 SN 10 HC = 4 HC = 1 HC = 2 HC = 3 Figure 22: Hop count and routing table Router Router Router Destina- Next hop Metric Destina- Next hop Metric Destina- Next hop Metric tion...

  • Page 59: Convergence

    6.1 Convergence 6.1 Convergence How does RIP react to changes in the topography? In the following example of a line interruption between router B and router C, you can see the resulting changes in the address table: Assumptions: The interruption occurs 5 seconds after B sent its routing table. The routers send their routing table every 30 seconds (= factory setting).
  • Page 60 6.1 Convergence Using the routing table from router A, router B sees that router A knows a connection to destination SN 11 with a metric of 2. Because it does not have its own connection to router C as the next hop to SN 11, router B changes its entry to destination SN 11.
  • Page 61 6.1 Convergence After 70 seconds, convergence has been achieved again. Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 62: Maximum Network Size

    6.2 Maximum Network Size 6.2 Maximum Network Size The biggest problem with RIP is that routers only know their neighbors directly. This results in long convergence times and the count-to-infinity problem. Infinity refers to the inaccessibility of a destination, and it is designated by hop count 16 in RIP.

  • Page 63: General Properties Of Rip

    6.3 General Properties of RIP 6.3 General Properties of RIP The RFC 1058 from June 1988 specifies RIP version 1. Version 1 has the following restrictions: Use of broadcasts for protocol messages. Does not support subnetworks/CIDR. No authentification. The standardization of RIP version 2 in the RFC 2453 in 1998 eliminates the above restrictions.

  • Page 64: Configuring The Rip

    6.4 Configuring the RIP 6.4 Configuring the RIP The advantage of RIP is the simple configuration. After the router interface is defined and the RIP is switched on, RIP automatically enters the required routes in the routing table. Subnet 10.0.3.0/24 Subnet 10.0.1.0/24 IP = 10.0.1.5/24 Interface 2.1...
  • Page 65 6.4 Configuring the RIP Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2/1 interface 2.1. Assign the IP parameters to the port. ip address 10.0.2.2 255.255.255.0 Switch on the router function at this port. routing Switch on RIP on this port. ip rip Switch to the Configuration mode.
  • Page 66 6.4 Configuring the RIP Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 67: Ospf

    OSPF 7 OSPF Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a dynamic routing protocol based on the Link State Algorithm. This algorithm is based on the link states between the routers involved. The significant metric in OSPF is the “OSPF costs”, which is calculated from the available bit rate of a link.
  • Page 68 OSPF Advantages Disadvantages Every router calculates its routes inde- Complicated to implement pendently of the other routers. All the routers have the same basic in- Complex administration due to the large formation. number of options. Rapid detection of link interruptions and rapid calculation of alternative routes.

  • Page 69: Ospf-Topology

    OSPF 7.1 OSPF-Topology 7.1 OSPF-Topology OSPF is hierarchically structured in order to limit the scope of the OSPF information to be exchanged in large networks. You divide up your network using what are known as areas. 7.1.1 Autonomous System An Autonomous System (AS) is a number of routers that are managed by a single administration and use the same Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).

  • Page 70: Router Id

    OSPF 7.1 OSPF-Topology An AS uses an “Autonomous System Boundary Router” (ASBR) to connect with the outside world. An ASBR understands multiple protocols and serves as a gateway to routers outside the areas. An ASBR is able to transfer routes from different protocols into the OSPF.
  • Page 71 OSPF 7.1 OSPF-Topology Every OSPF router must be a member of at least one area. An individual router interface can only be assigned to one area. In the state on delivery, every router interface is assigned to the backbone area. OSPF distinguishes between the following particular area types: Backbone-Area: Per Definition ist das die Area 0 bzw.
  • Page 72 OSPF 7.1 OSPF-Topology Thus NSSAs have the advantage that external routes coming from the backbone are not all entered in the routing tables of the internal routers. At the same time, however, a limited number of external networks (which can be reached across the boundaries of the NSSA) can be propagated into the backbone area.

  • Page 73: Virtual Link

    OSPF 7.1 OSPF-Topology 7.1.4 Virtual Link OSPF requires that the backbone area can be passed through. However, if this is not actually possible, then OSPF provides a virtual link (VL) to connect parts of the backbone area with each other (see fig.
  • Page 74 OSPF 7.1 OSPF-Topology Configuration for the expansion of the Backbone area (see fig. 28): Router 1: Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode. enable Switch to the Configuration mode. configure Switch to the Router Configuration mode. router ospf Enter the neighboring router ID for a virtual link to area 1 virtual-link 2.2.2.2 area 1.

  • Page 75: Ospf-Router

    OSPF 7.1 OSPF-Topology 7.1.5 OSPF-Router OSPF distinguishes between the following router types: Interner Router: Alle OSPF-Interfaces eines internen Routers liegen in der selben Area. Area Border Router (ABR): ABRs have OSPF interfaces in a number of areas, including the back- bone area.
  • Page 76 OSPF 7.1 OSPF-Topology OSPF unterscheidet folgende LSA-Typen: Router LSAs (type 1 LSAs): Every router sends a router LSA to all its connected areas. They describe the state and the costs of the router links (router interfaces) that the router has in the corresponding area. Router LSAs are only flooded within the area.

  • Page 77: General Operation Of Ospf

    OSPF 7.2 General Operation of OSPF 7.2 General Operation of OSPF OSPF was specially tailored to the needs of larger networks and provides a fast convergence and minimum usage of protocol messages. The concept of OSPF is based on the creation, maintenance and distribution of what is called the link state database.

  • Page 78: Setting Up The Neighbor Relationship

    OSPF 7.3 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship 7.3 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship When a router is started, it uses what are called hello packets to contact its neighboring routers. With these hello packets, an OSPF router finds out which OSPF routers are near it and whether they are suitable for setting up a neighbor relationship (adjacency).
  • Page 79 OSPF 7.3 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship To exchange information, OSPF uses reserved multicast addresses. Destination Multicast IP Mapped multicast MAC address address All OSPF routers 224.0.0.5 01:00:5E:00:00:05 Designated routers 224.0.0.6: OSPF 01:00:5E:00:00:06 Table 9: OSPF - multicast addresses Hello packets are also used to check the configuration within an area (area ID, timer values, priorities) and to monitor the neighbor relationships.
  • Page 80 OSPF 7.3 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship The neighbor relationships can have the following states: Down No hello packets received yet Init Receiving hello packets 2-way Bidirectional communication, determination of the DR and the Exstart Determination of master/slave for LSA exchange Exchange LSAs are exchanged or flooded Loading...

  • Page 81: Synchronization Of The Lsd

    OSPF 7.4 Synchronization of the LSD 7.4 Synchronization of the LSD The central part of the OSPF is the Link State Database (LSD). This data- base contains a description of the network and the states of all the routers. It is the source for calculating the routing table. It reflects the topology of the network.
  • Page 82 OSPF 7.4 Synchronization of the LSD Router Link States (Area 0.0.0.0) Link Id Adv Router Sequence Chksm Options Rtr Opt --------------- --------------- ----- -------- ------ ------- ----- 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 80000007 0x5380 -E---- ---E- 192.169.1.1 192.169.1.1 80000007 0xbf0e -E---- ---E- Network Link States (Area 0.0.0.0) Link Id Adv Router Sequence Chksm Options Rtr Opt...

  • Page 83: Routenberechnung

    OSPF 7.5 Routenberechnung 7.5 Routenberechnung After the LSDs are learned and the neighbor relationships go to the full state, every router calculates a path to every destination using the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm. After the optimal path to every destination has been determined, these routes are entered in the routing table.

  • Page 84: Configuring Ospf

    OSPF 7.6 Configuring OSPF 7.6 Configuring OSPF In the state on delivery, the default values are selected so that you can configure simple OSPF functions in just a few steps. After the router interface is defined and OSPF is switched on, OSPF automatically enters the required routes in the routing table.
  • Page 85 OSPF 7.6 Configuring OSPF Configuration for Router B Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode. enable Switch to the Configuration mode. configure Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2/2 interface 2.2. Assign the IP parameters to the port. ip address 10.0.3.1 255.255.255.0 Switch on the router function at this port.
  • Page 86 OSPF 7.6 Configuring OSPF Router ID........10.0.2.2 OSPF Admin Mode........ Enable ASBR Mode........Enable RFC 1583 Compatibility......Enable ABR Status........Disable Exit Overflow Interval......0 External LSA Count......0 External LSA Checksum......0 New LSAs Originated......0 LSAs Received........0 External LSDB Limit......
  • Page 87 OSPF 7.6 Configuring OSPF Router ID IP Address Neighbor Interface State ---------------- ----------- ------------------- --------- 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.1 Full Verify the routing table: show ip route Total Number of Routes......3 Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Intf IP Address --------------- --------------- ------------ ------ ------------- 10.0.1.0...
  • Page 88 OSPF 7.6 Configuring OSPF Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 89: Protocol-Based Vlans

    Protocol-based VLANs 8 Protocol-based VLANs Along with port-based VLANs based on IEEE 802.1Q, the Switch also supports protocol-based VLANs based on IEEE 802.1v. With port-based VLANs, the Switch uses the port VLAN ID of the receiving port to determine which VLAN a data packet belongs to if it is received with- out a VLAN tag.
  • Page 90 Protocol-based VLANs In the example (see fig. 31), PC2 and Se1 communicate via IP. These data packets are routed. The devices Ro1, Ro2 and PC1 communicate via other Ethernet-based protocols. These data packets are switched in VLAN 2. Thus all IP data packets remain in their subnetworks, apart from the IP data packets that are meant for a different subnetwork.

  • Page 91: General Configuration

    Protocol-based VLANs 8.1 General Configuration 8.1 General Configuration Create a VLAN protocol group for each subnetwork. Assign the protocols to the VLAN protocol group for each subnetwork. Create the VLANs. Switch on the VLAN routing in the VLANs affected and thus create the virtual router interfaces.

  • Page 92: Konfiguration Des Beispiels

    Protocol-based VLANs 8.2 Konfiguration des Beispiels 8.2 Konfiguration des Beispiels Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode. enable Switch to the Configuration mode. configure Create VLAN protocol group 1 for alpha subnet. vlan protocol group alpha Create VLAN protocol group 2 for beta subnet. vlan protocol group beta Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode.
  • Page 93 Protocol-based VLANs 8.2 Konfiguration des Beispiels Assign VLAN protocol group 2 to VLAN 4. protocol group 2 4 Switch to the Priviledged EXEC mode. exit Display the protocols and VLANs assigned to the show protocol all VLAN protocol groups. Group Group Name Protocol(s) VLAN...
  • Page 94 Protocol-based VLANs 8.2 Konfiguration des Beispiels Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2/3 interface 2.3. vlan participation exclude 1 Port 2.3 aus VLAN 1 herausnehmen. vlan participation include 2 Port 2.3 zum Mitglied von VLAN 2 erklären. Set the port VLAN-ID to 2, which means that data vlan pvid 2 packets that are received without a tag at that port are assigned to VLAN 2 by the Switch.

  • Page 95: Multicast Routing

    Multicast Routing 9 Multicast Routing Multicast data streams are data packets that a sender sends to multiple recipients. To reduce the network load, the sender uses a Multicast address. He thus sends each packet only once to the Multicast address instead of sending it to each recipient individually.
  • Page 96 Multicast Routing To the use of Multicast routing pertains: Defined Multicast addresses A protocol for Multicast group registration that organizes the exchange of information by means of Multicast data streams (e.g. IGMP). This information relates to the reporting that network participants wish to receive Multicast data streams and querying this wish by means of intermediate devices.

  • Page 97: Multicast Addresses

    Multicast Routing 9.1 Multicast Addresses 9.1 Multicast Addresses 9.1.1 IP Multicast Addresses The IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) defines the IP addresses of the class D IP address space as Multicast addresses. IP Multicast addresses are in the range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. IP address range Assignment 224.0.0.0...
  • Page 98 Multicast Routing 9.1 Multicast Addresses The administratively scoped IP v4 Multicast area is subdivided further by the IANA: IP address range Assignment 239.000.000.000 - 239.191.255.255 Reserved [IANA] 239.192.000.000 - 239.251.255.255 Organization-local scope [Meyer, RFC2365] 239.252.000.000 - 239.254.255.255 Site-local scope (reserved) [Meyer, RFC2365] 239.255.000.000 - 239.255.255.255 Site-local scope [Meyer, RFC2365] Table 11: Assignment of the administratively scoped IP v4 Multicast area Letztendlich bleiben für den Administrator einer Organisation folgende Multi-...

  • Page 99: Mac Multicast Addresses

    Multicast Routing 9.1 Multicast Addresses 9.1.2 MAC Multicast Addresses The IEEE calls the 48-bit MAC address an “Extended Unique Identifier”. It is the unique identifier of a device. The first 24 bits of the MAC address (Organizationally Unique Identifier, OUI) is assigned by the IEEE to the manufacturer.

  • Page 100: Mapping Ip Mac Multicast Addresses

    Multicast Routing 9.1 Multicast Addresses 9.1.3 Mapping IP MAC Multicast Addresses When IP data packets are sent via Ethernet, the IP address is assigned to a MAC address, and therefore IP Multicast addresses are also mapped onto MAC Multicast addresses. The 23 lower-value bits of the 32-bit IP Multicast address make up the 23 lower-value bits of the 48-bit MAC Multicast address.

  • Page 101: Multicast Group Registration

    Multicast Routing 9.2 Multicast Group Registration 9.2 Multicast Group Registration The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) describes the distribution of Multicast information between routers and terminal devices on Layer 3. Routers with an active IGMP function periodically send queries to find out which IP Multicast group members are connected to the LAN, or to find out who is interested in becoming a group member.
  • Page 102 Multicast Routing 9.2 Multicast Group Registration IGMP version 3 provides more security with the Source Filtering option. Multicast recipients can define the sources from which they want to receive Multicast data streams. The router blocks Multicast data streams with other source addresses.

  • Page 103: Pim-Dm/Dvmrp

    Multicast Routing 9.3 PIM-DM/DVMRP 9.3 PIM-DM/DVMRP PIM-DM (Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode) is a routing protocol that uses the available Unicast routing table of other protocols to steer Multi- cast data streams. This ability, and the fast convergence it enables, is the reason why PIM-DM is now very widely-used.
  • Page 104 Multicast Routing 9.3 PIM-DM/DVMRP In the first step for setting up the Multicast routes, a PIM-DM/DVMRP router floods Multicast data streams to all ports, with the exception of the receiving port (= flooding). IP: 10.0.3.0/24 IP: 10.0.4.0/24 IP: 10.0.5.0/24 Multicast IP: 10.0.1.0/24 IP: 10.0.2.0/24 Figure 34: Multicast Flooding...
  • Page 105 Multicast Routing 9.3 PIM-DM/DVMRP Routers that are not interested in the Multicast data stream send what are known as prune messages so that they will not be sent any Multicast data streams from this source in the future. The routers send the prune messages back in the direction from which they received the Multicast data streams (upstream).
  • Page 106 Multicast Routing 9.3 PIM-DM/DVMRP A participant who has left the Multicast data stream can return to the Multicast data stream again. This procedure is known as Grafting. Grafting enables the participant to receive Multicast data streams again before the hold time has elapsed. IP: 10.0.3.0/24 IP: 10.0.4.0/24 IP: 10.0.5.0/24...

  • Page 107: Scoping

    Multicast Routing 9.4 Scoping 9.4 Scoping In the Multicast transmission, the protocol provides two options for limiting the expansion of the Multicast data stream: Multicast Address Scoping / Boundary In the Multicast Address Scoping, the administrator assigns a Multicast IP address range to a router interface (see table 11).

  • Page 108: Multicast Configuration

    Multicast Routing 9.5 Multicast Configuration 9.5 Multicast Configuration Select the Multicast protocol that suits your application best. As the Multicast routing protocols use different methods for the Multicast transmission, the router prevents you from using more than one Multicast routing protocol at the same time. When one Multicast routing protocol is activated, the router deactivates any other active Multicast routing protocol.
  • Page 109 Multicast Routing 9.5 Multicast Configuration IP: 10.0.3.2/24 IP: 10.0.4.2/24 GW: 10.0.3.1 GW: 10.0.4.1 Interface: 2.2 Interface: 2.1 IP: 10.0.3.1/24 IP: 10.0.4.1/24 Interface: 1.3 Interface: 1.2 IP: 10.0.10.2/24 IP: 10.0.11.1/24 IP: 10.0.1.2/24 GW: 10.0.1.1 Interface: 1.2 Interface: 1.4 Interface: 1.2 IP: 10.0.11.2/24 IP: 10.0.1.1/24 IP: 10.0.10.1/24 Interface: 1.3...
  • Page 110 Multicast Routing 9.5 Multicast Configuration Globally activate IGMP using the example of router A (see fig. 37): Activate IGMP at port. ip igmp Globally activate Multicast using the example of router A (see fig. 37): Select the Multicast routing protocol in the ip pimdm configuration mode.
  • Page 111 Multicast Routing 9.5 Multicast Configuration #show ip igmp IGMP Admin Mode........ Enable IGMP INTERFACE STATUS Interface Interface Mode Protocol State --------- --------------- --------------- Enable Operational Enable Operational Enable Operational Enable Operational #show ip igmp interface 2/1 Slot/Port........2/1 IGMP Admin Mode........ Enable Interface Mode.........

  • Page 112: Example With Layer 2 Redundancy (Hiper-Ring)

    Multicast Routing 9.5 Multicast Configuration 9.5.2 Example with Layer 2 redundancy (HIPER-Ring) VLAN 1 is assigned to the HIPER-Ring. Assign other VLAN IDs to the connected VLANs and leave the HIPER- Ring on its own in VLAN 1. You thus enable the transmission of the Multicast data streams on Layer 3.

  • Page 113: Tips For The Configuration

    Multicast Routing 9.5 Multicast Configuration 9.5.3 Tips for the configuration Selection of the PIM-DM Multicast routing protocol You select PIM-DM if your application requires fast switching times and is able to tolerate any packet duplications during the switching time. You set fast switching times by reducing the “Hello Time”.
  • Page 114 Multicast Routing 9.5 Multicast Configuration With PIM-DM, if you reduce the Hello Time, a router can detect more quickly when a downstream router becomes inactive or active again. Set the PIM-DM Query Intervall (Hello Time) ip pimdm query-interval 1 In this example: 1 second, Default setting: 30 seconds With PIM-DM, using a default route that has been entered can reduce the switching time.

  • Page 115: A Appendix

    Appendix A Appendix Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 116: Abbreviations Used

    Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol Extended Unique Identifier Forwarding Database GARP General Attribute Registration Protocol GMRP GARP Multicast Registration Protocol HiVRRP Hirschmann Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol http Hypertext Transfer Protocol IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol IGMP...
  • Page 117 Appendix A.1 Abbreviations used Redundancy Manager Rail Switch RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol Routing Information Protocol Reverse Path Forwarding Small Form-factor Pluggable SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol Shortest Path Tree Transfer Control Protocol tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol Twisted Pair Time-to-live User Datagram Protocol...

  • Page 118: Based Specifications And Standards

    Appendix A.2 Based specifications and standards A.2 Based specifications and standards IEEE 802.1AB Topologie Discovery (LLDP) IEEE 802.1 D Switching, GARP, GMRP, Spanning Tree (Supported via 802.1S implementation) IEEE 802.1 D-1998 Media access control (MAC) bridges(includes IEEE 802.1p Priority and Dynamic Multicast Filtering, GARP, GMRP) IEEE 802.1 Q-1998 Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks (VLAN Tagging, Port Based VLANs,...

  • Page 119: List Of Rfcs

    Appendix A.3 List of RFCs A.3 List of RFCs RFC 768 (UDP) RFC 783 (TFTP) RFC 791 (IP) RFC 792 (ICMP) RFC 793 (TCP) RFC 826 (ARP) RFC 854 (Telnet) RFC 855 (Telnet Option) RFC 951 (BOOTP) RFC 1112 (Host Extensions for IP Multicasting) RFC 1155 (SMIv1) RFC 1157 (SNMPv1) RFC 1212 (Concise MIB Definitions)
  • Page 120 Appendix A.3 List of RFCs RFC 2572 (Message Processing and Dispatching for SNMP) RFC 2573 (SNMP v3 Applications) RFC 2574 (User Based Security Model for SNMP v3) RFC 2575 (View Based Access Control Model for SNMP) RFC 2576 (Coexistence between SNMP v1,v2 & v3) RFC 2578 (SMI v2) RFC 2579 (Textual Conventions for SMI v2) RFC 2580 (Conformance statements for SMI v2)
  • Page 121 Appendix A.3 List of RFCs RFC 2082 RIP-2 MD5 Authentication RFC 2131 DHCP Relay RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 RFC 2453 RIP v2 RFC 2787 VRRP MIB RFC 2863 The Interfaces Group MIB RFC 2932 IPv4 Multicast Routing MIB RFC 2934 PIM MIB for IPv4 RFC 3046 DHCP/BootP Relay RFC 3101 The OSPF "Not So Stubby Area"...

  • Page 122: Technical Data - Software

    Appendix A.4 Technical Data - Software A.4 Technical Data - Software Router ARP entries up to 2 k Routing entries up to 4 k (1.5 k for MACH 4002 24G/48G) Number of VLAN interfaces up to 128 Static routes Static ARP entries Multicast routes Number of tracking objects Routing L3P...

  • Page 123: Entering The Ip Parameters

    Appendix A.5 Entering the IP Parameters A.5 Entering the IP Parameters see OSPF Area 0 see “Port-based Router-Interface” see “VLAN-based Router-Interface” SN 11 SN 10 VLAN ID 2 HIPER-Ring SN 12 VRRP SN 13 see “VRRP” SN 14 Figure 39: Network plan Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...
  • Page 124 Appendix A.5 Entering the IP Parameters To configure the layer 3 function, you require access to the management of the Switch, as described in the “Basic Configuration” user manual. Depending on your own application, you will find many options for assigning IP addresses to the devices.
  • Page 125 Appendix A.5 Entering the IP Parameters IP = 10.0.200.11/24 IP = 10.0.100.10/24 IP = 10.0.11.11/24 Area 0 => 10.0.10.10/24 GW: 10.0.11.1 GW: 10.0.100.1 => 10.0.10.1 IP = 10.0.10.11/24 IP = 10.0.11.12/24 GW: 10.0.10.1 GW: 10.0.11.1 Management-IP= 10.0.100.101 SN 10 10.0.10.0 SN 11 10.0.11.0 IP = 10.0.10.13/24...

  • Page 126: Router Interface

    Appendix A.5 Entering the IP Parameters Give all the layer 2 and layer 3 switches their IP parameters in accordance with the network plan. You can access the devices in subnets 10 to 14 again when you have completed the following router configuration. Configure the router function for the layer 3 switches.
  • Page 127 Appendix A.5 Entering the IP Parameters Configure the router function for layer 3 switch A. You first configure the router interface at a port to which the configuration computer is connected. The result of this is that in future you will access the layer 3 switch via subnet 10.

  • Page 128: Copyright Of Integrated Software

    Appendix A.6 Copyright of integrated software A.6 Copyright of integrated software A.6.1 Bouncy Castle Crypto APIs (Java) The Legion Of The Bouncy Castle Copyright (c) 2000 The Legion Of The Bouncy Castle (http://www.bouncycastle.org) Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies...

  • Page 129: Lvl7 Systems, Inc

    Appendix A.6 Copyright of integrated software A.6.2 LVL7 Systems, Inc. (c) Copyright 1999-2006 LVL7 Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...
  • Page 130 Appendix A.6 Copyright of integrated software Routing L3P Release 4.0 11/07...

  • Page 131: B Reader´s Comments

    Reader´s comments B Reader´s comments What is your opinion of this manual? We are always striving to provide as comprehensive a description of our product as possible, as well as important information that will ensure trouble-free operation. Your comments and sug- gestions help us to further improve the quality of our documentation.
  • Page 132 Zip code / City: Date / Signature: Dear User, Please fill out and return this page by fax to the number +49 (0)7127/14-1798 or by mail to Hirschmann Automation and Control GmbH Department AMM Stuttgarter Str. 45-51 72654 NeckartenzlingenGermany Germany Routing L3P...

  • Page 133: C Stichwortverzeichnis

    Stichwortverzeichnis C Stichwortverzeichnis 70, 75 Hello Address Resolution Protocol HIPER-Ring Adjacency HiVision Advertisement Hop count 57, 62 Advertisement interval Aging time Area Border Router 70, 75 IANA 16, 18, 36 IGMP ARP data packet IGMP Querier Interval ASBR 70, 75 Implicit Join Assert process Importance...
  • Page 134 Stichwortverzeichnis OSI layer model OSI reference model Technical questions OSPF 12, 58, 67 Time To Live Totally Stubby Area Training courses Packet duplication PIM-DM Port-based router Interface Upstream port-based router interface Preference PROFINET Variable Length Subnet Mask Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode Virtual link Virtual MAC address Protocol-based VLAN...

  • Page 135: D Further Support

    Further support D Further support Technical questions and training courses In the event of technical queries, please talk to the Hirschmann contract partner responsible for looking after your account or directly to the Hirschmann office. You can find the addresses of our contract partners on the Internet: www.hirschmann-ac.com.

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