Page 3
SIGLENT General Safety Summary Carefully read the following safety precautions to avoid any personal injuries or damages to the instrument and any product connected to it. To avoid potential hazards, please use the instrument as specified. Only qualified technical personnel should service this instrument. Avoid fire or open flame.
Page 4
SIGLENT Safety Terms and Symbols Terms used on the instrument. Terms may appear on the instrument: DANGER: Indicates an injury or hazard that may immediately happen. WARNING: Indicates an injury or hazard that may not immediately happen. CAUTION: Indicates that a potential damage to the instrument or other property might occur.
Page 5
SIGLENT Résumé sur la sécurité en générale Lisez attentivement les consignes de sécurité suivantes afin d'éviter toute blessure personnelle ou des dommages à l'instrument et à tout produit qui lui est connecté. Pour éviter tout danger, veuillez utiliser l'instrument comme spécifié.
Page 6
SIGLENT Ne pas utiliser dans une atmosphère explosive. Gardez la surface de l'appareil propre et sèche. Termes et symboles de sécurité Termes utilisés sur l’instrument. Termes qu’on peut trouver sur l’instrument: ATTENTION: signifie qu’il y a risque de blessures directes ou de danger. WARNING: signifie qu’il y a risque de danger ou de blessure mais pas dans l’immédiat.
Page 7
SIGLENT Introduction of SDG2000X The manual covers the following 3 models of SDG2000X Series Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generators: SDG2042X, SDG2082X and SDG2122X. SIGLENT’s SDG2000X is a series of dual-channel function/arbitrary waveform generators with specifications of up to 120MHz maximum bandwidth, 1.2GSa/s sampling rate and 16-bit vertical resolution. The proprietary TrueArb &...
Page 8
SIGLENT Harmonic waveforms generating function Waveforms combining function High precision Frequency Counter 196 kinds of built-in arbitrary waveforms Standard interfaces: USB Host, USB Device(USBTMC), LAN(VXI-11) Optional interface: GPIB 4.3” touch screen display for easier operation VIII SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT Catalog General Safety Summary ................III Introduction of SDG2000X ................VII Quick Start ....................1 Handle Adjustment ............... 2 The Front/Rear Panel ..............3 To Select a Waveform ..............8 To Set Modulation/Sweep/Burst..........12 To Turn On/Off Output ..............14 To Use Numeric Input ..............
Page 10
SIGLENT 2.12.1 Storage System ............. 81 2.12.2 File Type ................ 83 2.12.3 File Operation ..............84 2.13 To Set Utility Function ..............88 2.13.1 System Settings ............. 90 2.13.2 Test/Cal ................98 2.13.3 Frequency Counter ............103 2.13.4 Output ................106 2.13.5 CH Copy/Coupling ............
Page 11
SIGLENT Troubleshooting ................ 159 Service and Support ................160 Maintenance summary ............. 160 Contact SIGLENT ..............161 Appendix ....................162 Appendix A: Accessories ..............162 Appendix B: Daily Maintenance and Cleaning ........163 SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 1 Quick Start This chapter covers the following topics: ⚫ Handle Adjustment ⚫ The Front/Rear Panel ⚫ To Select a Waveform ⚫ To Set Modulation/Sweep/Burst ⚫ To Turn On/Off Output ⚫ To Use Numeric Input ⚫ To Use Common Function Keys SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT Handle Adjustment To adjust the handle position of SDG2000X, please grip the handle by the sides and pull it outward. Then, make the handle rotate to the desired position. Figure 1-1 Viewing Position and Carrying Position SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT The Front/Rear Panel This chapter will provide a brief introduction and description for the operation and functions of the front/rear panel. Front Panel SDG2000X has a clear and simple front panel which includes 4.3 inch touch screen, menu softkeys, numeric keyboard, knob, function keys, arrow keys, and channel control area, etc.
Page 16
SIGLENT Rear Panel The rear panel provides multiple interfaces, including Counter, 10MHz In/Out, Aux In/Out, LAN, USB Device, Earth Terminal and AC Power Supply Input. 10 MHz Clock Input/Output In/Out Counter Earth Terminal AC Power Supply LAN Interface USB Device Input Figure 1-3 Rear Panel of SDG2000X SDG2000X User Manual...
Page 17
SIGLENT Touch Screen Display SDG2000X can only display parameters and waveform of one channel at a time. The picture below shows the interface when CH1 chooses AM modulation of sine waveform. The information displayed may vary depending on the function selected. The entire screen of the SDG2000X is a touch screen.
Page 18
SIGLENT 3. Basic Waveform Parameters Area Shows the current waveform’s parameters of each channel. Press Parameter and select the corresponding softkey to highlight the parameter to configure. Then use number keys or knob to change the parameter value. 4. Channel Parameters Area Displays the load and output settings of the currently selected channel.
Page 19
SIGLENT This mark indicates current mode is Independent. 7. Menu Shows the menu corresponding to the displayed function. For example, Figure 1-4 Touch Screen Display shows the parameters of “AM modulation”. 8. Modulation Parameters Area Shows the parameters of the current modulation function. After selecting the corresponding menu, use number keys or knob to change the parameter value.
SIGLENT To Select a Waveform Press Waveforms to enter the menu as Figure 1-5 shows. The example below will help familiarize with the waveform selection settings. Figure 1-5 Waveform Selections 1. Press Waveforms key and then press Sine softkey. The SDG2000X can generate sine waveforms with frequencies from 1μHz to 120MHz.
Page 21
SIGLENT Figure 1-7 Square Display Interface 3. Press Waveforms key and then press Ramp softkey. The generator can generate ramp waveforms with frequencies from 1μHz to 1MHz and variable symmetry. By setting Frequency/Period, Amplitude/High level, Offset/Low level, Phase and Symmetry, a ramp waveform with different parameters can be generated.
Page 22
SIGLENT a pulse waveform with different parameters can be generated. Figure 1-9 Pulse Display Interface 5. Press Waveforms key and then press Noise softkey. The generator can generate noise with bandwidth from 20MHz to 120MHz. By setting Stdev and Mean, noise with different parameters can be generated. Figure 1-10 Noise Display Interface 6.
Page 23
SIGLENT Figure 1-11 DC Display Interface 7. Press Waveforms key and then press Page 1/2, last press the Arb softkey. The generator can generate repeatable arbitrary waveforms with length from 8 to 8M points and frequencies up to 20MHz. By setting Frequency/Period, Amplitude/High level, Offset/Low level, Phase and Arb Mode, an arbitrary signal with different parameters can be generated.
SIGLENT To Set Modulation/Sweep/Burst As shown in Figure 1-13, there are three keys on the front panel which are used for modulation, sweep and burst settings. The instructions below will help to explain these functions. Figure 1-13 Modulate/Sweep/Burst Key 1. Press Mod, the Modulation function will be enabled. The modulated waveform can be changed by modifying the parameters such as Type, Source, AM Depth, AM Freq, Shape, etc.
Page 25
SIGLENT Figure 1-15 Sweep Waveform Display Interface 3. Press Burst, the Burst function will be enabled. Burst signals for sine, square, ramp, pulse or arbitrary waveforms may be generated. Start Phase ranges from 0° to 360° and Burst Period ranges from 1μs to 1000s.
SIGLENT To Turn On/Off Output As shown in Figure 1-17 there are two keys on the right side of the operation panel which are used to enable / disable the output of the two channels. Choose a channel and press the corresponding Output key, the key backlight will be lighted and the output will be enabled.
SIGLENT To Use Numeric Input As shown in Figure 1-18, there are three sets of keys on the front panel, which are arrow keys, knob and numeric keyboard. The instructions below will help to familiarize you with the digital input selection. Figure 1-18 Front Panel Digital Input 1.
SIGLENT To Use Common Function Keys As shown in Figure 1-19, there are five keys on the operation panel, which are labeled Parameter, Utility, Store/Recall, Waveforms, and Ch1/Ch2. The instructions below will help to familiarize you with these functions. Figure 1-19 Waveforms Utility and Parameter Key 1.
SIGLENT 2 Front Panel Operations Up to now, you have got a brief understanding about SDG2000X with the front/rear panel, every function control area and keys. You should also know how to set your Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator for your usage. If you are not familiar with these operations, you are suggested to read chapter one ‘Quick Start’...
SIGLENT To Set Sine Waveform Press Waveforms key to select the waveform function and then press the Sine softkey. The sine waveform parameters are set by using the sine operation menu. The parameters available for sine waveforms include frequency/period, amplitude/high level, offset/low level and phase. Different sine signals can be generated by setting these parameters.
Page 31
SIGLENT To Set the Frequency/Period Frequency is one of the most important parameters of basic waveforms. For different instrument models and waveforms, the available ranges of frequency are different. For detailed information, please refer to “SDG2000X Datasheet”. The default frequency is 1kHz. 1.
Page 32
SIGLENT When using the numeric keyboard to enter the value, the left arrow key can be used to move the cursor backward and delete the value of the previous digit. To Set the Amplitude The amplitude setting range is limited by the “Load” and “Frequency/Period” settings.
Page 33
SIGLENT settings. For detailed information, please refer to “SDG2000X Datasheet”. The default value is 0Vdc. 1. Press Waveforms → Sine → Offset, to set the offset. The offset shown on the screen when the instrument is powered on is the default value or the set value of last power down.
Page 34
SIGLENT Use the numeric keyboard to input the parameter value directly and press the corresponding key to select the parameter unit. Or use the arrow keys to select the digit to edit, and then use the knob to change its value. Figure 2-5 Setting the Phase Note:...
SIGLENT To Set Square Waveform Press Waveforms key to select the waveform function, and press the Square softkey. The square waveform parameters are set by using the Square operation menu. parameters square waveforms include frequency/period, amplitude/high level, offset/low level, phase and duty. As shown in Figure 2-6, select DutyCycle.
Page 36
SIGLENT To Set the Duty Cycle Duty Cycle: The ratio of the amount of time the pulse is in the high state and the waveform’s period. The duty cycle setting range is limited by the “Frequency/Period” setting. For detailed information, please refer to “SDG2000X Datasheet”. The default value is 50%.
Page 37
SIGLENT Figure 2-7 Setting the Duty Cycle Note: The methods of setting other parameters of square signal are similar to sine waveform function. SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT To Set Ramp Waveform Press Waveforms key to select the waveform function, and press the Ramp softkey. The ramp waveform parameters are set by using the ramp operation menu. The parameters for ramp waveforms include frequency/period, amplitude/high level, offset/low level, phase and symmetry. As shown in Figure 2-8, in the soft key menu, select Symmetry.
Page 39
SIGLENT To Set the Symmetry Symmetry: The percentage that the rising period takes up the whole Period. Input Range: 0~100% Default Value: 50% 1. Press Waveforms → Ramp → Symmetry, to set the symmetry. The symmetry shown on the screen when the instrument is powered on is the default value or the set value of last power down.
SIGLENT To Set Pulse Waveform Press Waveforms key to select the waveform function, and press the Pulse softkey. The pulse waveform parameters are set by using the pulse operation menu. The parameters for pulse waveforms include frequency/period, amplitude/high level, offset/low level, width, rise/fall and delay. As shown in Figure 2-10, in the soft key menu, select PulWidth.
Page 41
SIGLENT Setting the delay for pulse waveform. Delay To Set the Pulse Width/DutyCycle Pulse width is defined as the time from the 50% threshold of a rising edge amplitude to the 50% threshold of the next falling edge amplitude (as shown in the figure below).
Page 42
SIGLENT select the digit to edit, and then use the knob to change its value. The generator will change the waveform immediately. Figure 2-11 Setting the Pulse Width To Set the Rise/Fall Edge Rise edge time is defined as the duration of the pulse amplitude rising from 10% to 90% threshold, while fall edge time is defined as duration of the pulse amplitude moving down from 90% to 10% threshold.
Page 43
SIGLENT generator will change the waveform immediately. Figure 2-12 Setting the Rise Edge Note: The methods of setting other parameters of pulse signal are similar to sine waveform function. SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT To Set Noise Waveform Press Waveforms key to select the waveform function, and press the Noise softkey. The noise parameters are set by using the noise operation menu. The parameters for noise include stdev, mean and bandwidth. As shown in Figure 2-13, in the soft key menu, select Stdev, The stdev parameter area is highlighted in the parameter display window, and users can set the stdev value here.
Page 45
SIGLENT 1. Press Waveforms → Noise → Stdev, to set the stdev. The stdev shown on the screen when the instrument is powered on is the default value or the set value of last power down. 2. Input the desired stdev. Use the numeric keyboard to input the parameter value directly, and press the corresponding key to select the parameter unit.
Page 46
SIGLENT Figure 2-15 Setting the Mean To Set the Bandwidth Press Waveforms → Noise → BandSet and choose “On” to set the bandwidth. The bandwidth shown on the screen when the instrument is powered on is the default value or the set value of last power on. When changing the function, if the current value is valid for the new waveform, it will be used sequentially.
Page 47
SIGLENT Figure 2-16 Setting the Bandwidth SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT To Set DC Waveform Press Waveforms → Page 1/2 → DC, to enter the following interface. Please note that there is a ‘DC offset’ parameter at the middle of the screen. Figure 2-17 DC Setting Interface Note: The method of setting offset of DC signal is similar to sine waveform function. SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT To Set Arbitrary Waveform The Arb signal consists of two types: the system’s built-in waveforms and the user-defined waveforms. Built-in waveforms are stored in the internal non-volatile memory. Users may also edit the arbitrary waveform with 8 to 8M data points, namely 8pts to 8Mpts.
Page 50
SIGLENT waveform. The instrument outputs an arbitrary waveform which is made up of certain points according to the current frequency TrueArb Choose Waveforms → Page 1/2 → Arb → Arb Mode and select the “TrueArb” output mode. The parameters include sampling rate/frequency, amplitude/high level, offset/ low level and phase.
Page 51
SIGLENT To Set the Sampling Rate 1. Press Waveforms → Page 1/2 → Arb → TureArb → Srate, to set the sampling rate parameter. The sampling rate shown on the screen when the instrument is powered on is the default value or the set value of last power on. When setting the function, if the current value is valid for the new waveform, it will be used sequentially.
Page 52
SIGLENT To select the built-in Arbitrary Waveform There are plenty of built-in Arbitrary Waveforms and user-defined Arbitrary Waveforms inside the generator. To select one of them, follow the instructions below. 1. To Select the Built-in Waveform Choose Waveforms → Page 1/2 → Arb → Arb Type → Built-In to enter the following interface, as shown in Figure 2-21.
Page 53
SIGLENT Ppulse Positive pulse Npulse Negative pulse UpRamp UpRamp waveform DnRamp DnRamp waveform SineTra Sine-Tra waveform SineVer Sine-Ver waveform ExpFall ExpFall function ExpRise ExpRise function LogFall LogFall function LogRise LogRise function Sqrt Sqrt function Root3 Root3 function function function Airy Airy function Besselj Bessel I function...
Page 54
SIGLENT LogNormal LogNormal Gaussian distribution Laplace Laplace distribution Maxwell Maxwell distribution Rayleigh Rayleigh distribution Cauchy Cauchy distribution Cardiac Cardiac signal Quake Analog quake waveform Chirp Chirp signal TwoTone TwoTone signal SNR signal AmpALT Gain oscillation curve AttALT Attenuation oscillation curve RoundHalf RoundHalf Waveform RoundsPM...
Page 56
SIGLENT ASinH Arc hyperbolic sine ATanH Arc hyperbolic tangent ACsch Arc hyperbolic cosecant ACoth Arc hyperbolic cotangent SquareDuty01 Square waveform with 1% duty SquareDuty02 Square waveform with 2% duty SquareDuty04 Square waveform with 4% duty SquareDuty06 Square waveform with 6% duty SquareDuty08 Square waveform with 8% duty SquareDuty10...
Page 57
SIGLENT SquareDuty60 Square waveform with 60% duty SquareDuty62 Square waveform with 62% duty SquareDuty64 Square waveform with 64% duty SquareDuty66 Square waveform with 66% duty SquareDuty68 Square waveform with 68% duty SquareDuty70 Square waveform with 70% duty SquareDuty72 Square waveform with 72% duty SquareDuty74 Square waveform with 74% duty SquareDuty76...
Page 58
SIGLENT ECG9 Electrocardiogram ECG10 Electrocardiogram ECG11 Electrocardiogram ECG12 Electrocardiogram ECG13 Electrocardiogram ECG14 Electrocardiogram ECG15 Electrocardiogram 15 LFPulse Waveform of the low frequency pulse electrotherapy Tens1 Waveform 1 of the nerve stimulation electrotherapy Tens2 Waveform 2 of the nerve stimulation electrotherapy Tens3 Waveform 3 of the nerve stimulation electrotherapy Sectional sine AM signal...
Page 59
SIGLENT Figure 2-22 Stored Waveform Display Interface Rotate the knob or touch the screen to choose the desired waveform. Then select Recall or press the knob to recall the corresponding waveform. SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT To Set Harmonic Function The SDG2000X can be used as a harmonic generator to output harmonics with specified order, amplitude and phase. According to the Fourier transform, a periodic time domain waveform is the superposition of a series of sine waveforms as shown in the equation below: Generally, the component with f frequency is called fundamental waveform, f...
Page 61
SIGLENT Table 2-9 Menu Explanations of Harmonic Function Settings Explanations menu Set the harmonic type to “odd”, “ever” or “all”. Type Set the order of the harmonic. Order Harmonic Set the amplitude of the harmonic. Ampl Harmonic Set the phase of the harmonic. Phase Return to the sine parameters menu.
Page 62
SIGLENT After entering the harmonic setting menu, press Harmonic Ampl to set the harmonic amplitude of each order. 1. Press Order to select the sequence number of the harmonic to be set. 2. Press Harmonic Ampl to set the amplitude of the harmonic selected. Use the arrow keys and knob to change the value.
SIGLENT To Set Modulation Function Use the Mod key to generate modulated waveforms. The SDG2000X can generate AM, FM, ASK, FSK, PSK, PM, PWM and DSB-AM modulated waveforms. Modulating parameters vary with the types of the modulation. In AM, users can set the source (internal/external), depth, modulating frequency, modulating waveform and carrier.
Page 64
SIGLENT 2.9.1 AM The modulated waveform consists of two parts: the carrier and the modulating waveform. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier varies with the instantaneous voltage of the modulating waveform. Press Mod → Type → AM, the parameters of AM modulation are shown in Figure 2-24.
Page 65
SIGLENT DnRamp Noise Set the modulating waveform frequency. AM Freq Frequency range: 1mHz~1MHz (internal source only). To Select Modulation Source The SDG2000X can accept modulating signal from an internal , external or another channel modulation source. Press Mod → AM → Source to select “Internal”, “External”...
Page 66
SIGLENT Modulation depth expressed as a percentage indicates the amplitude variation degree. AM modulation depth varies from 1% to 120%. Press AM Depth to set the parameter. ⚫ In the 0% modulation, the output amplitude is the half of the carrier’s amplitude.
SIGLENT 2.9.2 DSB-AM DSB-AM is an abbreviation for Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier – Amplitude Modulation. Press Mod → Type → DSB-AM. The parameters of DSB-AM modulation are shown in Figure 2-25. Figure 2-25 Setting Interface of DSB-AM Modulation Table 2-11 Menu Explanations of the DSB-AM Parameters Function Settings Explanation...
Page 68
SIGLENT 2.9.3 FM The modulated waveform consists of two parts: the carrier and the modulating waveform. In FM, the frequency of the carrier varies with the instantaneous voltage of the modulating waveform. Press Mod → Type → FM, the parameters of FM modulation are shown in Figure 2-26 Figure 2-26 Setting Interface of FM Modulation Table 2-12 Menu Explanations of the FM Parameters...
Page 69
SIGLENT Noise Set the modulating waveform frequency. FM Freq Frequency range 1mHz~1MHz (internal source). To Set Frequency Deviation Press FM Dev to highlight the parameter, and then use the numeric keyboard or arrow keys and knob to input the desired value. ⚫...
Page 70
SIGLENT 2.9.4 PM The modulated waveform consists of two parts: the carrier and the modulating waveform. In PM, the phase of the carrier varies with the instantaneous voltage level of the modulating waveform. Press Mod → Type → PM, the parameters of PM modulation are shown in Figure 2-27.
Page 71
SIGLENT DnRamp Noise Set the modulating waveform frequency. PM Freq Frequency range: 1mHz~1MHz. To Set Phase Deviation Press Phase Dev to highlight the parameter, and then use the numeric keyboard or arrow keys and knob to input the desired value. ⚫...
SIGLENT 2.9.5 FSK The FSK is Frequency Shift Keying, the output frequency of which switches between two preset frequencies (carrier frequency and the hop frequency or sometimes known as mark frequency (1) and space frequency (0)). Press Mod → Type → FSK, the parameters of FSK modulation are shown in Figure 2-28.
Page 73
SIGLENT frequency”. ⚫ Use the numeric keyboard or arrow keys and knob to input the desired value. ⚫ The key frequency ranges from 1mHz to 1MHz. ⚫ When external modulation source is selected, this menu is hidden. To Set Hop Frequency The range of the hop frequency depends on the carrier frequency currently selected.
SIGLENT 2.9.6 ASK When using ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying), the carrier frequency and key frequency will need to be set. The key frequency is the shift rate of modulated waveform amplitude. Press Mod → Type → ASK, the parameters of ASK modulation are shown in Figure 2-29.
Page 75
SIGLENT The methods for setting the parameters of ASK are similar to AM. In addition, the external modulating signal of ASK must be Square which complies with the CMOS level specification. SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 2.9.7 PSK When using PSK (Phase Shift Keying), configure the generator to “shift” its output phase between two preset phase values (carrier phase and modulating phase). The default modulating phase is 180° . Press Mod → Type → PSK, the parameters of PSK modulation are shown in Figure 2-30.
Page 77
SIGLENT Note: The methods of setting the parameters of PSK are similar to AM. In addition, the external modulating signal of PSK must be Square which complies with the CMOS level specification. SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 2.9.8 PWM In PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), the pulse width of the pulse varies with the instantaneous voltage of the modulating waveform. The carrier can only be pulse. Press Waveforms → Pulse → Mod, the parameters of PWM modulation are shown in Figure 2-31 Figure 2-31 Setting Interface of PWM Modulation Table 2-17 Menu Explanations of the PWM Parameters...
Page 79
SIGLENT DnRamp Noise Set the modulating waveform frequency. PWM Freq Frequency range: 1mHz~1MHz (internal source only). To Set Pulse Width/Duty Deviation Width Deviation represents the variation of the modulated waveform pulse width relative to the original pulse width. Press Width Dev to highlight the parameter, and use the numeric keyboard or arrow keys and knob to input the desired value, as shown in the Figure 2-32.
Page 80
SIGLENT Figure 2-33 Duty Deviation Setting Interface ⚫ The duty deviation cannot exceed the current pulse duty cycle. ⚫ The duty deviation is limited by the minimum duty cycle and current edge time setting. ⚫ Duty deviation and width deviation are correlative. Once a parameter is changed, the other will be automatically changed.
SIGLENT 2.10 To Set Sweep Function In the sweep mode, the generator steps from the start frequency to the stop frequency in the sweep time specified by the user. The waveforms that support sweep include sine, square, ramp and arbitrary. Press Sweep key to enter the following menu.
Page 82
SIGLENT Page Enter the next page. Figure 2-35 Setting Interface of Sweep (Page 2/2) Table 2-19 Menu Explanations of Sweep (Page 2/2) Function Settings Explanation Menu Set the sweep with linear profile. Linear Type Set the sweep with logarithmic profile. Sweep upward.
Page 83
SIGLENT Start Frequency and Stop Frequency Start Frequency and Stop Frequency are the lower and upper limits of the frequency for sweep. Start Frequency ≤ Stop Frequency. ⚫ Choose Direction → Up, the generator will sweep from Start frequency to Stop frequency.
Page 84
SIGLENT Figure 2-36 Linear Sweep Interface Log Sweep In log sweep, the output frequency of the instrument varies in a logarithmic fashion, that is, the output frequency changes in the way of “decade per second”. Choose Sweep → Page 1/2 → Type → Log, there is an exponential function curve displayed on the waveform on the screen, indicating that the output frequency changes in a logarithmic mode.
Page 85
SIGLENT The sweep trigger source can be internal, external or manual. The generator will generate a sweep output when a trigger signal is received and then wait for the next trigger source. 1. Internal Trigger Choose Source → Internal, the generator outputs continuous sweep waveform when internal trigger is selected.
SIGLENT 2.11 To Set Burst Function The Burst function can generate versatile waveforms in n this mode. Burst times can last a specific number of waveform cycles (N-Cycle mode), or when an external gated signals (Gated mode) is applied. Any waveform (except DC) may be used as the carrier, but noise can only be used in Gated mode.
Page 87
SIGLENT Figure 2-38 N-Cycle Burst Interface (Page 1/2) Table 2-21 Menu Explanations of the N-Cycle Burst (Page 1/2) Function Settings Explanation Menu NCycle Use the N-Cycle mode. Cycles Set the number of the bursts in N-Cycle. Infinite Set the number of the bursts in N-Cycle to be infinite. Start Phase Set the start phase of the burst.
Page 88
SIGLENT Figure 2-39 N-Cycle Burst Interface (Page 2/2) Table 2-22 Menu Explanations of the N-Cycle Burst (Page2/2) Function Settings Explanation Menu Delay Set the delay time before the burst starts. Disable trigger out. Trig Out Enable trigger out. Burst Set the number of burst cycles under the trigger source Counter is external and manual Page...
Page 89
SIGLENT Figure 2-40 Infinite Burst Interface Gated In gated mode, the generator controls the waveform output according to the gate signal level. When the gated signal is “true”, the generator outputs a continuous waveform. When the gated signal is “false”, the generator first completes the output of the current period and then stops.
Page 90
SIGLENT Figure 2-41 Gated Burst Interface Table 2-23 Menu Explanations of the Gated Burst Function Settings Explanation Menu Use the gated mode. Gated Positive Set the polarity for the gated signal. Polarity Negative Set the start phase of the burst. Start Phase Set the burst Period.
Page 91
SIGLENT trigger occurs. Delay Set the time delay between the trigger input and the start of the N-Cycle burst. Burst Trigger Source The burst trigger source can be internal, external or manual. The generator will generate a burst output when a trigger signal is received and then wait for the next trigger source.
SIGLENT 2.12 To Store and Recall SDG2000X can store the current instrument state and user-defined arbitrary waveform data in internal or external memory and recall them when needed. Press Store/Recall to enter the following interface. Figure 2-42 Store/Recall Interface (Page 1/2) Table 2-24 Menu Explanations of Save and Recall Function Settings...
SIGLENT Figure 2-43 Store/Recall Interface (Page 2/2) Table 2-25 Menu Explanations of Save and Recall Function Settings Explanation Menu Copy Copy the selected file. Paste the selected file. Paste Exit the Store/Recall interface. Cancel Page Return to the previous page. 2.12.1 Storage System The SDG2000X provides an internal non-volatile memory (C Disk) and a USB...
Page 94
SIGLENT show the drive letter “USB Device (0:)” and display a prompt message “USB device connected.”, as shown in Figure 2-44. After removing the U-Disk, the screen will display a prompt message “USB device removed.” And “USB Device (0:)” in the storage menu will disappear. Figure 2-44 Storage System Note: The SDG2000X can only identify files of which filenames consist of English...
SIGLENT 2.12.2 File Type Choose Store/Recall → File Type to select the desired file type. Available file types are State File and Data File. State File Store the instrument state in internal or external memory in “*.xml” format. The state file stored includes waveform parameters and modulation, sweep, burst parameters of two channels and utility parameters.
SIGLENT 2.12.3 File Operation To Save the Instrument State Users can store the current instrument state in internal and external memories. The storage will save the selected function (including the basic waveform parameters, modulation parameters and other utility settings used.) To save the instrument state, the procedures are given as followed: 1.
Page 97
SIGLENT Table 2-26 Menu Explanation of File Storage Function Settings Explanation Menu Cursor upward to select. Cursor downward to select. Down Select the current character. Select Delete the current character. Delete Store the file with the current name. Save Return to the store/Recall interface. Cancel Select the character Users can select the desired character from the virtual soft keyboard by using...
Page 98
SIGLENT Press Store/Recall → File Type, and choose state or data as the storage type. 2. Choose the file to be recalled. Rotate the knob or click the touch screen to select the file you want to recall. 3. Recall the file. Choose Recall, press the knob or click the location of the file on the screen, the generator will recall the selected file and display corresponding prompt message when the file is read successfully.
Page 99
SIGLENT 2. Choose the file to be copied. Rotate the knob to select USB Device (0:) and press the knob to open its directory. Then rotate the knob to select the file you want to copy and press Page 1/2 → Copy. 3.
SIGLENT 2.13 To Set Utility Function With the Utility function, the user can set the parameters of the generator such as Sync, Interface, System Setting, Self Test and Frequency Counter, etc. Press Utility to enter the utility menu, as shown in Figure 2-46 and Figure 2-47.
Page 101
SIGLENT Figure 2-47 Utility Setup Interface (Page 2/2) Table 2-28 Menu Explanations of Utility (Page2/2) Function Settings Explanation Menu Interface Set the parameters of remote interfaces. Sync Set the sync output. Internal CLKSource Choose the system clock source. External Help View the help information.
SIGLENT 2.13.1 System Settings Press Utility → System, to enter the following interface. Figure 2-48 System Setup Interface (Page 1/2) Table 2-29 Menu Explanations of System Setup (Page 1/2) Function Settings Explanation Menu Number Set the number format. format English Language Set the language.
Page 103
SIGLENT Figure 2-49 System Setup Interface (Page 2/2) Table 2-30 Menu Explanations of System Setup (Page 2/2) Function Settings Explanation Menu 1min 5min 15min Enable or disable the screen saver. 30min ScrnSvr 1hour 2hour 5hour Disable the screen saver. View the system information System Info Firmware Update the firmware by the U-disk.
Page 104
SIGLENT Figure 2-50 Set the Number Format Table 2-31 Menu Explanations of Setting the Number Format Function Settings Explanation Menu Use dot to represent decimal point; Point Use comma to represent decimal point. Enable the Separator; Separator Close the Separator; Use Space as the separator.
Page 105
SIGLENT Figure 2-51 English Interface Chinese Interface Figure 2-52 Chinese Interface 3. Power On Choose the SDG2000X’s setting when the generator is powered on. Two choices are available: the default setting and the last settings set when the unit was last powered down. Once selected, the setting will be applied when the instrument is powered on.
Page 106
SIGLENT ⚫ Last: includes all system parameters and states, except channel output state. ⚫ Default: denotes the factory defaults except certain parameters (such as Language). ⚫ User: load the configuration in the user specified configuration file when power on 4. Set to Default Press Utility →...
Page 107
SIGLENT Trig Out Mode Linear ↑ Direction Burst Default Burst Period 10ms Start Phase 0° Cycles 1Cycle Trig Out Delay 521ns Trigger Default Source Internal 5. Beeper Enable or disable the beeper. Press Utility →System → Beeper to select “On” or “Off”...
Page 108
SIGLENT Figure 2-53 System Information Interface 8. Update The software version and configuration file of the generator can be updated directly via U-disk. Follow the steps below: 1. Insert U-disk with firmware update file (*.ADS) and configuration file (*.CFG) to USB host interface on the front panel of the generator. 2.
Page 109
SIGLENT 9. Built-in Help System The SDG2000X provides a built-in help system, by which users can view the help information at any time when operating the instrument. Press Utility → System → Page 1/2 → Help to enter the following interface. Figure 2-54 Help Menu Figure 2-55 Help Menu Explanations Function...
SIGLENT 2.13.2 Test/Cal Choose Utility → Test/Cal, to enter the following interface. Figure 2-56 Test/Cal function Menu Table 2-33 Menu Explanations of Test/Cal Setting Function Settings Explain Menu SelfTest Perform a system self-test. TouchCal Do a touch screen calibration. Return to the Utility menu. Return Self Test Press Utility →...
Page 111
SIGLENT Figure 2-57 Self Test Interface Table 2-34 Menu Explanations of Self Test Function Settings Explain Menu ScrTest Run screen test program. KeyTest Run keyboard test program. LEDTest Run key indicator lights test program. BoardTest Run hardware circuit self-test program. Cancel Return to the Test/Cal menu.
Page 112
SIGLENT Figure 2-58 Screen Test Interface 2. Key Test Select KeyTest to enter the keyboard test interface, the on-screen white rectangle shapes represent the front panel keys. The circle between two arrows represents the knob. Test all keys and knob and also verify that all the backlight keys illuminate correctly.
Page 113
SIGLENT shapes represent the front panel keys. The prompt message ‘Please press ‘7’ Key to continue, press ‘8’ Key to exit.’ is displayed. Press the ‘7’ key continuously for testing and when a key is lighted, the corresponding area on the screen will display in blue color.
Page 114
SIGLENT misoperation. Press Utility → Test/Cal → TouchCal, to enter the following interface. Figure 2-62 Touch Adjust Interface According to the message, click the red circle on the upper left corner, upper right corner, lower left corner and lower right corner of the screen in sequence. After touch calibration is done, the system will display the following tip.
SIGLENT 2.13.3 Frequency Counter The SDG2000X provides a frequency counter which could measure frequencies between 100mHz to 200MHz. The dual channels can still output normally when the counter is enabled. Press Utility → Counter, to enter the following interface. Figure 2-64 Frequency Counter Interface Table 2-35 Menu Explanations of Frequency Counter Function Settings...
Page 116
SIGLENT Figure 2-65 Counter Setup Interface Table 2-36 Menu Explanations of Setup Function Settings Explanation Menu Set the coupling mode to DC Mode Set the coupling mode to AC Open the high frequency rejection filter. Close the high frequency rejection filter. Set the frequency counter settings to default.
Page 117
SIGLENT 3. Trigger Level Sets the trigger level of the measurement system. The system triggers and obtains the measurement readings when the input signal reaches the specified trigger level. The default is 0V and the available range is from -3V to 1.5V.
SIGLENT 2.13.4 Output Press Utility → Output to enter the following interface. Figure 2-66 Output Setup Interface Load For the [CH1] and [CH2] connectors on the front panel, the generator has an output impedance of 50Ω. If the actual load does not match the set load, the displayed voltage will not be the same as the output voltage.
Page 119
SIGLENT Continue pressing the corresponding output key for two seconds to switch between High Impedance and 50Ω. Polarity Press Utility → Output Setup → Polarity to set the output signal as normal or inverted. The waveform’s inversion is relative to the offset voltage, as shown in the following figure.
Page 120
SIGLENT waveform of CH2 in the general mode while the waveform of CH1+CH2 can be output in the combined mode. Press Utility → Output Setup → Wave Combine to enter the waveforms combining interface, as shown in the following figure. Figure 2-67 Waveforms Combining Interface Table 2-37 Menu Explanations of Wave Combine Function...
Page 121
SIGLENT be damaged. Press Utility → Output Setup → current page1/2 → amplitude to enter the amplitude setting page and limit the maximum output amplitude. The default maximum amplitude is the maximum amplitude that the device can provide. It takes effect on both channels immediately after setting. Power on output status In some application scenarios, the user needs to turn on the power on channel output as soon as the power on channel is turned on.
SIGLENT 2.13.5 CH Copy/Coupling Channel Copy The SDG2000X supports state and waveform copy function between its two channels. That is to say, it copies all parameters and states (including the channel output state) and arbitrary waveform data of one channel to the other one.
Page 123
SIGLENT Channel coupling or track function and channel copy function are mutually exclusive. When channel coupling or track function is enabled, the menu Channel Copy is hidden. Channel Coupling The SDG2000X supports frequency, amplitude and phase coupling. Users can set the frequency deviation/ratio, amplitude deviation/ratio or phase deviation /ratio of the two channels.
Page 124
SIGLENT 2. To Select Frequency Coupling Mode Press FreqMode to choose “Deviation” or “Ratio”, and then use the numeric keyboard or knob and arrow keys to input the desired value. ⚫ Deviation: the frequency deviation between CH1 and CH2. The resulting signal is represented by: FreqCH2-FreqCH1=FreqDev.
Page 125
SIGLENT Arbitrary. 2. When the Phase Coupling function is enabled, if the phase of one channel is changed, the phase of the other channel will be changed accordingly. At this point, aligning phase between the two channels can be achieved without executing the Eqphase operation.
Page 126
SIGLENT deviation between CH1 and CH2. The resulting signal is represented by: Phase -Phase =PhaseDev. Figure 2-71 Phase Deviation Interface SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 2.13.6 Remote Interface The SDG2000X can be controlled remotely via USB, LAN and GPIB (option) interfaces. Users can set the corresponding interface according to their needs. Press Utility → Page 1/2 → Interface to open the following menu. The user can set LAN parameters or GPIB address.
Page 128
SIGLENT Users can program and control the instrument by using the SCPI commands (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments). For more information about the commands and programming, please refer to “Remote Control Manual”. 2. PC software Users can use the PC software Measurement & Automation Explorer of NI (National Instruments Corporation) to send commands to control the instrument remotely.
Page 129
SIGLENT default value is 18 and values range from 1 to 30. The selected address is stored in non-volatile memory. 1. Connect the device. Connect the generator to the computer using a USB to GPIB adapter (option). Note: Please make sure that the PC has a GPIB interface card installed. Connect the USB terminal of the USB to GPIB adapter to the USB Host interface at the front panel of the generator and the GPIB terminal to the GPIB card terminal of the PC.
Page 130
SIGLENT Open Measurement & Automation Explorer of NI. After adding the GPIB device successfully, choose the corresponding resource name. Then click “Open VISA Test Panel” to turn on the remote command control panel through which you can send commands and read data. Remote Control via LAN The SDG2000X can communicate with a PC through LAN interface.
Page 131
SIGLENT available IP address from your network administrator. Press IP Address and use the arrow keys and numeric keyboard or knob to enter your desired IP address. The setting is stored in non-volatile memory and will be loaded automatically when the generator is powered on at the next time.
Page 132
SIGLENT your network administrator to get an available IP address. For details, refer to the TCP/IP protocol. 4) DHCP Configuration Mode In DHCP mode, the DHCP server in the current network assigns LAN parameters, e.g. IP address, for the generator. Press DHCP to select “On” or “Off”...
SIGLENT 2.13.7 Sync Output The generator provides Sync output through the [Aux In/Out] connector on the rear panel. When the synchronization is on, the port can output a CMOS signal with the same frequency as basic waveforms (except Noise and DC), arbitrary waveforms, and modulated waveforms (except external modulation).
Page 134
SIGLENT the waveform. 2) When the frequency of the waveform is greater than 10MHz, there is no sync signal output. 3) Noise and DC: there is no sync signal output. Modulated Waveform 1) When internal modulation is selected, the sync signal is a Pulse with 50ns pulse width.
SIGLENT 2.13.8 Clock Source The SDG2000X provides an internal 10MHz clock source. It also can accept external clock source form the [10 MHz In/Out] connector at the rear panel. It can also output the clock source from the [10 MHz In/Out] connector for other devices.
SIGLENT 2.13.9 Mode Press Utility → Page 1/2 → Mode to enter the mode setup Interface, as shown in Figure 2-76. Figure 2-76 Mode Setup Interface Phase-locked Mode When changing the frequency, the DDSs of both channels reset, and the phase deviation between CH1 and CH2 is maintained.
Page 137
SIGLENT Independent Mode When changing the frequency, neither channels’ DDS resets and the phase deviation between CH1 and CH2 changes at random. When the independent mode is enabled, the phase parameter cannot be modified and the menu Phase is hidden, as shown in Figure 2-78. Figure 2-78 Independent Mode SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 2.13.10 Overvoltage Protection Choose Utility → Page 1/2 → OverVoltage Protection to turn on or off the function, as shown in the following figure. Figure 2-79 Overvoltage Protection Interface If the state is set to ON, overvoltage protection of CH1 and CH2 will take effect once any of the following conditions is met.
SIGLENT 3 Examples To help the user master how to use the SDG2000X more efficiently, we provide some examples in detail. All the examples below use the default setting of the instrument except in special cases. This chapter includes the following topics: ⚫...
SIGLENT Example 1: Generate a Sine Waveform Generate a sine waveform with 1MHz frequency, 5Vpp amplitude and 1Vdc offset. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the frequency. 1. Press Waveforms → Sine →Frequency/Period and choose Frequency which will display in blue color. 2.
Page 141
SIGLENT Figure 3-1 Generate a Sine Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT Example 2: Generate a Square Waveform Generate a square waveform with 5kHz frequency, 2Vpp amplitude, 1Vdc offset and 30% duty cycle. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the frequency. 1. Press Waveforms → Square → Frequency/Period and choose Frequency which will display in blue color. 2.
Page 143
SIGLENT Figure 3-2 Generate a Square Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT Example 3: Generate a Ramp Waveform Generate a ramp waveform with 10μs period, 100mVpp amplitude, 20mVdc offset, 45° phase and 30% symmetry. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the Period. 1. Press Waveforms → Ramp → Frequency/Period and choose Period which will display in blue color. 2.
Page 145
SIGLENT When the period, amplitude, offset, phase and symmetry are set, the waveform generated is shown in Figure 3-3. Figure 3-3 Generate a Ramp Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT Example 4: Generate a Pulse Waveform Generate a pulse waveform with 5kHz frequency, 5V high level, -1V low level, 40μs pulse width and 20ns delay. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the Frequency. 1. Press Waveforms → Pulse → Frequency/Period and choose Frequency, which will display in blue color.
Page 147
SIGLENT 2. Input ‘20’ from the keyboard and choose the unit ‘ns’. The delay is set to 20ns. When the frequency, high level, low level, pulse width and delay are set, the waveform generated is shown in Figure 3-4. Figure 3-4 Generate a Pulse Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT Example 5: Generate a Noise Generate a noise with 0.5V stdev and 1 V mean. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the Stdev. 1. Press Waveforms → Noise → Stdev to choose Stdev which will display in blue color. 2. Input ‘0.5’ from the keyboard and choose the unit ‘V’. The stdev is set to 0.5 V.
SIGLENT Example 6: Generate a DC Waveform Generate a DC waveform with 3Vdc offset, ➢ Steps: ⚫ Choose the DC waveform. 1. Press Waveforms →Page 1/2→ DC, to choose the DC waveform. ⚫ Set the Offset. 1. Press Offset and choose Offset which will display in blue color. 2.
SIGLENT Example7: Generate a Linear Sweep Waveform Generate a sine sweep waveform whose frequency starts at 100Hz and sweeps to a frequency of 10KHz. Use internal trigger mode, linear sweep, and a sweep time of 2s. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the sweep function. Press Waveforms and choose the sine waveform as the sweep function.
Page 151
SIGLENT Press Type and choose Linear. When all parameters above are set, the linear sweep waveform generated is shown in Figure 3-7. Figure 3-7 Generate a Linear Sweep Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT Example 8: Generate a Burst Waveform Generate a burst waveform with 5 cycles. The burst period is 3ms. Use internal trigger and 0° start phase. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the burst function. Press Waveforms, and choose the sine waveform as the burst function. ⚫...
Page 153
SIGLENT ⚫ Set the burst cycle. Press Cycle, Input ‘5’ from the keyboard and choose the unit ‘Cycle’ to set the burst cycle count to 5. ⚫ Set the delay. Press Page 1/2 to choose Delay, and input ‘100’ from the keyboard and choose the unit ‘μs’...
SIGLENT Example 9: Generate an AM Modulation Waveform Generate an AM modulation waveform with 80% depth. The carrier is a sine wave with 10kHz frequency, and the modulating wave is a sine wave with 200Hz frequency. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the frequency, amplitude and offset of the carrier wave. 1.
Page 155
SIGLENT Figure 3-9 Generate an AM Modulation Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 3.10 Example 10: Generate a FM Modulation Waveform Generate a FM modulation waveform, the carrier is a sine wave with 10kHz frequency, and the modulating wave is a sine wave with 1Hz frequency and 2kHz frequency deviation. ➢ Steps: ⚫...
Page 157
SIGLENT Figure 3-10 Generate a FM Modulation Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 3.11 Example 11: Generate a PM Modulation Waveform Generate a PM modulation waveform, the carrier is a sine wave with 10kHz frequency, and the modulating wave is a sine wave with 2kHz frequency and 90° phase deviation. ➢ Steps: ⚫...
Page 159
SIGLENT Figure 3-11 Generate a PM Modulation Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 3.12 Example 12: Generate a FSK Modulation Waveform Generate a FSK modulation waveform with 200Hz key frequency. The carrier is a sine wave with 10kHz frequency, and the hop frequency is 500Hz. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the frequency, amplitude and offset of the carrier wave. 1.
Page 161
SIGLENT Figure 3-12 Generate a FSK Modulation Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 3.13 Example 13: Generate an ASK Modulation Waveform Generate an ASK modulation waveform with 500Hz key frequency. The carrier is a sine wave with 5kHz frequency. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the frequency, amplitude and offset of the carrier wave. 1.
Page 163
SIGLENT Figure 3-13 Generate an ASK Modulation Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 3.14 Example 14: Generate a PSK Modulation Waveform Generate a PSK modulation waveform with 200Hz key frequency. The carrier is a sine wave with 1kHz frequency. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the frequency, amplitude and offset of the carrier wave. 1.
Page 165
SIGLENT Figure 3-14 Generate a PSK Modulation Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 3.15 Example 15: Generate a PWM Modulation Waveform Generate a PWM modulation waveform with 200Hz key frequency. The carrier is a pulse wave with 5kHz frequency. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the frequency, amplitude and offset of the carrier wave. 1.
Page 167
SIGLENT Figure 3-15 Generate a PWM Modulation Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 3.16 Example 16: Generate a DSB-AM Modulation Waveform Generate a DSB-AM modulation waveform with 100Hz modulating frequency. The carrier is a sine wave with 2kHz frequency. ➢ Steps: ⚫ Set the frequency, amplitude and offset of the carrier wave. 1.
Page 169
SIGLENT Figure 3-16 Generate a DSB-AM Modulation Waveform SDG2000X User Manual...
SIGLENT 4 Troubleshooting General Inspecting After receiving a new SDG2000X Series Function/Arbitrary Generator please inspect the instrument as followed: 1. Inspect the shipping container for damage. Keep the damaged shipping container or cushioning material until the contents of the shipment have been checked for completeness and the instrument has been checked mechanically and electrically.
SIGLENT Troubleshooting 1. After the generator is powered on, if the screen remains dark please do as the following steps: (1) Check the power cable’s connection. (2) Ensure the power switch is turned on. (3) After the inspections above, restart the generator. (4) If the generator still doesn’t work after checking, please contact SIGLENT.
SIGLENT 5 Service and Support Maintenance summary SIGLENT warrants that the products it manufactures and sells will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for three years from the date of shipment from an authorized SIGLENT distributor. If a product is proved to be defective within the warranty period, SIGLENT will provide repair or replace the unit as described in the complete warranty statement.
SIGLENT 6 Appendix Appendix A: Accessories SDG2000X Series Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator Accessories: Standard Accessories: ⚫ Quick Start Guide ⚫ A Calibration Report ⚫ A Power cord that fits the standard of the destination country ⚫ A USB Cable ⚫ A BNC Coaxial Cable Optional Accessories: ⚫...
SIGLENT Appendix B: Daily Maintenance and Cleaning Daily Maintenance Do not store or leave the instrument in where the display screen will be exposed to direct sunlight for a long period of time. CAUTION: To avoid damage to the instrument, do not expose it to spray, liquid, or solvent.
Page 176
SIGLENT Nettoyage Si l'instrument exige le nettoyage, démontez-le de toutes les sources d'énergie et nettoyez-le avec un détergent doux et arrosez. Assurez-vous que l'instrument est complètement sec avant de le rebrancher à une source d'énergie. Pour nettoyer la surface extérieure, exécutez les étapes suivantes : 1.
Need help?
Do you have a question about the UM0202X-E02D and is the answer not in the manual?
Questions and answers