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Arcteq AQ-G3 7 Series Instruction Manual

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
AQ G357 – Generator protection IED

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  • Page 1 INSTRUCTION MANUAL AQ G357 – Generator protection IED...
  • Page 2 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 2 (211 Revision 1.00 Date November 2010 Changes The first revision. Revision 1.01 Date January 2011 Changes HW construction and application drawings revised Revision 1.02 Date February 2011 Changes Directional earthfault function (67N) revised Synchrocheck chapter revised Voltage measurement module revised CPU module description added...
  • Page 3 Electrical equipment should be installed, operated, serviced, and maintained only by qualified personnel. Local safety regulations should be followed. No responsibility is assumed by Arcteq for any consequences arising out of the use of this material. We reserve right to changes without further notice.

  • Page 4: Table Of Contents

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 4 (211 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ABBREVIATIONS ......................7 2 GENERAL ......................... 8 3 SOFTWARE SETUP OF THE IED ..................9 Measurement functions ..................10 3.1.1 Current measurement and scaling .............. 10 3.1.2 Voltage measurement and scaling .............. 13 3.1.3 Measurement connection examples ............
  • Page 5 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 5 (211 Control and monitoring functions ................ 158 3.3.1 Common-function ..................159 3.3.2 Trip logic (94) .................... 162 3.3.3 Dead line detection function ..............165 3.3.4 Voltage transformer supervision (VTS) ............. 167 3.3.5 Current transformer supervision (CTS) ............. 171 3.3.6 Voltage sag and Swell (Voltage variation) ..........
  • Page 6 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 6 (211 7.4.3 Voltage measurement module ..............206 7.4.4 High speed trip module ................206 7.4.5 Binary output module ................207 7.4.6 Binary input module .................. 207 Tests and environmental conditions ..............208 7.5.1 Disturbance tests ..................

  • Page 7: Abbreviations

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 7 (211 BBREVIATIONS CB – Circuit breaker CBFP – Circuit breaker failure protection CT – Current transformer CPU – Central processing unit EMC – Electromagnetic compatibility HMI – Human machine interface HW – Hardware IED –...

  • Page 8: General

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 8 (211 ENERAL The AQ-G3x7 generator protection IED is a member of the AQ-300 product line. The AQ-300 protection product line in respect of hardware and software is a modular device. The hardware modules are assembled and configured according to the application IO requirements and the software determines the available functions.

  • Page 9: Software Setup Of The Ied

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 9 (211 OFTWARE SETUP OF THE In this chapter are presented the protection and control functions as well as the monitoring functions. The implemented protection functions are listed in the table. The function blocks are described in details in following chapters.

  • Page 10: Measurement Functions

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 10 (211 IMP21 Z< Underimpedance protection PS78 Pole slip UEX40Z_low X< Loss of field/loss of excitation UEX40Z_high VPH24 V/Hz Overexcitation/Volts per hertz BRF50MV CBFP 50BF Breaker failure protection Table 3-2 Control and monitoring functions of AQ-G357 Name ANSI Description...
  • Page 11 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 11 (211 o True RMS value; provide the pre-calculated current values to the subsequent software function • blocks, deliver the calculated Fourier basic component values for on-line displaying. • The current input function block receives the sampled current values from the internal operating system.
  • Page 12 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 12 (211 Figure 3-2 Example connection with phase currents connected into summing “Holmgren” connection into the I0 residual input. Phase current CT: Ring core CT in Input I0: CT primary 100A I0CT primary 100A CT secondary 5A I0CT secondary 5A Phase currents are connected to summing “Holmgren”...

  • Page 13: Voltage Measurement And Scaling

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 13 (211 Table 3-4 Floating point parameters of the current input function Table 3-5 Online measurements of the current input function NOTE1: The scaling of the Fourier basic component is such that if pure sinusoid 1A RMS of the rated frequency is injected, the displayed value is 1A.
  • Page 14 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 14 (211 The role of the voltage input function block is to set the required parameters associated to the voltage inputs, • deliver the sampled voltage values for disturbance recording, • perform the basic calculations •...
  • Page 15 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 15 (211 Figure 3-3 Phase to neutral connection. Connection U1-3 Ph-N Voltage: Residual voltage: Rated Primary U1-3: 11.55kV (=20kv/√3) Rated Primary U4: 11.54A Range: Type 100 If phase-to-phase voltage is connected to the VT input of the device, then the Ph-Ph option is to be selected.
  • Page 16 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 16 (211 Figure 3-4 Phase-to-phase connection. Ph-N Voltage: Residual voltage: Rated Primary U1-3: 20kV Rated Primary U4: 11.54kV Range: Type 100 (=20kv/√3) The fourth input is reserved for zero sequence voltage or for a voltage from the other side of the circuit breaker for synchron switching.
  • Page 17 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 17 (211 Table 3-6 Enumerated parameters of the voltage input function Table 3-7 Integer parameters of the voltage input function Table 3-8 Float point parameters of the voltage input function NOTE: The rated primary voltage of the channels is not needed for the voltage input function block itself.
  • Page 18 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 18 (211 Table 3-9 On-line measured analogue values of the voltage input function NOTE1: The scaling of the Fourier basic component is such if pure sinusoid 57V RMS of the rated frequency is injected, the displayed value is 57V. The displayed value does not depend on the parameter setting values “Rated Secondary”.

  • Page 19: Measurement Connection Examples

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 19 (211 3.1.3 M EASUREMENT CONNECTION EXAMPLES Figure 3-5 Connection example with current breaker open and close connection, CT and VT connection.
  • Page 20 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 20 (211 Figure 3-6 Example connection with two CT:s facing each other.
  • Page 21 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 21 (211 Figure 3-7 Connection example where the direction of the secondary sides starpoint direction has been inverted. Notice the inverted parameter Starpoint I1-3: Bus.

  • Page 22: Line Measurement

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 22 (211 3.1.4 L INE MEASUREMENT The input values of the AQ300 devices are the secondary signals of the voltage transformers and those of the current transformers. These signals are pre-processed by the “Voltage transformer input” function block and by the “Current transformer input”...
  • Page 23 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 23 (211 NOTE: the scaling values are entered as parameter setting for the “Voltage transformer input” function block and for the “Current transformer input” function block. 3.1.4.3 Measured values The measured values of the line measurement function depend on the hardware configuration.
  • Page 24 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 24 (211 Figure 3-8 Measured values in a configuration for compensated networks The available quantities are described in the configuration description documents. 3.1.4.4 Reporting the measured values and the changes For reporting, additional information is needed, which is defined in parameter setting. As an example, in a configuration for solidly grounded networks the following parameters are available:...
  • Page 25 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 25 (211 Table 3-11 The enumerated parameters of the line measurement function. The selection of the reporting mode items is explained in next chapters. 3.1.4.5 “Amplitude” mode of reporting If the “Amplitude” mode is selected for reporting, a report is generated if the measured value leaves the deadband around the previously reported value.
  • Page 26 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 26 (211 Table 3-12 The floating-point parameters of the line measurement function...
  • Page 27 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 27 (211 Figure 3-9 Reporting if “Amplitude” mode is selected 3.1.4.6 “Integral” mode of reporting If the “Integrated” mode is selected for reporting, a report is generated if the time integral of the measured value since the last report gets becomes larger, in the positive or negative direction, then the (deadband*1sec) area.
  • Page 28 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 28 (211 Figure 3-10 Reporting if “Integrated” mode is selected 3.1.4.7 Periodic reporting Periodic reporting is generated independently of the changes of the measured values when the defined time period elapses. Table 3-13 The integer parameters of the line measurement function If the reporting time period is set to 0, then no periodic reporting is performed for this quantity.

  • Page 29: Protection Functions

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 29 (211 3.2 P ROTECTION UNCTIONS 3.2.1 G G>(87G) ENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL The generator differential protection function provides main protection for generators or large motors. The application needs current transformers in all three phases both on the network side and on the neutral side.
  • Page 30 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 30 (211 Current base harm. This module calculates the basic Fourier components of the of the phase currents both for the network side and for the neutral side. The result of this calculation is needed for the differential characteristic evaluation.
  • Page 31 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 31 (211 Harmonic analysis of the phase currents The inputs are the “sampled values” of the phase currents: Currents of the network side • Currents of the neutral side • The outputs are the magnitude of the base harmonic Fourier components of these currents: The base harmonic Fourier components of the network side •...
  • Page 32 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 32 (211 Restrained differential characteristics The restrained differential characteristic is drawn in the figure below. Additionally separate status-signals are set to “true” value if the differential currents in the individual phases are above the limit, set by parameter (see “Unrestrained differential function”).
  • Page 33 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 33 (211 The function block of the generator differential function is shown in figure bellow. This block shows all binary input and output status signals that are applicable in the AQtivate 300 software. The binary input and output signals of the generator differential protection function are listed in below tables.

  • Page 34: Three-Phase Instantaneous Overcurrent I>>> (50)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 34 (211 3.2.2 T I>>> (50) HREE PHASE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT The instantaneous overcurrent protection function operates according to instantaneous characteristics, using the three sampled phase currents. The setting value is a parameter, and it can be doubled with dedicated input binary signal. The basic calculation can be based on peak value selection or on Fourier basic harmonic calculation, according to the parameter setting.
  • Page 35 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 35 (211 In the figure below. is presented the structure of the instantaneous overcurrent algorithm. Figure 12: Structure of the instantaneous overcurrent algorithm. The algorithm generates a trip command without additional time delay based on the Fourier components of the phase currents or peak values of the phase currents in case if the user set pick-up value is exceeded.

  • Page 36: Residual Instantaneous Overcurrent I0>>>(50N)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 36 (211 3.2.3 R I0>>>(50N) ESIDUAL INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT The residual instantaneous overcurrent protection function operates according to instantaneous characteristics, using the residual current (IN=3Io). The setting value is a parameter, and it can be doubled with dedicated input binary signal. The basic calculation can be based on peak value selection or on Fourier basic harmonic calculation, according to the parameter setting.

  • Page 37: Three Phase Time Overcurrent I>,I>> (50/51)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 37 (211 Figure 14: Structure of the instantaneous residual overcurrent algorithm. The algorithm generates a trip command without additional time delay based on the Fourier components of the phase currents or peak values of the phase currents in case if the user set pick-up value is exceeded.
  • Page 38 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 38 (211 currents into the setting value. Decision logic module generates the trip signal of the function. In the figure below is presented the structure of the time overcurrent algorithm. Figure 3-15 Structure of the time overcurrent algorithm. The algorithm generates a start signal based on the Fourier components of the phase currents or peak values of the phase currents in case if the user set pick-up value is exceeded.
  • Page 39 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 39 (211 Figure 3-16 Operating characteristics of the definite time overcurrent protection function. tOP (seconds) Theoretical operating time if G> GS (without additional time delay), Measured peak value or Fourier base harmonic of the phase currents Pick-up setting value IDMT operating characteristics depend on the selected curve family and curve type.
  • Page 40 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 40 (211 pick-up setting time dial setting / preset time multiplier The parameters and operating curve types follow corresponding standards presented in the table below. Table 3-16 Parameters and operating curve types for the IDMT characteristics. In following figures the characteristics of IDMT curves are presented with minimum and maximum pick-up settings in respect of the IED measuring range.
  • Page 41 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 41 (211 Figure 3-17: IEC Normally Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 42 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 42 (211 Figure 3-18: IEC Very Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 43 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 43 (211 Figure 3-19: IEC Extremely Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 44 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 44 (211 Figure 3-20: IEC Long Time Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 45 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 45 (211 Figure 3-21: ANSI/IEEE Normally Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 46 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 46 (211 Figure 3-22: ANSI/IEEE Moderately Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 47 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 47 (211 Figure 3-23: ANSI/IEEE Very Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 48 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 48 (211 Figure 3-24: ANSI/IEEE Extremely Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 49 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 49 (211 Figure 3-25: ANSI/IEEE Long Time Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 50 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 50 (211 Figure 3-26: ANSI/IEEE Long Time Very Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20.
  • Page 51 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 51 (211 Figure 3-27: ANSI/IEEE Long Time Extremely Inverse operating curves with minimum and maximum pick up settings and TMS settings from 0.05 to 20. Resetting characteristics for the function depends on the selected operating time characteristics.
  • Page 52 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 52 (211 tr(G)(seconds) Theoretical reset time with constant value of G constants characterizing the selected curve α constants characterizing the selected curve measured value of the Fourier base harmonic of the phase currents pick-up setting TMS Time dial setting / preset time multiplier The parameters and operating curve types follow corresponding standards presented in the...
  • Page 53 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 53 (211 Table 3-17: Parameters and operating curve types for the IDMT characteristics reset times.

  • Page 54: Residual Time Overcurrent I0>,I0

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 54 (211 Table 3-18: Setting parameters of the time overcurrent function Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Operating mode selection of the function. Can be disabled, DefinitTime Definite time or IDMT operation based into IEC or ANSI/IEEE IEC Inv standards.
  • Page 55 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 55 (211 Figure 3-28: Operating characteristics of the residual time overcurrent protection function. tOP (seconds) Theoretical operating time if G> GS (without additional time delay), Measured value of the Fourier base harmonic of the residual current Pick-up setting The structure of the algorithm consists of following modules.

  • Page 56: Voltage Dependent Overcurrent (51V)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 56 (211 The algorithm generates a start signal based on the Fourier components of the residual current in case if the user set pick-up value is exceeded. Trip signal is generated after the set definite time delay.
  • Page 57 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 57 (211 voltage during operation then the voltage can be applied to distinguish between faulty state and normal operating state. This is the application area of the voltage dependent overcurrent protection function. The function has two modes of operation, depending on the parameter setting: Voltage restrained •...
  • Page 58 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 58 (211 The voltage restrained characteristic is shown in figure below. Figure 3-30: Voltage restraint characteristics Voltage controlled characteristics In this case the overcurrent protection operates only if the voltage is below the “U_lowlimit” value and the current is above the “SatrtCurrent”...
  • Page 59 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 59 (211 The threshold current is the constant “StartCurrent” value. The voltage controlled characteristic is shown in figure below. Figure 3-31: Voltage controlled characteristics Definite time characteristics The threshold value set dynamically according to the voltage restrained characteristic or set to constant value according to the voltage controlled characteristic.
  • Page 60 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 60 (211 Structure of the protection algorithm Figure below describes the structure of voltage dependent overcurrent function. Figure 3-32: Structure of the voltage dependent overcurrent protection function. The inputs are The RMS value of the fundamental Fourier component of three phase currents, •...
  • Page 61 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 61 (211 Characteristics This module Calculates the current threshold value based on the Fourier components of the phase • voltages; Calculates required time delay based on the Fourier components of the phase currents; •...

  • Page 62: Three-Phase Directional Overcurrent Idir>,Idir>>(67)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 62 (211 Table 3-20 Parameters of the voltage restrained overcurrent Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Operating mode selection of the function. Default setting is On. Voltage Restrained Voltage mode selection of the function. Default setting is mode Controlled Restrained.
  • Page 63 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 63 (211 Figure 3-34: Structure of the directional overcurrent protection algorithm. Based on the measured voltages and currents the function block selects the lowest calculated loop impedance of the six loops (L1L2, L2L3, L3L1, L1N, L2N, L3N). Based on the loop voltage and loop current of the selected loop the directional decision is “Forward”...
  • Page 64 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 64 (211 Figure 3-35: Directional decision characteristics. The voltage must be above 5% of the rated voltage and the current must also be measurable. If the voltages are below 5% of the rated voltage then the algorithm substitutes the small values with the voltage values stored in the memory.

  • Page 65: Residual Directional Overcurrent I0Dir>,I0Dir>>(67N)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 65 (211 Table 3-21: Setting parameters of the directional overcurrent function Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Direction NonDir Direction mode selection. Operation can be non directional, Forward forward direction or backward direction. Default setting is Backward “Forward”.
  • Page 66 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 66 (211 The inputs of the function are the Fourier basic harmonic components of the zero sequence current and those of the zero sequence voltage. In the figure below is presented the structure of the residual directional overcurrent algorithm. Figure 3-36: Structure of the residual directional overcurrent algorithm.
  • Page 67 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 67 (211 Figure 3-37: Directional decision characteristics of operating angle mode. In the figure above is presented the directional decision characteristics. Measured U0 signal is the reference for measured -I0 signal. RCA setting is the characteristic angle and R0A parameter is the operating angle.
  • Page 68 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 68 (211 Figure 3-38: Wattmetric and varmetric operating characteristics. In the in the figure above are presented the characteristics of the wattmetric and varmetric operating principles in forward direction. For reverse operating direction the operating vectors are turned 180 degrees.

  • Page 69: Current Unbalance I2> (60)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 69 (211 Characteristic -180…180 deg by The base angle of the operating characteristics. Angle step of 1 deg Operation Selection of the function disabled and the timing Definit time characteristics. Operation when enabled can be either IEC Inv Definite time or IDMT characteristic.
  • Page 70 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 70 (211 Figure 3-39: Structure of the current unbalance protection algorithm. The analogue signal processing principal scheme is presented in the figure below. Figure 3-40: Analogue signal processing for the current unbalance function. The signal processing compares the difference between measured current magnitudes.

  • Page 71: Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 71 (211 The function can be disabled by parameter setting, and by an input signal programmed by the user. The trip command is generated after the set defined time delay. Table 3-23: Setting parameters of the current unbalance function Parameter Setting value, range Description...
  • Page 72 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 72 (211 3.2.10.1 Definite time characteristics Figure 3-41 Overcurrent definite time characteristic Where (seconds) is theoretical operating time if G> GS, fix, according to the preset • parameter, G is measured value of the characteristic quantity, Fourier base harmonic of the •...
  • Page 73 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 73 (211 3.2.10.2 Standard dependent time characteristics Table 3-24 Standard dependent time characteristics Table 3-25 The constants of the standard dependent time characteristics...
  • Page 74 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 74 (211 The end of the effective range of the dependent time characteristics (G ) is: Above this value the theoretical operating time is definite: The inverse characteristic is valid above GT =1,1* Gs. Above this value the function is guaranteed to operate.
  • Page 75 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 75 (211 Table 3-26 The resetting constants of the standard dependent time characteristics The inverse type characteristics are also combined with a minimum time delay, the value of which is set by user parameter TOC46_MinDel_TPar_ (Min. Time Delay) 3.2.10.3 Structure of the negative sequence overcurrent protection algorithm Figure below shows the structure of the negative sequence overcurrent protection (TOC46) algorithm...
  • Page 76 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 76 (211 Figure 3-42 Structure of the negative sequence overcurrent protection algorithm For the preparation (not part of the TOC46 function): The inputs are the sampled values of the three phase currents (IL1, IL2, IL3), •...
  • Page 77 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 77 (211 The inputs are the RMS value of the fundamental Fourier component of the negative sequence • component of the phase currents, parameters, • status signals. • The outputs are the binary output status signals. •...
  • Page 78 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 78 (211 3.2.10.4 The fourier calculation These modules calculate the basic Fourier current components of the phase currents individually. These modules belong to the preparatory phase. Figure 3-43 Schema of the Fourier calculation The inputs are the sampled values of: The three phase currents of the primary side (IL1, IL2, IL3) •...
  • Page 79 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 79 (211 Figure 3-44 Schema of the negative sequence component calculation 3.2.10.6 The definite time and inverse type characteristics This module calculates the required time delay based on the Fourier components of the negative sequence current.
  • Page 80 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 80 (211 Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Operating mode selection of the function. Can be disabled, DefinitTime Definite time or IDMT operation based into IEC or ANSI/IEEE IEC Inv standards. Default setting is “DefinitTime” IEC VeryInv IEC ExtInv IEC LongInv...
  • Page 81 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 81 (211 3.2.10.7 The decision logic The decision logic module combines the binary status signals to generate the trip command of the function. Figure 3-46 The logic scheme of the negative sequence overcurrent protection function Table 3-27 The binary status signals of the decision logic Binary input status signal The negative sequence overcurrent protection function has a binary input signal, which...

  • Page 82: Thermal Overload T> (49)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 82 (211 Figure 3-47 The function block of the negative sequence overcurrent protection function 3.2.11 T T> (49) HERMAL OVERLOAD The line thermal protection measures basically the three sampled phase currents. TRMS values of each phase currents are calculated including harmonic components up to 10 harmonic, and the temperature calculation is based on the highest TRMS value of the compared three phase currents.
  • Page 83 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 83 (211 In the figure above is presented the principal structure of the thermal overload function. The inputs of the function are the maximum of TRMS values of the phase currents, ambient temperature setting, binary input status signals and setting parameters. Function outputs binary signals for Alarm, Trip pulse and Trip with restart inhibit.

  • Page 84: Over Voltage U>, U>> (59)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 84 (211 Table 3-30: Setting parameters of the thermal overload function Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Operating mode selection. Pulsed operation means that the Pulsed function gives tripping pulse when the calculated thermal Locked load exceeds the set thermal load.

  • Page 85: Under Voltage U<, U<< (27)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 85 (211 Figure 3-49: The principal structure of the overvoltage function. The general start signal is set active if the voltage in any of the three measured voltages is above the level defined by pick-up setting value. The function generates a trip command after the definite time delay has elapsed.
  • Page 86 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 86 (211 Figure 3-50: The principal structure of the undervoltage function. The general start signal is set active if the voltage of any of the three measured voltages is below the level defined by pick-up setting value. The function generates a trip command after the definite time delay has elapsed.

  • Page 87: Residual Over Voltage U0>, U0>> (59N)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 87 (211 3.2.14 R U0>, U0>> (59N) ESIDUAL OVER VOLTAGE The residual definite time overvoltage protection function operates according to definite time characteristics, using the RMS values of the fundamental Fourier component of the zero sequence voltage (UN=3Uo).

  • Page 88: Harmonic Under Voltage (64H)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 88 (211 3.2.15 H (64H) ARMONIC UNDER VOLTAGE The definite time third harmonic undervoltage protection function can be applied to extend the stator earth fault protection system for a generator to 100% stator earth fault protection. Other protection functions, based on network frequency quantities, cannot detect the stator earth-faults near to the neutral point of the generator.
  • Page 89 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 89 (211 Figure 3-52: Third harmonic undervoltage independent time characteristic (seconds) theoretical operating time if G < G , according to parameter setting value, measured value of the characteristic quantity, Fourier third harmonic of the neutral voltage, setting value of the characteristic quantity.
  • Page 90 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 90 (211 The inputs are The RMS value of the third harmonic Fourier component of the generator neutral voltage, • Parameters, • Status signals. • The outputs are The binary output status signals. •...

  • Page 91: Over Frequency F>, F>> (81O)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 91 (211 The function block of third harmonic undervoltage protection function is shown in figure below. All binary input and output status signals applicable in the AQtivate 300 software are explained below. Figure 3-55: The function block of the impedance protection function with offset characteristic Table 3-34: Setting parameters of the harmonic undervoltage protection function.

  • Page 92: Under Frequency F<,F<< 81L

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 92 (211 The over-frequency protection function is usually applied to decrease generation to control the system frequency. Another possible application is the detection of unintended island operation of distributed generation and some consumers. In the island, there is low probability that the power generated is the same as consumption;...

  • Page 93: Rate Of Change Of Frequency Df/Dt>, Df/Dt>> (81R)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 93 (211 compared to the consumption by the load connected to the power system, then the system frequency is below the rated value. The under-frequency protection function is usually applied to increase generation or for load shedding to control the system frequency.
  • Page 94 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 94 (211 the consumption by the load connected to the power system, then the system frequency is below the rated value. If the unbalance is large, then the frequency changes rapidly. The rate of change of frequency protection function is usually applied to reset the balance between generation and consumption to control the system frequency.

  • Page 95: Directional Under Power P< (32)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 95 (211 3.2.19 D P< (32) IRECTIONAL UNDER POWER The directional under-power protection function can be applied mainly to protect any elements of the electric power system, mainly generators, if the active and/or reactive power has to be limited in respect of the allowed minimum power.
  • Page 96 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 96 (211 Figure 3-57: Structure of directional underpower protection. The inputs are The RMS value of the fundamental Fourier component of the three phase currents • (IL1, IL2, IL3), the RMS value of the fundamental Fourier component of the three phase voltages •...
  • Page 97 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 97 (211 The input signals are the RMS values of the fundamental Fourier components of the three phase currents and three phase voltages. The internal output signals are the calculated three-phase active and reactive power values. Directional decision This module decides if, on the power plane, the calculated complex power is closer to the origin than the corresponding point of the characteristic line, i.e.

  • Page 98: Directional Over Power P> (32)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 98 (211 Table 3-38: Setting parameters of the directional underpower protection function. Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Operating mode selection for the function. Operation can be either disabled “Off” or enabled “On”. Default setting is enabled.
  • Page 99 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 99 (211 Figure 3-59: Directional overpower decision 3.2.20.1 Structure of third directional over power protection Figure below shows the structure of the directional underpower protection (DOP32) algorithm. Figure 3-60: Structure of directional overpower protection. The inputs are The RMS value of the fundamental Fourier component of the three phase currents (IL1, •...
  • Page 100 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 100 (211 Status signals. • The function can be enabled or disabled (BLK input signal). The status signal of the VTS (voltage transformer supervision) function can also disable the directional operation. The outputs are The binary output status signals.
  • Page 101 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 101 (211 If the parameter setting requires also a trip signal (DOP32_StOnly_BPar_=0), then the measurement of the definite time delay is started. The expiry of this timer results in a trip command. The symbol of the function block in the AQtivate 300 software The function block of directional overpower protection function is shown in figure below.

  • Page 102: Impedance Protection Z< (21)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 102 (211 3.2.21 I Z< (21) MPEDANCE PROTECTION 3.2.21.1 General This impedance protection function can be applied as impedance protection with an offset circular characteristic or as a loss-of-field protection function for synchronous machines. Its main features are: A full-scheme system provides continuous measurement of impedances separately in three •...
  • Page 103 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 103 (211 Figure 3-62: Structure of the impedance protection The inputs are: Fourier components of three phase voltages • Fourier components of three phase currents • Binary inputs • Setting parameters • The outputs are: Binary output status signals, •...
  • Page 104 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 104 (211 3.2.21.2 Principle of the impedance calculation The impedance protection continuously measures the impedances in the six possible fault loops. The calculation is performed in the phase-to-phase loops based on the line-to-line voltages and the difference of the affected phase currents, while in the phase-to-earth loops the phase voltage is divided by the phase current compounded with the zero sequence current.
  • Page 105 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 105 (211 Earth fault compensation factor equation shows that the formula containing the complex earth fault compensation factor yields the correct impedance value in case of phase-to- earth faults only; the other formula can be applied in case of phase-to-phase faults without ground.
  • Page 106 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 106 (211 For the equivalent impedance elements of the fault loop on figure above the following differential equation can be written: If current and voltage values sampled at two separate sampling points in time are substituted in this equation, two equations are derived with the two unknown values R and L, so they can be calculated.
  • Page 107 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 107 (211 The formula above shows that the factors for multiplying R and L values contain different “ ” factors but they are real (not complex) numbers. The applied numerical method is solving the differential equation of the faulty loop, based on the orthogonal components of the Fourier fundamental component vectors.
  • Page 108 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 108 (211 The outputs are the calculated positive-sequence impedances (R+jX) of the six measuring current loops: o Impedances of the three phase-phase loops, o Impedances of the three phase-ground loops. Table 3-41: Calculated values of the impedance module. Z_CALC includes six practically identical software modules for impedance calculation: o The three routines of the phase group are activated by phase voltages, phase currents and the zero sequence current calculated from the phase current.
  • Page 109 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 109 (211 Internal logic of the impedance calculation The figure below shows the internal logic of the impedance calculation. Figure 3-65: Impedance calculation internal logic. The decision needs logic parameter settings and, additionally, internal logic signals. The explanation of these signals is as follows: Table 3-42: Internal logic parameters of the impedance calculation.
  • Page 110 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 110 (211 Table 3-43: Binary input signals for the impedance calculation. The outputs of the scheme are calculation methods applied for impedance calculation. Table 3-44: Calculation methods applied in the impedance calculation module...
  • Page 111 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 111 (211 The impedance calculation methods The short explanation of the internal logic for the impedance calculation is as follows: Calculation method Calc(A): If the CURRENT_OK status signal is false, the current is very small, therefore no fault is possible.
  • Page 112 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 112 (211 Calculation method Calc(D): If the voltage is below the minimal level, then the VOLT_OK_LOW status is “false” but if there are voltage samples stored in the memory for 80 ms, then the direction is decided based on the sign either of the real part of the impedance or that of the imaginary part of the impedance, whichever is higher.
  • Page 113 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 113 (211 Parameter settings decide the size and the position of the circle. Optionally, the center of the circle can be the origin of the impedance plane or the circle can be shifted along an impedance lime.
  • Page 114 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 114 (211 Figure 3-66: The offset characteristic. If a measured impedance point is inside the circle, the algorithm generates the true value of the related output binary signal.
  • Page 115 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 115 (211 3.2.21.4 Offset characteristics logic The calculated impedance values are compared one by one with the setting values of the „ offset circle” characteristics. This procedure is shown schematically in the figure below. The procedure is processed for each line-to-ground loop and for each line-to-line loop.
  • Page 116 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 116 (211 Table 3-46: Output signals of the characteristics logic. 3.2.21.5 The phase selection logic and timing In case of faults, the calculated impedance value for the faulty loop is inside a polygon. If the fault is near the relay location, the impedances in the loop containing the faulty phase can also be inside the polygon.
  • Page 117 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 117 (211 Three phase fault detection The logic processing of diagrams in the following figures is sequential. If the result of one of them is true, no further processing is performed. Figure below shows that if o All three line-line loops caused start of the polygon impedance logic, and o the currents in all three phases are above the setting limit, then a three-phase fault is detected and no further check is performed.
  • Page 118 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 118 (211 Table 3-50: Input signals for three phase start decision of the impedance protection function. Table 3-51: Table 3-36: Inputs needed for three phase start decision Detection of “L1L2”, “L2L3”, “L3L1” faults Figure below explains the detection of a phase-to-phase fault between phases “L1”...
  • Page 119 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 119 (211 In all figures: minLL = Minimum(ZL1L2, ZL2L3, ZL3L1) Figure 3-69: L1L2 fault detection. Figure 3-70: L2L3 fault detection.
  • Page 120 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 120 (211 Figure 3-71: L3L1 fault detection Table 3-52: Output signals for phase to phase start decision of the impedance protection function.
  • Page 121 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 121 (211 Table 3-53: Input signals for phase to phase start decision of the impedance protection function.
  • Page 122 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 122 (211 Detection of “L1N”, “L2N”, “L3N” faults Figure below explains the detection of a phase-to-ground fault in phase “L1”: o No fault is detected in the previous sequential tests, o Start of the impedance logic loop “L1N” o The minimal impedance is measured in loop “L1N”...
  • Page 123 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 123 (211 Figure 3-74: L3N fault detection in Zone “n” (n=1...5) Table 3-54: LN loop start of the distance protection function.
  • Page 124 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 124 (211 Table 3-55: Input signals for the LN loop start decision for the impedance protection function. In the figure below is presented the output signal processing principle of the distance protection function.
  • Page 125 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 125 (211 Figure 3-75: Output signals of the impedance protection function. o The operation of the impedance protection may be blocked either by parameter setting (IMP21_Z-_EPar_equ_Off) or by binary input (IMP21_Z-_Blk_GrO_) o Starting in phase L1 if this phase is involved in the fault (IMP21_Z-StL1_GrI), o Starting in phase L2 if this phase is involved in the fault (IMP21_Z-StL2_GrI), o Starting in phase L2 if this phase is involved in the fault (IMP21_ZnStL3_GrI), o General start if any of the phases is involved in the fault (IMP21_Z-St_GrI),...
  • Page 126 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 126 (211 3.2.21.6 Current conditions of the impedance protection function The impedance protection function can operate only if the current is sufficient for impedance calculation. Additionally, a phase-to-ground fault is detected only if there is sufficient zero sequence current.
  • Page 127 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 127 (211 Figure 3-76: Percentage characteristic for earth-fault detection Figure 3-77: The function block of the impedance protection function with offset characteristic...

  • Page 128: Pole Slip (78) (Option)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 128 (211 Table 3-58: Setting parameters of the impedance protection function. Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Off, NoCompound, Operating mode selection for the function. Default setting is FWCompound, NoCompound. BWCompound Impedance Activated Selection if the function issues either “Start”...
  • Page 129 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 129 (211 voltage difference on the current carrying elements of the network draws cyclically high currents. The calculated impedance moves along lines “Pole slipping” as it is indicated in figure below on the impedance plane. (The stable swings return to the same quadrant of the impedance plane along lines “Stable swing”.) Figure 3-78 Pole slipping The characteristic feature of pole slipping is that the impedance locus leaves the...
  • Page 130 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 130 (211 A further condition of the operation is that the negative sequence current component • is less than 1/6 of the value defined for the positive sequence component. The operate decision is based on quadrilateral characteristics on the impedance •...
  • Page 131 The following description explains the details of the individual components. 3.2.22.4 Impedance calculation (Z_CALC) The impedance protection supplied by Arcteq Ltd. continuously measures the impedances in the three line-to-line measuring loops. The calculation is performed in the phase-to-phase loops based on the line-to-line voltages and the difference of the affected phase currents.
  • Page 132 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 132 (211 The numerical processes apply the simple R-L model. For the equivalent impedance elements of the measuring loop, the following differential equation can be written: If current and voltage values sampled at two separate sampling points in time are substituted in this equation, two equations are derived with the two unknown values R and L, so they can be calculated.
  • Page 133 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 133 (211 The applied numerical method is solving the differential equation of the faulty loop, based on the orthogonal components of the Fourier fundamental component vectors. The calculation results complex impedances on the network frequency. Figure 3-80 Principal scheme of the impedance calculation Z_CALC The inputs are the Fourier components of: the Fourier components of three phase voltages,...
  • Page 134 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 134 (211 Z_CALC includes three practically identical software modules for impedance calculation: The three routines for the phase-to-phase loops get line-to-line voltages calculated • from the sampled phase voltages and they get differences of the phase currents. 3.2.22.5 The characteristics of the pole slip protection function (Quadrilateral characteristics) The method is an impedance-based comparison.
  • Page 135 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 135 (211 number”), the subsequent impedance value is required to enter into the rectangle within the running time of the timer. The running time is a parameter setting (“Dead time”). The procedure is processed for each line-to-line loop. The result is the setting of three internal status variables.
  • Page 136 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 136 (211 The impedance in the fault loop L2L3 performed the given number of PsL2L3_1 pole slips The impedance in the fault loop L3L1 performed the given number of PsL3L1_1 pole slips The parameters needed in the characteristic evaluation procedure of the pole slip function are explained in the following Tables.
  • Page 137 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 137 (211 Input values: Input values Explanation Operation signals from the quadrilateral characteristics module (these signals are not published) PsL1L2_1 The impedance in the fault loop L1L2 performed the given number of pole slips PsL2L3_1 The impedance in the fault loop L2L3 performed the given number of pole slips PsL3L1_1...

  • Page 138: Loss Of Excitation (40)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 138 (211 Parameter Setting value, range Description and step IPh Base 10…30, by step of Definition of minimal current enabling impedance calculation Sens The positive sequence current is considered to be sufficient if it is above the level set by parameter PSLIP78_Imin_IPar_ (IPh Base Sens).
  • Page 139 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 139 (211 e.m.f. collapses, the locus of the impedance on the impedance plane travels to this negative reactive value. With an appropriate characteristic curve on the impedance plane, the loss of excitation state can be detected. The applied characteristic line is a closed offset circle, the radius and the centre of which is defined by parameter setting.
  • Page 140 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 140 (211 The inputs are The Fourier components of three phase voltages • The Fourier components of three phase currents • Binary inputs • Parameters • The outputs are The binary output status signals. •...
  • Page 141 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 141 (211 The numerical processes apply the simple R-L model. For the equivalent impedance elements of the measuring loop, the following differential equation can be written: If current and voltage values sampled at two separate sampling points in time are substituted in this equation, two equations are derived with the two unknown values R and L, so they can be calculated.
  • Page 142 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 142 (211 Figure 3-85: Principal scheme of the impedance calculation Z_CALC The inputs are: The Fourier components of the three phase voltages, • The Fourier components of the three phase currents • Parameters •...
  • Page 143 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 143 (211 plane. These impedances are the positive sequence impedances in the measuring loops. The protection compares these points with the „offset circle” characteristics of the loss of excitation protection, shown for stage 1 in figure below. For stage 2 the characteristic is the same with independent parameters, Parameter settings decide the size and the position of the circle.
  • Page 144 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 144 (211 Figure 3-87: Principal scheme of the offset circle module Input values The input values are calculated by the module Z_CALC. Output values...
  • Page 145 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 145 (211 3.2.23.4 Trip logic and time Binary inputs Binary output status signals The binary Input status signals of the trip logic: 3.2.23.5 Current conditions for impedance calculation The impedance protection function can operate only if the current is sufficient for impedance calculation.
  • Page 146 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 146 (211 Figure 3-88: The function block of the loss of excitation protection function. Table 3-64: Setting parameters of the impedance protection function. Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Off, NoCompound, Operating mode selection for the function.

  • Page 147: Over Excitation V/Hz (24)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 147 (211 3.2.24 O (24) VER EXCITATION The over excitation protection function is applied to protect generators and unit transformers against high flux values causing saturation of the iron cores and consequently high magnetizing currents.
  • Page 148 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 148 (211 network and the frequency is not kept at a “constant” value. If the generator is excited in this state and the frequency is below the rated value, then the flux may increase above the tolerated value.
  • Page 149 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 149 (211 At start-up of the function, the protection generates a warning signal aimed to inform the controller to decrease the excitation. If the time delay determined by the parameter values of the selected characteristics expires, the function generates a trip command to decrease or to switch off the excitation and the generator.
  • Page 150 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 150 (211...
  • Page 151 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 151 (211 Figure 3-90: IEEE standard dependent time characteristics The maximum delay time is limited by the parameter VPH24_MaxDel_TPar_ (Max.Time Delay). This time delay is valid if the flux is above the preset value VPH24_EmaxCont_IPar_ (Start U/f LowSet).
  • Page 152 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 152 (211 Figure 3-91: IEEE standard dependent time characteristics (enlarged) This inverse type characteristic is also combined with a minimum time delay, the value of which is set by user parameter VPH24_MinDel_TPar_ (Min. Time Delay). This time delay is valid if the flux is above the setting value VPH24_Emax_IPar_ (Start U/f HighSet).
  • Page 153 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 153 (211 As overexcitation is a phenomenon which is typical if the generator or the generator transformer unit is not connected to the network, the voltage drop does not need any compensation. If the voltage is measured at the supply side of the unit transformer, then the voltage is higher then the voltage of the magnetization branch of the transformer’s equivalent circuit.
  • Page 154 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 154 (211 Flux saturation This module integrates the voltage to obtain the flux time-function and determines the magnitude of the flux. Figure 3-93: Principal scheme of the flux calculation The inputs are the sampled values of a line-to-line voltage (ULL). The output is the magnitude of the flux (FluxMagn), internal signal.
  • Page 155 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 155 (211 Figure 3-94: Logic scheme of volts per herz function. Binary status signals Figure 3-95: The function block of the overexcitation protection function...

  • Page 156: Breaker Failure Protection Cbfp (50Bf)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 156 (211 Table 3-65: Setting parameters of the overexcitation protection function. Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Operating mode selection for the function. Operation can be Definite time either disabled “Off” or definite time or IEEE inverse IEEE characteristics.
  • Page 157 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 157 (211 the pre-defined level, and/or the monitored circuit breaker is still in closed position, then a backup trip command is generated in the phase(s) where the timer(s) run off. The time delay is defined using the parameter “Backup Time Delay”. If repeated trip command is to be generated for the circuit breakers that are expected to open, then the enumerated parameter “Retrip”...

  • Page 158: Inrush Current Detection Inr2 (68)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 158 (211 Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Operating mode selection for the function. Operation can be Current either disabled “Off” or monitoring either measured current or Contact contact status or both current and contact status. Default Current/Contact setting is “Current”.

  • Page 159: Common-Function

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 159 (211 TRC94 Phase-selective trip logic Dead line detection Voltage transformer supervision SYN25 SYNC Synchro-check function REC79MV 0 -> 1 Autoreclosing function SOTF Switch on to fault logic DREC Disturbance recorder 3.3.1 C OMMON FUNCTION The AQ300 series devices –...
  • Page 160 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 160 (211 Via SCADA system, if it is configured • • The list of the sources of the LED reset commands can be extended using the Common function block. This additional signal is programmed by the user with the help of the graphic logic editor.
  • Page 161 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 161 (211 Table 3-68: binary input status common function block Table 3-69: The binary input status of the common function block The Common function block has a single Boolean parameter. The role of this parameter is to enable or disable the external setting of the Local/Remote state.

  • Page 162: Trip Logic (94)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 162 (211 Table 3-70: Setting parameters of the Common function Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Ext LR 0 means no external local/remote setting is enabled, the local Source LCD touch-screen is the only source of toggling. 3.3.2 T (94) RIP LOGIC...
  • Page 163 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 163 (211 Figure 3-2 Example picture where two I> TOC51 and I0> TOC51N trip signals are connected to two trip logic function blocks. In this example we have a transformer protection supervising phase and residual currents on both sides of the transformer.
  • Page 164 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 164 (211 Figure 3-4 Instructions on adding/modifying trip assignment. Trip contact connections for wirings can be found in Hardware configuration under Rack designer → Preview or in Connection allocations. During the parameter setting phase it should be taken care that the trip logic blocks are activated.

  • Page 165: Dead Line Detection Function

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 165 (211 3.3.3 D EAD LINE DETECTION FUNCTION The “Dead Line Detection” (DLD) function generates a signal indicating the dead or live state of the line. Additional signals are generated to indicate if the phase voltages and phase currents are above the pre-defined limits.
  • Page 166 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 166 (211 Figure 3-99: The function block of the dead line detection function The binary input and output status signals of the dead line detection function are listed in tables below. Binary status signal Explanation DLD_Blk_GrO_ Output status defined by the user to disable the dead line...

  • Page 167: Voltage Transformer Supervision (Vts)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 167 (211 Table 3-75Setting parameters of the dead line detection function Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Operating mode selection for the function. Operation can be either disabled “Off” or enabled “On”. Default setting is enabled.
  • Page 168 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 168 (211 Special application: “VT failure” signal is generated if the residual voltage (3Uo) is above the preset voltage value AND the residual current (3Io) AND the negative sequence current component (I2) are below the preset current values. The voltage transformer supervision function can be triggered if “Live line”...
  • Page 169 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 169 (211 Preparation Negative Sequence Fourier Zero Sequence Parameters Status signals Algorithm Decision Dead Line Logic Detection Negative Sequence Fourier Zero Sequence Status signals Figure 3-100: Operation logic of the voltage transformer supervision and dead line detection.
  • Page 170 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 170 (211 DLD_StIL1_GrI DLD_ DLD_StIL2_GrI DeadLine_ GrI_ DLD_StIL3_GrI DLD_StUL1_GrI DLD_StUL2_GrI DLD_StUL3_GrI DLD_ LineOK_GrI_ VTS_Fail_int_ VTS_ Fail_GrI_ VTS_Blk_GrO_ Figure 3-101: Decision logic of the voltage transformer supervision function. NOTE: For the operation of the voltage transformer supervision function the “ Dead line detection function”...

  • Page 171: Current Transformer Supervision (Cts)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 171 (211 Binary status signal Explanation VTS_Blk_GrO_ Output status defined by the user to disable the voltage transformer supervision function. Table 3-76: The binary input signal of the voltage transformer supervision function Binary output signals Signal title Explanation VTS_Fail_GrI...

  • Page 172: Voltage Sag And Swell (Voltage Variation)

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 172 (211 The function block of the current transformer supervision function is shown in figure bellow. This block shows all binary input and output status signals that are applicable in the AQtivate 300 software. Figure 3-103: The function block of the current transformer supervision function The binary input and output status signals of the dead line detection function are listed in tables below.
  • Page 173 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 173 (211 Voltage sag, when the RMS value of the measured voltage is below a level defined by a • dedicated parameter and at the same time above a minimum level specified by another parameter setting.
  • Page 174 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 174 (211 The report generated includes the duration and the minimum value. A voltage swell is detected if any of the three phase-to-phase voltages increases to a value above the “Swell limit” setting. In this state, the binary output “Swell” signal is activated. The signal resets if all of the three phase-to-phase voltages fall below the “Swell limit”, or if the set time “Maximum duration”...
  • Page 175 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 175 (211 The sag and swell detection algorithm offers measured values, status signals and counter values for displaying: The duration of the latest detected short-time voltage variation, • Binary signals: • o Swell o Sag o Interruption Timer values:...

  • Page 176: Disturbance Recorder

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 176 (211 Figure 3-108: Example sag and swell events. Table 3-82 Setting parameters of the current transformer supervision function Parameter Setting value, range Description and step Operation Operating mode selection for the function. Operation can be either disabled “Off”...
  • Page 177 This procedure assures that the three component files (.cfg, .dat and .inf) are stored in the same location. The evaluation can be performed using any COMTRADE evaluator software, e.g. Arcteq’s AQview software. Consult your nearest Arcteq representative for availability. The symbol of the function block in the AQtivate 300 software The function block of the disturbance recorder function is shown in figure bellow.

  • Page 178: Event Recorder

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 178 (211 Binary status signal Explanation Output status of a graphic equation defined by the user to start DRE_Start_GrO_ the disturbance recorder function. Table 3-83: The binary input signal of the disturbance recorder function Table 3-84Setting parameters of the disturbance recorder function Parameter Setting value, range...
  • Page 179 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 179 (211 Start L2 Start signal in phase L2 Start L3 Start signal in phase L3 Start Start signal Trip Trip command Directional overcurrent protection function (TOC67) high setting stage Start L1 Start signal in phase L1 Start L2 Start signal in phase L2 Start L3...
  • Page 180 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 180 (211 Low General Start Low setting stage general start signal Low General Trip Low setting stage general trip command High Start L1 High setting stage start signal in phase L1 High Start L2 High setting stage start signal in phase L2 High Start L3 High setting stage start signal in phase L3...
  • Page 181 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 181 (211 Final Trip Definite trip command at the end of the automatic reclosing cycles Measurement function (MXU) Current L1 Current violation in phase L1 Current L2 Current violation in phase L2 Current L3 Current violation in phase L3 Voltage L12 Voltage violation in loop L1-L2...

  • Page 182: Measured Values

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 182 (211 Operation counter Operation counter DC OPCap 3.3.9 M EASURED VALUES The measured values can be checked on the touch-screen of the device in the “On-line functions” page, or using an Internet browser of a connected computer. The displayed values are secondary voltages and currents, except the block “Line measurement”.

  • Page 183: Status Monitoring The Switching Devices

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 183 (211 L12 loop X Reactance of loop L1L2 L23 loop R Resistance of loop L2L3 L23 loop X Reactance of loop L2L3 L31 loop R Resistance of loop L3L1 L31 loop X Reactance of loop L3L1 Line thermal protection Calc.

  • Page 184: Led Assignment

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 184 (211 3.3.12 LED ASSIGNMENT On the front panel of the device there is “User LED”-s with the “Changeable LED description label”. Some LED-s are factory assigned, some are free to be defined by the user. Table below shows the LED assignment of the AQ-G357factory configuration.

  • Page 185: System Integration

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 185 (211 YSTEM INTEGRATION The AQ G3x7 contains two ports for communicating to upper level supervisory system and one for process bus communication. The physical media or the ports can be either serial fiber optic or RJ 45 or Ethernet fiber optic.

  • Page 186: Connections

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 186 (211 ONNECTIONS 5.1 B AQ-G397 LOCK DIAGRAM WITH TYPICAL OPTIONS Figure 5-1: Block diagram of AQ-G397 with typical options installed.

  • Page 187: Connection Example Aq-G357

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 187 (211 5.2 C AQ-G357 ONNECTION EXAMPLE Figure 5-2: Connection example of AQ-G357 generator protection IED.

  • Page 188: Construction And Installation

    188 (211 ONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION The Arcteq AQ-G357 generator protection IED consists of hardware modules. Due to modular structure optional positions for the slots can be user defined in the ordering of the IED to include I/O modules and other types of additional modules. An example module arrangement configuration of the AQ-G357 is shown in the figure below.
  • Page 189 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 189 (211 After power-up the RDSP processor starts -up with the previously saved configuration and parameters. Generally, the power-up procedure for the RDSP and relay functions takes approx. 1 sec. That is to say, it is ready to trip within this time. CDSP’s start-up procedure is longer, because its operating system needs time to build its file system, initializing user applications such as HMI functions and the IEC61850 software stack.

  • Page 190: Power Supply Module

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 190 (211 6.2 P OWER SUPPLY MODULE The power supply module converts primary AC and/or DC voltage to required system voltages. Redundant power supply cards extend system availability in case of the outage of any power source and can be ordered separately if required Figure 6-2 Connector allocation of the 30W power supply unit Main features of the power supply module...

  • Page 191: Binary Input Module

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 191 (211 6.3 B INARY INPUT MODULE The inputs are galvanic isolated and the module converts high-voltage signals to the voltage level and format of the internal circuits. This module is also used as an external IRIG-B synchronization input.

  • Page 192: Binary Output Modules For Signaling

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 192 (211 6.4 B INARY OUTPUT MODULES FOR SIGNALING The signaling output modules can be ordered as 8 relay outputs with dry contacts. As a standard the AQ-G357IED is applied with 7 NO and 1 NC relay outputs modules in slot “E”. Rated voltage: 250 V AC/DC •...

  • Page 193: Tripping Module

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 193 (211 6.5 T RIPPING MODULE The tripping module applies direct control of a circuit breaker. The module provides fast operation and is rated for heavy duty controlling. The main characteristics of the trip module: 4 independent tripping circuits •...

  • Page 194: Voltage Measurement Module

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 194 (211 6.6 V OLTAGE MEASUREMENT MODULE For voltage related functions (over- /under -voltage, directional functions, distance function, power functions) or disturbance recorder functionality this module is needed. This module also has capability for frequency measurement. For capacitive voltage measurement of the synchrocheck reference, the voltage measurement module can be ordered with reduced burden in channel VT4.

  • Page 195: Current Measurement Module

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 195 (211 6.7 C URRENT MEASUREMENT MODULE Current measurement module is used for measuring current transformer output current. Module includes three phase current inputs and one zero sequence current input. The nominal rated current of the input can be selected with a software parameter either 1 A or 5 A.

  • Page 196: Installation And Dimensions

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 196 (211 6.8 I NSTALLATION AND DIMENSIONS Figure 6-3: Dimensions of AQ-35x IED.
  • Page 197 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 197 (211 Figure 6-4: Panel cut-out and spacing of AQ-35x IED.

  • Page 198: Technical Data

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 198 (211 ECHNICAL DATA 7.1 P ROTECTION FUNCTIONS 7.1.1 C URRENT PROTECTION FUNCTIONS Three-phase instantaneous overcurrent protection I>>> (50) Operating characteristic Instantaneous Pick-up current inaccuracy <2% Reset ratio 0.95 Operate time at 2*In Peak value calculation <15 ms Fourier calculation...

  • Page 199: Directional Overcurrent Protection Functions

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 199 (211 Residual instantaneous overcurrent protection I0>>> (50N) Operating characteristic Instantaneous Picku-up current inaccuracy <2% Reset ratio 0.95 Operate time at 2*In Peak value calculation <15 ms Fourier calculation <25 ms Reset time 16 –...

  • Page 200: Voltage Protection Functions

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 200 (211 Three-phase directional overcurrent protection function IDir>, IDir>> (67) Pick-up current inaccuracy < 2% Operation time inaccuracy ±5% or ±15ms Reset ratio 0.95 Minimum operating time with 35ms IDMT Reset time Approx 35ms Transient overreach Pickup time 25 –...

  • Page 201: Frequency Protection Functions

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 201 (211 Residual overvoltage protection function U0>, U0>> (59N) Pick-up starting inaccuracy < 0,5 % Reset time U> → Un 50 ms U> → 0 40 ms Operate time inaccuracy + 15 ms 7.1.4 F REQUENCY PROTECTION FUNCTIONS Overfrequency protection function f>, f>>, (81O)
  • Page 202 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 202 (211 Generator/Motor differential protection IdG> (87G) Operating characteristic Biased 2 breakpoints and unrestrained decision Reset ratio 0.95 Characteristic inaccuracy <2% Typically 30ms (restrained) Operate time Typically 20ms (unrestrained) Reset time Typically 25ms Current unbalance protection function (60) Pick-up starting inaccuracy at In <...
  • Page 203 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 203 (211 100% stator earth-fault protection U0 >, (64F3) Pick-up starting inaccuracy < 0,5 % Reset time U> → Un 50 ms U> → 0 40 ms Operate time inaccuracy + 15 ms Reset ratio Underimpendace protection function Z<...
  • Page 204 Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 204 (211 Pole Slip protection function (78) Function Range Accuracy Rated current In 1/5A, parameter setting Rated voltage Un 100/200V, parameter setting Current effective range 20-2000% of In ±1% of In Voltage effective range 2-110% of Un ±1% of Un Impedance effective range...

  • Page 205: Monitoring Functions

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 205 (211 7.2 M ONITORING FUNCTIONS Voltage transformer supervision function VTS, (60) Pick-up voltage inaccuracy Operation time inaccuracy <20ms Reset ratio 0.95 Current transformer supervision function CTS Pick-up starting inaccuracy at In <2% Minimum operation time 70ms Reset ratio...

  • Page 206: Hardware

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 206 (211 7.4 H ARDWARE 7.4.1 P OWER SUPPLY MODULE Rated voltage 80-300Vac/dc Maximum interruption 100ms Maximum power consumption 7.4.2 C URRENT MEASUREMENT MODULE Nominal current 1/5A (parameter settable) 0.2A (ordering option) Number of channels per module Rated frequency 50Hz 60Hz (ordering option)

  • Page 207: Binary Output Module

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 207 (211 7.4.5 B INARY OUTPUT MODULE Rated voltage Un 250Vac/dc Number of outputs per module 7 (NO) + 1(NC) Continuous carry Breaking capacity 0.2A (L/R=40ms, 220Vdc) 7.4.6 B INARY INPUT MODULE Rated voltage Un 110 or 220Vdc (ordering option) Number of inputs per module 12 (in groups of 3)

  • Page 208: Tests And Environmental Conditions

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 208 (211 7.5 T ESTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 7.5.1 D ISTURBANCE TESTS CE approved and tested EMC test according to EN 50081-2, EN 50082-2 Emission 0.15 - 30MHz - Conducted (EN 55011 class A) 30 - 1 000MHz - Emitted (EN 55011 class A) Immunity...

  • Page 209: Environmental Conditions

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 209 (211 7.5.5 E NVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Specified ambient service temp. range -10…+55°C Transport and storage temp. range -40…+70°C...

  • Page 210: Ordering Information

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 210 (211 RDERING INFORMATION Visit https://configurator.arcteq.fi/ to build a hardware configuration, define an ordering code and get a module layout image.

  • Page 211: Reference Information

    Instruction manual –AQ G3x7 Generator protection IED 211 (211 EFERENCE INFORMATION Manufacturer information: Arcteq Ltd. Finland Visiting and postal address: Wolffintie 36 F 11 65200 Vaasa, Finland Contacts: Phone, general and commercial issues (office hours GMT +2): +358 10 3221 370...

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