SPM A2010 Instruction Manual

SPM A2010 Instruction Manual

Shock pulse analyzer
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Instruction Manual
Shock Pulse Analyzer A2010
SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden
Technical data are subject to change without notice.
Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se
© Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B

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  • Page 1 Instruction Manual Shock Pulse Analyzer A2010 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se © Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B...
  • Page 2 Data and Forms Ordering numbers. Technical data. Follow-up forms. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 3 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B...
  • Page 4: Table Of Contents

    Vibration severity measurements ............. 16 Systematic vibration monitoring ............17 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 5: Machine Condition Monitoring

    10 and TAC-10. breakdowns and unnecessary production stops. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 6: Instrument Keys And Functions

    SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 7: Shock Pulse Transducers And Accessories

    Fig. 5 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 8: Measurement Of Machine Vibration

    17). The maximum range of the display is 20 000 units. Fig. 7 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 9: Two Different Measuring Methods

    Fig. 10 destructive forces acting on the machine. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 10: Input Data For The A2010

    NORM No., a number between 10 and 58. Given the bearing’s mean diameter Dm (or the last three digits of its ISO number) and its rpm, the A2010 will calculate and display the NORM number. The A2010 also accepts a compensation number (COMP) which can be used to calibrate the readings from an inferior measuring point.
  • Page 11: Evaluated Shock Pulse Readings

    (CODE B, C) bad condition (CODE D). SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 12: Lubrication Condition

    Fig. 16 LUB No. for ball and roller bearings SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 13: The Cond Number

    The fields marked A, B, C, D correspond to the condi- tion codes. Together, they form the area in which the A2010 expects to find the HR and delta values for a given bearing. Size and shape of this area varies ac- cording to bearing type and speed.
  • Page 14: Bearing Damage

    Fig. 21 lubricant used, etc (see even page 25). SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 15: Taking Shock Pulse Readings

    Taking Shock Pulse Readings Pressing any key will start the A2010 in the last used measuring mode. The SPM/VIB key changes the mode from vibration to shock pulse monitoring. MEASURING . . The SET key allows to input or change NORM and...
  • Page 16: Systematic Bearing Monitoring

    The A2010 has the same input and output data as the portable shock pulse analyzers BEA-52 and BAS-10, and the computerized CMS System for continuous monitoring.
  • Page 17: Vibration Severity Measurements

    Fig. 27 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 18: Systematic Vibration Monitoring

    SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 19 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B...
  • Page 20 Master reset ..................33 Changing the probe tip sleeve ............33 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 21: General Functions

    Master reset key (unmarked) TAC / Ω Program version display (unmarked) Instrument On / Off The A2010 is switched on by pressing any of the five function keys. Power down is automatic approx. 30 seconds after a Fig. 1 function key has last been pressed. If the instrument...
  • Page 22: Shock Pulse Measurement

    The M key is used to leave the set mode after all data are correct. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 23: Obtaining The Basic Bearing Data

    To obtain the basic bearing data for a new measuring point, you have to work with the bearing catalogue, the TYPE No. table in figure 5, and the A2010. You also have to know the rpm of the shaft. Assume that the rpm is 360 and that you want to obtain NORM and TYPE Nos.
  • Page 24: Type Number Table

    Fig. 5 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B...
  • Page 25: Taking Shock Pulse Readings

    C = poor surface condition D = bearing damage Unnormalized Readings Lubrication number for oil film condition When the NORM No. is set to 0, the A2010 will COND Condition number for surface condition display LR and HR only (fig. 8). The condition codes LR / HR Measured shock values.
  • Page 26: Measuring Point Calibration

    (+15 and above, -10 and below). Press any key to clear the warning. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 27: Error Codes

    HR element, and therefore cause code E3. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 28: The Earphone

    Fig. 13 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 29: Shock Pulse Transducers

    Replace the dust cap on the terminal after the reading. Fig. 17 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 30: Vibration Severity Measurement

    Fig. 21 The transducer can also be fitted with a probe tip (C). SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 31: Optical Measurement Of Rotational Speed

    The last speed reading is shown on the Fig. 22 screen when the A2010 is switched on (figure 22). While the M key is held down, the A2010 counts the light pulses which are reflected back into the tacho- meter probe, either from a reflecting tape attached to the object or from the reflecting tape inside the contact adapter.
  • Page 32: Contact Measurement Of Speed

    Wait until the screen shows <10 rpm, then release the M key. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 33: Changing Dip Switch Settings

    DIP switch 5 = OFF (to the left). Fig. 28 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 34: Instrument Maintenance

    Spare sleeves have the ordering number 13108. Fig. 31 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 35 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B...
  • Page 36 Unnormalized readings on gear boxes ..........53 Evaluation flow chart ................ 54 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 37: General Remarks On System Planning

    Select measuring points In the vast majority of cases, bearing condition moni- Choose measuring equipment toring with the A2010 is a simple, fast and easy job. There are only two basic requirements for obtaining a Install measuring equipment reliable condition reading: Prepare follow-up forms •...
  • Page 38: Create Acceptable Measuring Conditions

    (you can check that with LUBMASTER), do not try to monitor the bearing. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 39: Experience Before Full Scale Monitoring

    !! Fig. 6 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 40: Measuring Intervals

    Fig. 8 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 41: Machine Units And Measuring Rounds

    Fig. 11 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 42: Selection Of Measuring Points

    Fig. 14 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 43: Measuring Points, Examples

    This point (x) can be placed halfway between points 1 and 2. Fig. 17 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 44 To get comparable readings, one must always use the same measuring point. Fig. 19 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 45: Follow-Up Form For Bearing Monitoring

    Fig. 20 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 46: Follow-Up Form, Example

    COMP ISO 2372 FUP-02 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B...
  • Page 47: Evaluation, Why And When

    Check trend. Test lubrication. Fig. 23 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 48: Verify The Reading And Locate The Source

    Gear tooth damage Fig.26 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B...
  • Page 49: Typical Shock Pulse Patterns From Rolling Bearings

    Watch the trend of the COND No. Fig. 29 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 50: Signal From A Damaged Bearing

    The burst occurs at an r.p.m. related frequency. Fig. 32 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 51: Patterns From Poorly Lubricated Bearings

    Fig. 35 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 52: Irregular Measuring Results

    SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 53: Confirming Bearing Damage

    Fig. 40 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 54: Unnormalized Readings On Gear Boxes

    Fig. 41 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 55: Evaluation Flow Chart

    • Bearing damage No or only a very low value can be obtained. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 56 • Is the machine in operation? are recorded. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 57 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B...
  • Page 58 Checking accuracy ................69 Trial weights ..................70 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 59: General Remarks On Machine Vibration

    Structural looseness Fig. 3 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1996-9. 71411.B...
  • Page 60: Measuring Vibration

    SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 61: Preparations For Systematic Monitoring

    – for example vibrating screens. ship could be considered as Class IV. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 62: Measuring Points For Vibration

    Spot-face the contact surface if necessary. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 63: Follow-Up Form For Vibration Readings

    Fig. 10 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 64 3,5 4,1 3,8 4,5 4,2 2,5 2,4 2,3 2,3 2,4 FUP-02 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 65: Definition Of Machine Classes According To Iso 2372

    SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 66: Evaluation Of Vibration Readings

    Fig. 13 assembled couplings or bent shafts. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 67: Fault Analysis Chart

    Shut down immediately and investigate. 1 step SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 68: Balancing Single-Plane Rotors With A2010

    Trial points on the rotor Fig. 17 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 69: Calculating The Correction Mass

    Fig. 20 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 70: Checking Accuracy

    Fig. 23 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 71: Trial Weights

    Figure 26 lists the mass (for steel). Fig. 26 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 72 Balancing form .................. 77 Warranty form .................. 79 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 73 FUP-02 Follow-up form for A2010, pad of 25 (mm) FUP-04 Follow-up form for A2010, pad of 25 (inch) SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 74 FUP-02 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden • Tel + 46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se © Copyright SPM 1998. FUP-02 Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 75 FUP-04 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden • Tel + 46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se © Copyright SPM 1998. FUP-04 Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se...
  • Page 76 Technical data are subject to change without notice. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden • Tel + 46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se © Copyright SPM 1998. FUP-01 SPM Instrument AB •...
  • Page 77 Technical data are subject to change without notice. SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden • Tel + 46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se © Copyright SPM 1998. FUP-03 SPM Instrument AB •...
  • Page 78 ......: ....: ......SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1998-6. 71411.B...
  • Page 79 SPM Instrument AB • Box 4 • S-645 21 Strängnäs • Sweden Technical data are subject to change without notice. Tel +46 152 22500 • Fax +46 152 15075 • info@spminstrument.se • www.spminstrument.se ISO 9001 certified. © Copyright SPM 1998-6. 71411.B...

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