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Orban OPTIMOD TRIO-AM Operating Manual

Multi-mode digital audio processor
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OPERATING MANUAL
OPTIMOD
TRIO-AM
Multi-Mode Digital Audio Processor

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Summary of Contents for Orban OPTIMOD TRIO-AM

  • Page 1 OPERATING MANUAL OPTIMOD TRIO-AM Multi-Mode Digital Audio Processor...
  • Page 2 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO Description: M/HD/DAB+ Digital Audio Processor OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO, Stereo Encoder, Digital I/O, Digital MPX I/O, Protection Structure, Two-Band Structure, Multi-Band Structure, HD Radio™ / Digital Radio/Netcast Processing, Digital Composite Output, Dante AES67-Compliant Audio-Over-IP, µMPX streaming, Dual-Redundant Power Supply 90 V to 240V (automatically selected), switchable to 50µs or 75µs.
  • Page 3 © Copyright 2024 Orban Labs Inc. Orban® and OPTIMOD TRIO-AM® are trademarks of Orban Labs Inc.. Published March 2024. This manual © copyright Orban Labs Inc. This manual may be freely printed out and distributed if this copyright notice is not removed.
  • Page 4 IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS O P T I M O D T R I O - A M T R I O M U L T I - M O D E A U D I O P R O C E S S O R All the safety and operating instructions should be read before the appliance is operated.
  • Page 5 • The Monitor Rolloff Filter(s) (OPTIMOD TRIO-AM only) The COAX Connecting Cable (THE OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-TRIO and OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-TV only) Your dealer may charge you for any • missing items. If you are returning a unit for repair, do not enclose any of the above items. Further advice on proper packing and shipping is included in the Manual (see Table of Contents).
  • Page 6 O P T I M O D T R I O - A M T R I O M U L T I - M O D E A U D I O P R O C E S S O R (3) After reading the section on Factory Assistance, you may call Orban Customer Service for advice during normal business hours. The number is +1 856.719.9900.
  • Page 7 O P T I M O D T R I O - A M - T R I O D I G I T A L A U D I O P R O C E S S O R...

  • Page 8: Table Of Contents

    Monitoring on Loudspeakers and Headphones....................... 2-21 Introduction to the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM and Processing ................. 2-23 Connecting to The OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM via Web Interface ..............2-30 Connecting with a Browser ............................2-30 Customizing the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM’s Sound ..................2-31 Factory Programming Presets ..........................
  • Page 9 O P T I M O D T R I O - A M - T R I O D I G I T A L A U D I O P R O C E S S O R Clipper Controls ...............................

  • Page 10: Section 1: Introduction

    Section 1: Introduction The OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO is a 1 RU (rack unit) broadcast audio processor designed for use with analog AM or FM broadcasts, or digital broadcasts or streaming. It has a consistent 2 band AGC (Automatic Gain Control)

  • Page 11: Input/Output Configuration

    You can switch any of the TRIO’s outputs between the analog-channel processing, a low-delay monitor signal, and the HD-channel processing. You select whether THE OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-TRIO uses the digital or analog input on the Input/output screen, by PC remote control, or by GPI (General Purpose Interface) optically-isolated remote control.

  • Page 12: Analog Left/Right Input/Output

    Orban TRIO Technical Manual Introduction Analog Left/Right Input/Output The left and right analog inputs are on XLR-type female connectors on the rear panel. Input impedance is greater than 10k ; balanced and floating. Inputs can accommodate up to +27 dBu (0 dBu = 0.775Vrms). The left and right analog outputs are on XLR-type male connectors on the rear panel.

  • Page 13: Digitized Subcarrier Inputs (Fm Only)

    You can configure the TRIO to lock its 19kHz pilot tone and output sample frequency to this input. When a valid reference signal is applied to this input, it locks the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM’s Internal DSP clock to this input, so if a given AES3 L/R output’s sync source is set to INTERNAL, the sample frequency at that output will be locked to this reference signal.

  • Page 14: Warranty, User Feedback

    Simply take or ship your Orban products prepaid to our service department. Be sure to include a copy of your sales slip as proof of purchase date. We will not repair transit damage under the no-charge terms of this warranty.
  • Page 15 The TRIO uses a universal switching power supply that will operate without readjustment from 95 to 264 volts AC, 50 or 60 Hz. Always place surge protection circuits as close as possible to the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-TRIO. AC power line surges should be handled in a way that keeps instantaneous potential differences between the power line hot, neutral, AC grounding conductor, the station ground and the processor chassis as low as possible.
  • Page 16 Orban TRIO Technical Manual Introduction • How does the unit handle AC power that is not exactly 60Hz, such as when the facility is on its backup generator? • If the unit has onboard surge protection, what kind of surge capability does it have and where are those surges directed to? •...
  • Page 17 The tally outputs are protected against reverse polarity. • To avoid damaging the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM, limit the current into a tally output to 30 mA. DO NOT connect a tally output directly to a low impedance voltage source! The tally outputs are not protected against this abuse and Q3 or Q4 is likely to burn out.
  • Page 18 Orban TRIO Technical Manual Introduction All the way to the right of the rear panel, you will find two power inlets. For setup mode it is not necessary to energize both, however, you will want to perform this task before you place the processor on air.
  • Page 19 1-10 Introduction A) Monitoring current TRIO mode (AM or FM or HD) B) Analog In C) Digital In 1 D) Digital in 2 E) AoIP In 1 F) AoIP In 2 G) Stream In Use the up and down dobby buttons to scroll thru the options and touch the source you would like to monitor. For convenience (and your ears), the headphone LEVEL button is in the top right of your screen to jump back to the level control to adjust.
  • Page 20 1-11 Orban TRIO Technical Manual Introduction Touching the > box will reveal the following information • CPU Temperature • MB Temperature • Fan Speed • Free Memory Flash #1 • Free Memory Flash #2 • Free Memory • Voltages •...

  • Page 21: The Trio Rear Panel

    Unused at this time. Please connect to the IP address of the processor with a browser to modify a preset. The TRIO Rear Panel The OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-TRIO rear panel lays out I/O for all three modes it is capable of performing. From left to right, these are •...
  • Page 22 1-13 Orban TRIO Technical Manual Introduction CONNECTING VIA COMPUTER Now that you have setup the the IP address, time and input source, it’s time to connect to the TRIO using the Ethernet port. The default address for the TRIO is 192.168.254.254 with a subnet of 255.255.255.0 and the gateway address 0.0.0.0.

  • Page 24: Section 2: Optimod Trio-Am Trio-Am

    If you do, you may get disappointing results. Take a little time now to familiarize yourself with OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM. A small investment of your time now will yield large dividends in audio quality.
  • Page 25 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM also fully supports the NRSC standard preemphasis curve. Controllable and Adjustable • OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM comes with a wide variety of factory presets to accommodate almost any user requirement. A single L control easily modifies any factory preset. The user (via F ONTROL can further customize the presets, and these can be stored and recalled on command.

  • Page 26: Presets In Optimod Trio-Am Trio-Am

    The TRIO is designed and certified to meet all applicable international safety and emissions standards. Presets in OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM There are two distinct kinds of presets in OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM: factory presets and user presets. Factory Presets The Factory Presets are our “factory recommended settings” for various program formats or types. The description indicates the processing structure and the type of processing.
  • Page 27 You can select whether OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM uses its digital, analog or AES67 input either locally or by the HTML5 web server. If OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM is set to accept a digital input and the feed fails, you can configure OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM so that it automatically switches back to one of the other inputs.
  • Page 28 This information can be seen when viewing a device on Dante Controller and allows Dante devices to determine compatibility with other devices, such as compatible sample rates to allow audio to be routed. Dante hardware devices, like your OPTIMOD TRIO-AM, are set to obtain their IP address automatically from the network. They will either: •...
  • Page 29 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM The OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM can be operated in REDUNDANT or SWITCHED modes: • Redundant: When a device is set to REDUNDANT, the device will duplicate Dante audio traffic to both Ethernet ports, allowing the implementation of a redundant network via the secondary port.
  • Page 30 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Figure 2-2: A SWITCHED setup with a DHCP-sourced IP address Figure 2-3: A Dante Controller reports the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM network status when a OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM has been configured and connected for dual-redundant networks.
  • Page 31 A Dante device has a number of channels associated with it. These are either transmit (TX) or receive (RX) channels. Your OPTIMOD TRIO-AM provides two Dante stereo transmit channels and two stereo receive channels. Receive channels and devices are listed down the left side of the grid in the Dante Controller software.
  • Page 32 Channel 4 = DANTE 2 RIGHT OUTPUT You can set the sample rate of the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM’s Dante output via the DEVICE CONFIG tab in the Dante Controller software. You must set the sample rate to match the rate of the Dante network device receiving the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM’s output.

  • Page 33: Location Of Optimod Trio-Am Trio-Am

    WORD LENGTH and DITHER The WORD LENGTH control sets the level of dither that the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM applies to this output when you set DITHER to ON. Set the WORD LENGTH control to match the word length that digital input of your transmitter accepts.
  • Page 34 Unlike FM, where the transmitter usually can be set up to provide preemphasis, AM transmitters are universally “flat.” Therefore, unlike FM, there is no option when using lossy compression to de-emphasize at the output of OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM and then to restore the preemphasis at the transmitter. The best one can do is to use...
  • Page 35 If the transmitter is accessible: You can achieve the most accurate control of modulation peaks by locating OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM at the transmitter site or by connecting it to the transmitter through an uncompressed digital STL.
  • Page 36 The TRIO-AM can only be located at the transmitter if the signal-to-noise ratio of the STL is good enough to pass unprocessed audio. The signal-to-noise ratio of the STL can be used optimally if an Orban OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-PC 1101e is placed before the STL. Discontinued Orban products that would work would be the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM 6200 / 6300 or another OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO in HD/Streaming mode.

  • Page 37: Am Transmitters And Antennas

    30Hz will not be constant. For example, a typical 50Hz high-pass filter introduces significant non-constant group delay to 500Hz — ten times the cutoff frequency. This non-constant group delay will tilt the flattops produced by OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM. The tilt increases the peak level of the audio...
  • Page 38 Defeating any clippers in the transmitter prevents this possibility. This problem will be even worse if OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM's transmitter equalizer is in use. OPTIMOD TRIO- AM TRIO-AM's output level will frequently exceed 100% modulation because it is pre-distorted to complement the transmitter's pulse response.
  • Page 39 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM was designed with the assumption that one audio processor would be devoted to no more than two transmitters, usually called main and standby (or main and alternate). Each transmitter might be...
  • Page 40 To drive two transmitters, OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM provides two mono analog outputs (called Analog Output 1 and Analog Output 2) and one AES3 digital output, which can alternatively be used to drive the main transmitter if it has a digital input.
  • Page 41 This not only causes dull sound on the air (and defeats OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM's principal advantage: its ability to create a highly pre-emphasized signal without undesirable side effects), but it also wastes energy, can cause distortion, and can shorten the life of transmitter components.
  • Page 42 2-19 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Accordingly, if you use lossy data reduction in the studio, you should use the highest data rate possible. This maximizes the headroom between the added noise and the threshold where it will be heard. In addition, you should minimize the number of encode and decode cycles because each cycle moves the added noise closer to the threshold where the added noise is heard.

  • Page 43: Line-Up Facilities

    2-20 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Line-Up Facilities Metering of Levels The meters on the TRIO-AM show left/right input levels and both positive and negative output modulation. Input metering is stereo because the TRIO-AM will most often be fed by a stereo source even though the TRIO-AM processing is mono.

  • Page 44: Monitoring On Loudspeakers And Headphones

    This cutting of the bandwidth had the effect of reducing the receiver's high-frequency response, but it was felt that lower fidelity would be less obnoxious than interference. As long ago as 1978, Orban proposed and implemented preemphasis and low-pass filtering for AM broadcast to provide brighter sound at the receiver while minimizing interference.
  • Page 45 15dB) for the audio presented to the transmitter. (See Figure 1-3.) OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM's NRSC low-pass setting is essentially flat to 9.5 kHz and substantially exceeds the NRSC standards above that frequency. This essentially eliminates interference to second and higher adjacencies.

  • Page 46: Introduction To The Optimod Trio-Am Trio-Am And Processing

    OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Figure 2-4: NRSC Lowpass Filter OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM complies fully with the NRSC-1 standard when the 9.5 kHz NRSC low-pass filter is in use and the HF Curve control is set to NRSC. Unfortunately, at this writing, the trend towards wider band receivers has reversed and most receivers are no wider than they were in the 1970s.
  • Page 47 This way the limiter can anticipate peaks that are coming up. The OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM uses look-ahead techniques in several parts of the processing to minimize overshoot for a given level of processing artifacts, among other things.
  • Page 48 18dB/octave with 2 kHz up about 3 dB. Without very artful processing, this preemphasis will radically increase the level of the peaks and force you to decrease the average level proportionally. Orban's high frequency limiting and distortion-cancelling clipping systems greatly ease this trade-off, but cannot eliminate it. Therefore, you can only increase brightness by reducing average modulation (loudness) , unless you accept the increased distortion caused by driving the final clippers harder.
  • Page 49 “entertainment quality”), the damage can be minimized by processing the audio to make the best of the limitations of the AM channel and to avoid processing artifacts. OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM is uniquely effective in optimizing these trade-offs, and the discussion below tells you in more detail how to do this.
  • Page 50 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM processing. See Maintaining Audio Quality in the Broadcast Facility (an Orban publication downloadable from ftp.orban.com) for a discussion of how to improve source quality.
  • Page 51 AM. The resulting audio processor is easy to use (the Less-More control greatly simplifies setup) and produces a sound that is remarkably free from unwanted processing artifacts. Although the controls on OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM provide the flexibility you need to customize your station's sound, proper adjustment of these controls consists of balancing the trade-offs between loudness, density, brightness, and audible distortion.
  • Page 52 If you want to go beyond Less-More and into the Full Control and Expert Modify adjustments, you should carefully read and understand the following section. It provides the information you need to adjust OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM controls to suit your format, taste, and competitive situation.

  • Page 53: Connecting To The Optimod Trio-Am Trio-Am Via Web Interface

    IP address of your own using standard network protocols. Please use a switch between the PC and OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM when connecting to set up a proper network. The OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM has a default USER NAME and PASSWORD that you will be prompted to input upon connection to continue. They are:...

  • Page 54: Customizing The Optimod Trio-Am Trio-Am's Sound

    To Create or Save a User Preset Once you have edited a preset, you can save it as a user preset. The OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM can store an indefinite number of user presets, limited only by available memory.

  • Page 55: Factory Programming Presets

    • If the name you have selected duplicates the name of an existing user preset, the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO- AM warns you that you are about to overwrite that preset. Answer YES if you wish to overwrite the preset and NO otherwise.
  • Page 56 Basic Control and make small changes to the Bass, Mid EQ, and HF EQ controls. Unlike some earlier Orban’s processors, the TRIO-AM lets you make changes in EQ, AGC, and stereo enhancement without losing the ability to use L settings.
  • Page 57 2-34 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM FACTORY PROGRAMMING PRESETS Preset Names Source Preset Normal Less-More GEN PURPOSE MEDIUM GEN PURPOSE MEDIUM GEN PURPOSE HEAVY GEN PURPOSE HEAVY NEWS NEWS NEWS+NR NEWS+NR SPORTS SPORTS FINE ARTS FINE ARTS MUSIC MEDIUM MUSIC MEDIUM MUSIC HEAVY...
  • Page 58 We tuned it to sound very similar to the legendary Gregg Laboratories 2540 AM processor (designed by Orban’s Vice President of New Product Development, Greg Ogonowski, in the 1980s), using a direct A/B comparison with the Gregg processor to ensure accuracy. This required setting the B1/B2 CROSSOVER to 200 Hz and setting other controls appropriately.

  • Page 59: Setting Input Levels

    2-36 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Setting Input Levels Navigate to the I/O Settings tab and open it. Select the INPUT tab on the right column. Here you will see options for input source (Digital or Analog) and the input reference level for both. This is not a traditional gain trim, you are setting the input gain reference level.

  • Page 60: Analog Output

    2-37 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Note that in this step, you are calibrating to the normal indication of the studio meters; this is quite different from the actual peak level. INPUT MODE: Allows you to select L+R, Left Only or Right Only as your input source.

  • Page 61: Digital Outputs

    OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Digital Outputs Each digital output may be adjusted on its own. There are two digital outputs in the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM. Each has controls for OUTPUT LEVEL, INTERNAL or EXTERNAL SYNC, SAMPLE RATE, DITHER, WORD LENGTH and FORMAT (AES or SPDIF).
  • Page 62 (phase scrambler) that makes asymmetrical input material, like voice, substantially symmetrical. OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM permits symmetrical or asymmetrical operation of both the safety clipper and multiband distortion-canceling clipper. Asymmetrical clipping slightly increases loudness and brightness, and can produce dense positive peaks up to 125%.
  • Page 63 2-40 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM was designed with the assumption that one audio processor would be devoted to no more than two transmitters, usually called main and standby (or main and alternate). Each transmitter might be required to change power at night or to drive a different antenna array. Only one transmitter is assumed to be on the air at a given time.
  • Page 64 This not only causes dull sound on the air (and defeats OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM's principal advantage: its ability to create a highly pre-emphasized signal without undesirable side effects), but it also wastes energy, can cause distortion, and can shorten the life of transmitter components.
  • Page 65 EXTERNAL AGC IN USE: Set to YES if you are using an AGC at the studio to control STL levels. • STATION ID: Sets the identification of the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-TRIO you are connected to. Remote Interface The GPI/GPO closures on the DB cable on the rear of the 5950 allow you to take different presets via contact closure.

  • Page 66: Equalizer Controls

    • SILENCE THRESHOLD: Sets the level at which the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-TRIO recognizes audio. • SILENCE DELAY: Sets how long the OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-TRIO will wait during silence before it switches audio sources. Equalizer Controls Table 3-2 summarizes the equalization controls available for the TRIO-AM.
  • Page 67 AM programming. Low Frequency Parametric Equalizer is a specially designed parametric equalizer whose boost and cut curves closely emulate those of a classic Orban analog parametric equalizer with conventional bell-shaped curves (within ±0.15 dB worst-case). This provides warm, smooth, “analog-sounding” equalization.
  • Page 68 The equalizer, like the classic Orban analog parametrics such as the 622B, has constant “Q” curves. This means that the cut curves are narrower than the boost curves. The width (in octaves) is calibrated with reference to 10 dB boost.
  • Page 69 The curves in the TRIO-AM’s equalizer were created by a so-called “minimax” (“minimize the maximum error,” or “equal-ripple”) IIR digital approximation to the curves provided by the Orban 622B analog parametric equalizer. Therefore, unlike less sophisticated digital equalizers that use the “bilinear transformation” to generate EQ curves, the shapes of the TRIO-AM’s curves are not distorted at high frequencies.
  • Page 70 = 10dB. HF C = 10 URVE URVE corresponds to the RED preemphasis module in Orban's analog 9100-series OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-AM processors. Note that the added brightness caused by using an HF C of 10 (as opposed to using NRSC) may tend to URVE increase the first-adjacent interference being generated by your station, contrary to the purpose and intentions of the NRSC.
  • Page 71 This technique can also be useful if you are limiting your transmitted audio bandwidth to 5 or 6 kHz, which is required in much of the world and is becoming more common in North America. OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-AM’s sharp lowpass filters (necessary to control occupied RRF bandwidth adequately) can produce audible ringing, which many people find objectionable.
  • Page 72 2-49 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Figure 2-7: HF Receiver Equalizer Curves HF ENHANCER (“High Frequency Enhancer”) is a program-adaptive 6 dB/octave shelving equalizer with a 4 kHz turnover frequency. It constantly monitors the ratio between high frequency and broadband energy and adjusts the amount of equalization in an attempt to make this ratio constant as the program material changes.

  • Page 73: Agc Controls

    It is usually used to defeat the AGC when you want to create a preset with minimal processing (such as a classical or fine arts preset). The AGC is also ordinarily defeated if you are using a studio level controller (like Orban’s 6300).
  • Page 74 AGC GATE (“AGC Gate Threshold”) control determines the lowest input level that will be recognized as program by OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-AM; lower levels are considered to be noise or background sounds and cause the AGC or multiband compressor to gate, effectively freezing gain to prevent noise breathing.
  • Page 75 2-52 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM obvious coloration, the gating smoothly preserves the average overall frequency response “tilt” of the multiband compressor, broadly maintaining the “automatic equalization” curve it generates for a given piece of program material. If the MB G (Gate Threshold) control is turned O , the DJ B control is disabled.
  • Page 76 AGC Bass Release sets the release time of the AGC bass compressor. Clipper Controls B1-B5 Clip Thresh controls set the thresholds of four clippers in Orban’s patented embedded multiband distortion- canceled clipper in units of dB with reference to the final clipper. These clippers are embedded in the multiband crossover so that any distortion created by clipping is rolled off by part of the crossover filters.
  • Page 77 2-54 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM The threshold of the Band 1+2 clipper is usually set between 2 dB and 6 dB below the threshold of the final limiter in the processing chain, depending on the setting of the L control in the parent preset on which you are basing your Modify adjustments.
  • Page 78 2-55 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Clipper Controls Full Control Name Advanced Name Range FINAL CLIP Final Clip Drive 0 … +5.0 dB MB CLIP Multiband Clipping –4.0 … +5.0 B1+B2 Clip Threshold –16.00 … –1.25 dB, Off Band 3 Clip Threshold –16.00 …...
  • Page 79 2-56 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM Multiband Controls Full Name Advanced Name Range MB DRIVE Multiband Drive 0 ... 25 MB GATE Multiband Gate Threshold Off, –44 ... –15 dB DWNEXP TH Downward Expander Off, –6.0 … 12.0 dB MB CLIP Multiband Clipping –4.0 …...
  • Page 80 2-57 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM The Slow (SLOW and SLOW2) settings produce a very punchy, clean, open sound that is ideal for Adult Contemporary, Soft Rock, Soft Urban, New Age, and other adult-oriented formats whose success depends on attracting and holding audiences for very long periods of time.
  • Page 81 MB GATE (“Multiband Gate Threshold”) control determines the lowest input level that will be recognized as program by OPTIMOD TRIO-AM-AM; lower levels are considered to be noise or background sounds and cause the AGC or multiband compressor to gate, effectively freezing gain to prevent noise breathing.
  • Page 82 2-59 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM begin to become low-pass filtered to reduce perceived noise. Activate the single-ended dynamic noise reduction by setting the D control to a setting other than OFF. WNEXP The single-ended noise reduction system combines a broadband downward expander with a program-dependent low-pass filter.
  • Page 83 2-60 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM B2>B1 CPL control determines the extent to which the gain of band 1 (below 100Hz or 200Hz, depending on crossover setting) is determined by and follows the gain of band 2 (centered at 400Hz). Set towards 100% (fully coupled) it reduces the amount of dynamic bass boost, preventing unnatural bass boost in light pop and talk formats.
  • Page 84 2-61 OPTIMOD TRIO-AM TRIO-AM B1-B5 Attack (Time) controls set the speed with which the gain reduction in each band responds to level changes at the input to a given band’s compressor. These controls are risky and difficult to adjust appropriately. They affect the sound of the processor in many subtle ways.

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