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Audi 100 1991 Repair Manual

Vehicle air conditioning systems
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Service
Repair Manual
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ ,
Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ ,
Audi A3 1997 ➤ , Audi A3 2004 ➤ ,
Audi A4 1995 ➤ , Audi A4 2001 ➤ ,
Audi A4 2008 ➤ ,
Audi A4 Cabriolet 2003 ➤ ,
Audi A5 Cabriolet 2009 ➤ ,
Audi A5 Coupé 2008 ➤ ,
Audi A5 Sportback 2010 ➤ ,
Audi A6 1995 ➤ , Audi A6 1998 ➤ ,
Protected by copyright. Copying for private or commercial purposes, in part or in whole, is not
Audi A6 2005 ➤ , Audi A6 2011 ➤ ,
permitted unless authorised by AUDI AG. AUDI AG does not guarantee or accept any liability
with respect to the correctness of information in this document. Copyright by AUDI AG.
Audi A7 Sportback 2011 ➤ ,
Audi A8 1994 ➤ , Audi A8 2003 ➤ ,
Audi A8 2010 ➤ , Audi Cabriolet 1991 ➤ ,
Audi Q5 2008 ➤ , Audi Q7 2007 ➤ ,
Audi R8 2007 ➤ , Audi TT 1999 ➤ ,
Audi TT 2007 ➤
Refrigerant R134a Servicing
Edition 01.2011
Service Department. Technical Information

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Summary of Contents for Audi 100 1991

  • Page 1 Protected by copyright. Copying for private or commercial purposes, in part or in whole, is not Audi A6 2005 ➤ , Audi A6 2011 ➤ , permitted unless authorised by AUDI AG. AUDI AG does not guarantee or accept any liability with respect to the correctness of information in this document. Copyright by AUDI AG.
  • Page 2 Protected by copyright. Copying for private or commercial purposes, in part or in whole, is not permitted unless authorised by AUDI AG. AUDI AG does not guarantee or accept any liability with respect to the correctness of information in this document. Copyright by AUDI AG.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Contents 00 - General, Technical Data ..........
  • Page 4 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Protected by copyright. Copying for private or commercial purposes, in part or in whole, is not permitted unless authorised by AUDI AG.

  • Page 5: General, Technical Data

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 00 – General, Technical Data General Information ⇒ “1.1 A/C System“, page 1 ⇒...
  • Page 6 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Conversion programs are available for old existing systems filled with the ozone-depleting substance R12. Refer to Repair manual for air conditioners with refrigerant R12 (this repair manual is only available in hard copy).
  • Page 7 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Different trade names may be used in other countries. ♦ Of the wide range of refrigerants available, this is the only one ♦...
  • Page 8 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Combustibility Refrigerant is non-flammable. It actually has a fire-resistant or fire extinguishing effect. Refrigerant decomposes when exposed to flames or red-hot surfaces.
  • Page 9 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Temperature in °C Pressure in Bar (Positive Pres‐ sure) of R134a -0.61 -0.49...
  • Page 10 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Protective Eyewear Put on protective goggles. They prevent refrigerant getting into the eyes, as this could cause severe injury from exposure to cold.

  • Page 11: Refrigerant Oil

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1.1.5 Refrigerant Oil Caution ♦ Handling refrigerant oil, refer to Audi ServiceNet, HSO Environment (or Volkswagen ServiceNet, Handbooks, Service Handbook;...

  • Page 12: Safety Precautions

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Refrigerant oil, because of its chemical properties, must not ♦ be disposed of with engine oils or transmission oils. Disposing...
  • Page 13 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Corrective action – Vessels must never be completely filled with liquid refrigerant.
  • Page 14 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 To protect the valves, cylinders are only to be transported with protective cap screwed on.
  • Page 15 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 • The refrigerant oils specifically developed for R134a and R12 refrigerant circuits are never to be mixed.

  • Page 16: Laws And Regulations

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Laws and Regulations ⇒ “1.2.1 Laws and Regulations“, page 12 ⇒ “1.2.2 Charging Systems Not Requiring a Permit“, page 15 ⇒...
  • Page 17 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 ♦ Distributors of the substances and preparations discussed above are obligated to accept these items back after use or to ensure they are accepted by a third party of their choosing.
  • Page 18 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 • The use of fire-extinguishing and protective equipment. • Operation and maintenance of the charging system on the ba‐...
  • Page 19 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 weight indicated on the vessel is not exceeded. To determine possible overfilling, the filled containers are to be checked gravimetrically on a calibrated scale or –...
  • Page 20 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Some service units are charging systems not requiring a permit. When working with such equipment, the refrigerant is not trans‐...
  • Page 21 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1.2.4 Refrigerant Circuit, Converting R12 to R134a and Servicing Note For environmental reasons and on account of the correspond‐...

  • Page 22: A/C System Principles

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 A/C System Principles ⇒ “1.3.1 Physical Principles“, page 18 ⇒ “1.3.2 Pressure and Boiling Point“, page 18 ⇒...
  • Page 23 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Water boils at a lower temperature the lower the pressure. The vapor pressure curves for water and refrigerant R134a show that, at constant pressure, reducing the temperature changes va‐...
  • Page 24 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1.3.4 A/C System Operation The temperature in the passenger compartment depends on the amount of heat radiated through the windows and conducted by the metal parts of the body.

  • Page 25: Refrigerant Circuit And Components

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Refrigerant Circuit and Components ⇒ “1.4.1 Refrigerant Circuit Precautions“, page 21 ⇒ “1.4.2 Component Replacement“, page 22 ⇒...

  • Page 26: Component Replacement

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 • Make exclusive use of tools and materials intended for refrig‐ erant R134a.
  • Page 27 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note As parts are sometimes stored for lengthy periods and at dif‐...

  • Page 28: Connections For Quick-Release Coupling On Refriger- Ant Circuit

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 pressor, Accumulator or Receiver - Circuit Contains Refriger‐ ant“, page 193 ♦ Compressor, replacing without the need for flushing refriger‐...
  • Page 29 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1.4.5 Quick-Release Connections on Refrig‐ erant Lines WARNING The quick acting coupling connectors may be unlocked and opened only if the refrigerant circuit is empty.

  • Page 30: Refrigerant Circuit Connections With Valve For Switches

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note ♦ There are different quick-release coupling versions -A- and ♦ -D-. The refrigerant lines -C- can unlocked and removed, for example, using the release tool -T40149/1- in the same man‐...

  • Page 31: Refrigerant Circuit, Converting R12 To R134A

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1.4.8 Refrigerant Circuit Pressures and Tem‐ peratures Caution ♦ When performing work on refrigerant circuit, observe all generally applicable safety precautions and pressure ves‐...

  • Page 32: Refrigerant Circuit, Flushing

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Moisture or dirt has gotten into the refrigerant circuit, for ex‐...

  • Page 33: Refrigerant Circuit Flushing With Compressed Air And Nitrogen

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 refrigerant oil still inside the removed A/C compressor ⇒ “5 Removal and Installation“, page 191 and fill with new refrigerant oil.
  • Page 34 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note For the most part, blowing through the refrigerant circuit with ♦...
  • Page 35 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note the following points to prevent oil and moisture from entering the refrigerant circuit from the compressed air system.

  • Page 36: Refrigerant Circuit Flushing With Refrigerant R134A

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1.4.13 Refrigerant Circuit Flushing With Refrig‐ erant R134a Caution ♦ If it is suspected that chemicals were added to the refrig‐...
  • Page 37 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Tools Required ♦ A/C service station with flushing device (on these A/C service stations, the auxiliary function “flush refrigerant circuit“...
  • Page 38 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Refer to ⇒ “2.1.2 Adapter for Assembling Flushing Circuit“, page 42 , ⇒ Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning; Rep.
  • Page 39 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Before drilling open, remove the regulating element and drill ♦ open the expansion valve using a suitable drill (drill bit diam‐...
  • Page 40 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Components are always flushed in the opposite direction of ♦ refrigerant flow when A/C system is in operation. Refer to ⇒...
  • Page 41 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Perform flushing procedure according to operating instruc‐ ♦ tions of the A/C service station.
  • Page 42 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – After the flushing procedure has ended, check the viewing glass(es) of refrigerant circuit flushing device, if they are soiled, clean them if necessary according to operating instruc‐...

  • Page 43: Refrigerant Circuit, Repairing

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1.4.14 Refrigerant Circuit, Repairing The purpose of this Repair Manual is to provide foremen and me‐...
  • Page 44 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Protected by copyright. Copying for private or commercial purposes, in part or in whole, is not permitted unless authorised by AUDI AG.

  • Page 45: Description And Operation

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Description and Operation ⇒ “2.1 Refrigerant Circuit“, page 41 ⇒ “2.2 Switches and Sensors on Refrigerant Circuit and Connec‐...
  • Page 46 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 All A/C compressors The A/C compressor extracts the refrigerant gas from the evap‐...
  • Page 47 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 ♦ Depending on the version of the compressor and time period of production, different connection and sealing techniques can be found for the refrigerant circuit.
  • Page 48 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Block connection with radially sealed connection -A- (with plastic or metal guide -B-) –...
  • Page 49 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Audi A3 and Audi TT Vehicle Required Adapt‐ Adapters Necessary Other ers For The Con‐...
  • Page 50 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Audi 80 , Audi 90, Audi Coupe, Audi Cabriolet and Audi A4 Vehicle Required Adapt‐...
  • Page 51 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle Required Adapt‐ Adapters Necessary Other ers For The Con‐ For The Connections...
  • Page 52 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The reservoir on the Audi A4 (8K_) from MY 2008 has different ♦...
  • Page 53 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note There are different versions of the reservoir on these vehicles ♦...
  • Page 54 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Audi 100, Audi A6 (4A_, 4B_ und 4F_), Audi Allroad and Audi V8 Vehicle Required Adapt‐...
  • Page 55 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Audi A6 (4G_), Audi A7 (4G_) Vehicle Required Adapt‐ Required Adapters For Other ers For The Con‐...
  • Page 56 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Audi A8 Vehicle Required Adapt‐ Adapters Necessary Other ers For The Con‐...
  • Page 57 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle Required Adapt‐ Adapters Necessary Other ers For The Con‐ For The Connections...
  • Page 58 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Drill an additional hole in the Adapters -VAS 6338/5- and -VAS 6338/11- .
  • Page 59 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Sand off or file off the Adapter -VAS 6338/3- near -A- without bending the refrigerant pipe (dimensions are in mm).
  • Page 60 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Audi Q7 Vehicle Required Adapt‐ Required Adapters For Other ers For The Con‐...
  • Page 61 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle Required Adapt‐ Required Adapters For Other ers For The Con‐ Connections To Fluid...
  • Page 62 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The A/C compressor can only be removed when the engine is ♦...

  • Page 63: Ball Valve

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.1.5 Connections with Primary Sealing Valve (Ball Valve) WARNING Before unscrewing connection, connect service station and extract refrigerant.
  • Page 64 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Connection With Low-Pressure Valve Socket with an external thread and groove for the O-ring (soldered in).
  • Page 65 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.1.7 Expansion Valve The expansion valve atomizes the streaming refrigerant and con‐...
  • Page 66 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.1.8 Fluid Reservoir The receiver collects the fluid drops and then directs them in an uninterrupted stream to the expansion valve.
  • Page 67 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.1.9 Flushing Circuit Block Diagrams Note The arrows in the following illustrations show the direction of ♦...
  • Page 68 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1 - A/C Service Station ❑ With electronics and a flushing program, e.g.
  • Page 69 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 10 - Evaporator 11 - Component Location Of Restrictor ❑ Restrictor is removed.
  • Page 70 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1 - A/C Service Station ❑ With electronics and a flushing program, A/C service station with flushing device .
  • Page 71 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 10 - Condenser ❑ If a fluid reservoir with dryer cartridge is installed at the condenser, the dryer cartridge must be removed (reseal fluid reservoir at or in condenser).

  • Page 72: Pressure Relief Valve

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.1.10 O-Ring Seals These rings seal off the connection points between individual components of the refrigerant circuit.
  • Page 73 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 ♦ A/C compressor, refer to ⇒ “2.1.1 A/C Compressor“, page 41 ♦ Condenser, refer to ⇒...
  • Page 74 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 the performance range of the A/C compressor; if the performance limits of the A/C compressor are exceeded, the pressure increases, refer ⇒...
  • Page 75 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 1 - Evaporator 2 - Expansion Valve 3 - High Pressure Switch / High Pressure Sensor ❑...
  • Page 76 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 of the A/C compressor; if the performance limits of the A/C com‐...
  • Page 77 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.1.15 Refrigerant Pipe With Inner Heat Ex‐ changer In this refrigerant pipe, the flowing fluid warm refrigerant on the high pressure side is delivered into the low pressure side as flow‐...

  • Page 78: Switches And Sensors On Refrigerant Circuit And Connections

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.1.17 Restrictor The restrictor creates a constriction. This restriction reduces the flow and creates high and low pressure sides in the refrigerant circuit.
  • Page 79 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.2.2 A/C Compressor Speed Sensor -G111- Inductive sensor The sensor pulses (4 per compressor revolution) and the engine speed enable the Front A/C display control head -E87- or the Cli‐...
  • Page 80 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.2.4 A/C Pressure/Temperature Sensor - G395- The A/C pressure/temperature sensor is installed instead of the High pressure sensor -G65- .
  • Page 81 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.2.7 A/C Refrigerant Low Pressure Switch - F73- Function Switches off A/C compressor when there is excessive pressure in the refrigerant circuit (approximately 2 bar).

  • Page 82: Electrical Components Not On Refrigerant Circuit

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.2.9 Refrigerant Temperature Sensor - G454- The Refrigerant Temperature Sensor (with temperature-depend‐...

  • Page 83: A/C Service Station

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 A/C Service Station ⇒ “2.4.1 A/C System, Operating after Charging“, page 79 ⇒...

  • Page 84: Using Service Station

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Operating an A/C system with an A/C compressor mechanically driven – Start engine with compressor switched off (version with A/C clutch).
  • Page 85 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The chemical materials (stop leak additive) for sealing leaks ♦ in the refrigerant circuit offered on the market are not approved by Audi AG.
  • Page 86 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 ♦ It will be necessary to replace any refrigerant circuit compo‐ nents that have come in contact wit the stop leak additive in order to repair the A/C system properly.

  • Page 87: Charging Refrigerant Circuit

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Commercially available service stations can be classified in 2 groups: ♦ A. Service stations which clean extracted refrigerant for use (so-called extraction and recycling stations), for example, V.A.G 1885 (currently available service stations refer to Spe‐...

  • Page 88: Connecting For Measuring And Testing, One Service Connection

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Connect service station via service connections with quick-re‐ lease coupling adapters to vehicle refrigerant circuit.

  • Page 89: Connecting For Measuring And Testing, No Service Connection

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicles with only one service connection Note Screw -V.A.G 1785/9- , -V.A.G 1785/10- or -V.A.G 1786- to re‐...

  • Page 90: Connecting With Air Conditioning Adapter Set V.a.g 1786

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Connect quick-release coupling adapter to charging hoses of service station (handwheels not screwed in/hand shut-off valve not open).

  • Page 91: Connecting With Adapter Set Vag1785/10

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 2.4.8 Connecting With Adapter Set - VAG1785/10- – Remove the cap from the connection with valve -A- (at A/C compressor).

  • Page 92: Draining Service Station

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Ventilation and Air Conditioning; Rep. Gr. 87 ; General Infor‐ mation (vehicle-specific repair manual).

  • Page 93: Evacuating Refrigerant Circuit

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Caution ♦ When filling recycling containers (compressed-gas ves‐ sels), observe applicable regulations, technical rules and laws.
  • Page 94 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note If pressure is to be measured after charging system on vehicles with a service connection on one side of the refrigerant circuit only, use valve adapter and charging hose with valve opener.
  • Page 95 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Protected by copyright. Copying for private or commercial purposes, in part or in whole, is not permitted unless authorised by AUDI AG.
  • Page 96 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note A large leak can be identified if a maximum of pressure of 15 ♦...

  • Page 97: Transferring Refrigerant To Reservoir (Charging Cylinder Or Reservoir Bottle) Of Service Station

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Add 100 grams of refrigerant to the circuit, find the location of the leak using an electronic leak detector and repair it.

  • Page 98: Specifications

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Specifications ⇒ “3.1 Charging Refrigerant“, page 94 ⇒ “3.2 Refrigerant R134a Capacities“, page 94 ⇒...
  • Page 99 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 ♦ ⇒ “3.2.11 Capacities, Audi A6 (4B_) from MY 1998 and Audi allroad (4B_) from MY 2005“, page 107...

  • Page 100: Capacities, Audi A3 (8L_) 1997 Through My 2004 And Audi Tt (8N_), From My 1999

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle Model Production Period Capacity in Grams Differing Features Of This Refrigerant Circuit Audi A2 From 06.00...
  • Page 101 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Exclusive use was made at the start of production of Sanden ♦...
  • Page 102 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Exclusive use was made at the start of production of Sanden ♦...

  • Page 103: Capacities, Audi A3 (8P_) From My 04

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 If condenser is replaced, observe flat pipe dimensions. If a con‐ denser with different dimensions is installed, the sticker -A- spec‐...

  • Page 104: Capacities, Audi Tt (8J_) From My 07

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Depending on time period of production and depending on ♦ engine, different A/C compressors are installed (these A/C...

  • Page 105: Capacities, Audi 80 (8A_/8C_), Audi Coupe (8B_) And Audi Cabriolet (8G_), From My 2002

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note At the start of production, Denso A/C compressors 6 SEU 14 ♦...
  • Page 106 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Features of the refrigerant system: • Restrictor • Reservoir • A/C compressor manufactured by Denso or Zexel / Valeo. Re‐...
  • Page 107 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Restrictors with a modified hole have been installed at the fac‐...
  • Page 108 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Different connections to pressure switch. A - Connection area on Showa condenser B - Connection area on AWG condenser 3.2.8...

  • Page 109: Capacities, Audi A4 (8K_) From My 2008, Audi A5

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Replacement restrictors with different holes are available: yel‐ ♦ low colored 1.54 mm, red colored 1.42 mm.

  • Page 110: Capacities, Audi 100 And Audi A6 (4A_), From My 98

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle model Production period Capacity in grams Differing features of this refrigerant circuit Audi A5 Cab‐...

  • Page 111: Capacities, Audi A6 (4B_) From My 1998 And Audi Allroad (4B_) From My 2005

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note If a vehicle is equipped with a yellow colored restrictor as re‐...
  • Page 112 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle model Production period Capacity in grams Differing features of this refrigerant circuit From 11.97...
  • Page 113 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle model Production period Capacity in grams Differing features of this refrigerant cir‐...
  • Page 114 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Condensers with A/C pressure switch -F129- or High Pressure ♦ Sensor -G65- are supplied for production as part number XXXXXX 401 X.
  • Page 115 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle model Production period Capacity in grams Differing features of this refrigerant circuit Audi A6 From 03.99 to 02.00...

  • Page 116: Capacities, Audi A6 (4F_), From My 05

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Condensers -A- with flat pipe dimensions -B- = 20 mm and -C- = 3.0 mm must be filled with more refrigerant than condensers -D-...

  • Page 117: Capacities, Audi V8 (4C_) From My 94

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Replacement restrictors with different holes are available: yel‐ ♦ low colored 1.54 mm, red colored 1.42 mm.

  • Page 118: Capacities, Audi A8 (4D_) From My 94

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle mod‐ Production period Capacity in grams Differing features of this refrigerant cir‐...

  • Page 119: Capacities, Audi A8 (4E_) From My 03

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Restrictors with a modified hole have been installed at the fac‐...
  • Page 120 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 • Expansion Valve • Depending on the vehicle equipment level with one or two evaporators •...

  • Page 121: Refrigerant Oils

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 tioning; Rep. Gr. 87 ; Description and Operation and Elec‐ tronic Parts Catalog (ETKA).
  • Page 122 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The oils used with refrigerant R12 are not suitable for refrig‐...

  • Page 123: Refrigerant Oil Capacities

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The allocation for the Zexel / Valeo, Sanden or Denso) A/C ♦...
  • Page 124 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 ♦ ⇒ “3.4.13 Capacities, Audi A6 (4G_) from MY 11 and Audi A7 (4G_) from MY 11“, page 133...

  • Page 125: At Start Of Production, A/C Compressors Manufactured By

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor contains the full quantity of oil ♦ intended for the refrigerant circuit. On A/C compressor re‐...

  • Page 126: Removal And Installation

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor contains the full quantity of oil ♦ intended for the refrigerant circuit. On A/C compressor re‐...

  • Page 127: Capacities, Audi A3 (8P_) From My 04

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 3.4.4 Capacities, Audi A3 (8P_) from MY 04 Note Applies to the Audi A3, Audi A3 Sportback, Audi RS3 and Audi A3 Cabriolet.

  • Page 128: Capacities, Audi Tt (8J_) From My 07

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor contains the full quantity of oil ♦ intended for the refrigerant circuit. On A/C compressor re‐...

  • Page 129: Capacities, Audi 80 (8A_/8C_), Audi Coupe (8B_) And Audi Cabriolet (8G_), From My 2002

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle Production Total quantity of oil in re‐ Quantity of refrigerant oil...
  • Page 130 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle mod‐ Production period Total quantity of oil in refrig‐ Quantity of refrigerant oil in replace‐...
  • Page 131 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Operation (vehicle-specific repair manual) and to the Elec‐ tronic Parts Catalog. Vehicle Production Total quantity of oil in re‐...
  • Page 132 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 3.4.9 Capacities, Audi A4 (8K_) from MY 2008, Audi A5 Coupe (8T_) from MY...

  • Page 133: Vehicle Mod-Production Period Total Quantity Of Oil In Refrig-Quantity Of Refrigerant Oil In Replace- El Erant Circuit In Cm 3 Ment Compressor In Cm

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor contains the full quantity of oil ♦ intended for the refrigerant circuit. On A/C compressor re‐...

  • Page 134: As Of 04.97

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor contains the full quantity of oil ♦ intended for the refrigerant circuit. On A/C compressor re‐...
  • Page 135 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor contains the full quantity of oil ♦ intended for the refrigerant circuit. On A/C compressor re‐...

  • Page 136: Vehicle Mod-Production Period Total Quantity Of Oil In Refrig-Quantity Of Refrigerant Oil In Replace- El Erant Circuit In Cm 3 Ment Compressor In Cm

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor contains the full quantity of oil ♦ intended for the refrigerant circuit. On A/C compressor re‐...
  • Page 137 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor contains the full quantity of oil ♦ intended for the refrigerant circuit. On A/C compressor re‐...
  • Page 138 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor contains the full quantity of oil ♦ intended for the refrigerant circuit. On A/C compressor re‐...
  • Page 139 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 3.4.15 Capacities, Audi A8 (4D_) from MY 94 Features of the refrigerant system: •...
  • Page 140 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle model Production Total quantity of oil in Quantity of refrigerant Differing features of this...

  • Page 141: As Of

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 • Dryer cartridge in fluid reservoir on condenser • Denso A/C compressors with an A/C compressor regulator valve -N280- , refer to ⇒...
  • Page 142 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The replacement compressor is already filled with a specific ♦ refrigerant oil quantity (currently 130 or 150 / - 10 cm , de‐...
  • Page 143 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Vehicle Pro‐ Total quanti‐ Quantity of Differing fea‐ model duction ty of oil in re‐...
  • Page 144 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 • Restrictor • Reservoir • Two condensers switched in sequence • Denso A/C compressors with an A/C compressor regulator valve -N280- , refer to ⇒...
  • Page 145 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Protected by copyright. Copying for private or commercial purposes, in part or in whole, is not permitted unless authorised by AUDI AG.

  • Page 146: Diagnosis And Testing

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Diagnosis and Testing ⇒ “4.1 Pressure Gauge, Tests and Measurements“, page 142 ⇒...

  • Page 147: Leak Detection

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note The relationship between pressure and temperature indicated on the gauges no longer applies if no liquid is present and the pres‐...
  • Page 148 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 ⇒ “4.2.2 Refrigerant Circuit, Tracing Leaks Using Electronic Leak Detector V.A.G 1796“, page 144 ♦...
  • Page 149 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 ♦ UV-absorbing safety goggles -VAS 6201/6- ♦ Sticker -VAS 6201/7- ♦ Filler tube VAS 6201/8 ♦...
  • Page 150 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 To prevent more refrigerant than is necessary for the leak test from venting into the air, proceed as follows with the refrigerant circuit completely empty –...
  • Page 151 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Add The Leak Detector Additive To The Refrigerant Circuit At An Opened Connection –...
  • Page 152 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Leak Detection Additive With Filled Refrigerant Circuit, Filling Note If leak detection fluid was filled already in a refrigerant circuit ♦...
  • Page 153 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Cover area around service connection on vehicle with foil or absorbent paper.
  • Page 154 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Remove filling device from service connection. – Remove the rest of the leak detection additive from the service connection, for example with absorbent paper.

  • Page 155: Refrigerant Circuit Concerns

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note After adding the leak detection additive, the A/C system must ♦...
  • Page 156 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 not displayed in the measured values block (only on vehicles with OBD “A/C System“). Refer to ⇒ Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning;...

  • Page 157: Pressures, Checking

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Check plenum chamber cover; it must not be damaged and must be properly installed (to stop water running into evapo‐...
  • Page 158 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Under certain operating conditions, residual moisture in refriger‐ ant circuit can lead to an ice build-up at compressor regulator valve.
  • Page 159 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 • Fault Finding did not detect any faults in the electrical system or in the vacuum system.* Refer to Vehicle Diagnosis, Testing...
  • Page 160 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 • Recirculated/fresh-air door set to “Recirculated air mode“ (within 1 minute, after starting vehicle, air-flow door is closed and recirculated-air door opened)* •...
  • Page 161 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Temperature of refrigerant circuit components should be equal ♦ to ambient temperature. Pressure will deviate from values in table if individual components of refrigerant circuit are warmer or colder.
  • Page 162 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Determine and eliminate cause, for example by checking air conditioner DTC memory.
  • Page 163 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 4.4.4 Checking Pressures For Vehicles With Restrictor and Accumulator - Internally Regulated Compressor Note Connecting service station.
  • Page 164 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Low-pressure side Decreasing from initial pressure (when connecting pressure gauges) to the value in the graph.
  • Page 165 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible Deviation From Specifica‐ Possible Cause Of Fault Corrective Action tion •...
  • Page 166 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible Deviation From Specifica‐ Possible Cause Of Fault Corrective Action tion •...
  • Page 167 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note For the malfunction “high pressure normal, low pressure too ♦ low“ With this malfunction, evaporator may ice up or the Low pressure switch -F73- turns off the A/C compressor, although quantity of refrigerant in circuit is OK.
  • Page 168 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible Deviation From Specifica‐ Possible Cause Of Fault Corrective Action tion •...
  • Page 169 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 ♦ Specified values for the refrigerant circuit pressures, refer to ⇒ “4.4.7 Specified values Vehicles With Expansion Valve and Fluid Reservoir - Internally Regulated Compressor“,...
  • Page 170 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible Devia‐ Possible Cause Of Corrective Action tion From Fault Specification •...
  • Page 171 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible Deviation From Possible Cause Of Fault Corrective Action Specification • High pressure increases ♦...
  • Page 172 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible Deviation From Possible Cause Of Fault Corrective Action Specification • High and low pressure ♦...
  • Page 173 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible Deviation From Specifi‐ Possible Cause Of Fault Corrective Action cation •...
  • Page 174 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note If air conditioner operation is not OK when test is repeated, ♦...
  • Page 175 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 4.4.8 Checking Pressures On Vehicles with Restrictor, Reservoir and A/C Compres‐ sor Regulator Valve - Externally Regu‐...
  • Page 176 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Low-pressure side Decreasing from initial pressure (when connecting pressure gauges) to the value in the graph.
  • Page 177 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note If high cooling output is needed (for example, the outside tem‐...
  • Page 178 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible deviation from Possible cause of fault Corrective action specification • High pressure remains ♦...
  • Page 179 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible deviation from spec‐ Possible cause of fault Corrective action ification ♦ Constriction or obstruction in re‐...
  • Page 180 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible deviation from spec‐ Possible cause of fault Corrective action ification •...
  • Page 181 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible deviation from spec‐ Possible cause of fault Corrective action ification •...
  • Page 182 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible deviation from spec‐ Possible cause of fault Corrective action ification •...
  • Page 183 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 The pressures with the ignition turned off meet the specifications. – Start the engine.
  • Page 184 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Low pressure Decreasing from initial pressure (when connecting pressure gauges) to the value in the graph.
  • Page 185 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note If high cooling output is needed (for example, the outside tem‐...
  • Page 186 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible deviation from speci‐ Possible cause of fault Corrective action fication •...
  • Page 187 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note If no fault is found with this complaint, clean refrigerant circuit ♦...
  • Page 188 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible devia‐ Possible cause of Corrective action tion from specifi‐ fault cation ♦...
  • Page 189 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Possible deviation from spec‐ Possible cause of fault Corrective action ification •...
  • Page 190 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note If the function of the air conditioning system is not OK when ♦...
  • Page 191 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note It is not initially necessary to clean the refrigerant circuit (flush ♦...
  • Page 192 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note For the malfunction “high pressure normal, low pressure too ♦ low“ With this malfunction, evaporator may ice up, although quantity of refrigerant in circuit is OK.
  • Page 193 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note This fault may also be caused by too much refrigerant oil in ♦...
  • Page 194 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Note Overfilling with refrigerant oil can occur if, for example, the ♦...

  • Page 195: Removal And Installation

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Removal and Installation ⇒ “5.1 Leaking or Damaged Components Except A/C Compres‐...
  • Page 196 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Remove the oil drain plug -B- / -D- from the A/C compressor -A-.*...

  • Page 197: Leaking Or Damaged Components Except A/C Compressor, Accumulator Or Receiver - Circuit Contains Refrigerant

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Leaking or Damaged Components Ex‐ cept A/C Compressor, Accumulator or Receiver - Circuit Contains Refrigerant Refrigerant circuit still contains refrigerant (for example, with mi‐...

  • Page 198: Compressor, Replacing Due To Leakage Or Internal Damage

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 erant oil equal to the amount poured out of the malfunctioning A/C compressor.

  • Page 199: Receiver Or Accumulator And Restrictor, Replacing After Cleaning Refrigerant Circuit

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 – Replace dryer cartridge, receiver or accumulator and restric‐ tor. – Examine expansion valve for dirt or corrosion; replace if nec‐...

  • Page 200: Receiver Or Accumulator, Replacing Without Flushing Refrigerant Circuit

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 with two evaporators if necessary). Refer to ⇒ “3.4 Refrigerant Oil Capacities“, page 119...

  • Page 201: Dryer Cartridge And Dryer Bag, Replacing Without Flushing Refrigerant Circuit

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Dryer Cartridge and Dryer Bag, Replac‐ ing Without Flushing Refrigerant Circuit Note...

  • Page 202: Special Tools

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Special Tools ⇒ “6.1 Commercially Available Tools and Materials“, page 198 ⇒ “6.2 Improvised Tools“, page 203 Commercially Available Tools and Ma‐...
  • Page 203 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Leak Detection System VAS 6201 Puller for A/C Clutch V.A.G 1719 (for Zexel A/C Compressor) Adapter Set For Refrigerant Circuit R134a V.A.G 1785/1-10...
  • Page 204 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Valve adapter A - 5/8"-18 UNF thread for conical seal B - Internal thread with valve opener ♦...
  • Page 205 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Fin Comb Fill Hoses 5/8"-18 UNF thread Note Use differently colored charging hoses (1800 mm long).
  • Page 206 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Pressure Gauge Set With Pressure Reducer For Nitrogen (Max‐ imum Reducing Pressure: 15 bar).

  • Page 207: Improvised Tools

    Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Overview Page Leak detection system VAS 6201 comprising: see illustration ♦ VAS6201/1 hand pump with low-pressure service hose, service con‐...
  • Page 208 Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A2 2001 ➤ , A ... Refrigerant R134a Servicing - Edition 01.2011 Charging Hose With Connection For Workshop Compressed-Air System A - Charging hose 5/8" - 18 UNF** (version with large inner di‐...
  • Page 209 All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior expressed written permission of the publisher.
  • Page 210 All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior expressed written permission of the publisher.
  • Page 211 All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior expressed written permission of the publisher.

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