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Summary of Contents for Kistler 9237B Series
- Page 1 Instruction Manual Surface strain sensor Type 9237B... Type 9232A… 9237B_002-552e-06.22...
- Page 3 Foreword Foreword Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Kistler reserves the right to change or improve its products and make changes in the content without obliga- tion to notify any person or organization of such changes or improvements.
- Page 4 Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… Page 2 9237B_002-552e-06.22...
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Page 5: Table Of Contents
5.1.1.1 Test system requirements..............25 5.1.1.2 Reference sensor installation ..............25 5.1.1.3 Load application procedure ..............26 5.1.1.4 Calibration process worksheet ..............27 Kistler calibration service ....................28 Operation ..........................29 Quasistatic measurements ....................29 Tips for good measurements ................... 29 9237B_002-552e-06.22 Seite 3... - Page 6 Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… Maintenance ........................... 30 Overload protection ....................... 30 Maintenance ........................30 Remedying faults ........................31 Troubleshooting and remedying faults................31 Repairing the strain sensor ....................32 Technical data ........................ 32 8.3.1 Surface strain sensor Type 9237B… ..............32 8.3.2 Surface strain sensor Type 9232A…...
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Page 7: Introduction
It will help you with the installation, maintenance, and use of this product. To the extent permitted by law Kistler does not accept any liability if this instruction manual is not followed or prod- ucts other than those listed under Accessories are used. -
Page 8: Important Notes
Details can be found in section 4.2. Unpacking Check all packaging for transport damage. Report any such damage to the transporters and to the authorized Kistler distributor. Check accessories delivered (see section 8.7), before first use of the equipment. Report any missing parts to the au- thorized Kistler distributor. -
Page 9: Notes On Using The Transmitter
We recommend that you read the entire instruction manu- al carefully. However, if you are in a hurry and already have experience with Kistler surface strain sensor, read the specific information needed. We have attempted to give these instructions a clear presentation to make it easier for you to gain direct access to the information you need. -
Page 10: General Description
(or compressive strain). The measurand ε is dimensionless. The SI unit of strain ε as a relative measure is [m/m]. Kistler uses µε as the unit for relative strain –6 1 µε = 1 microstrain = 10 m/m = µm/m 3.1.1 Normal strain –... -
Page 11: What Is The Purpose Of A Strain Sensor
General description 3.2 What is the purpose of a strain sensor? A strain sensor is primarily used to measure the surface strain of a structure. However, as in all processes in which forces are applied, the load-bearing structure of the ma- chine undergoes a greater or lesser tensile or compressive strain, a strain sensor can be used equally effectively for indirect measurement of dynamic and quasistatic forces... -
Page 12: Design And Principle Of Operation Of Strain Sensors Type 9237B
The Type 9232A is designed with low acceleration sensi- tivity that also makes it suitable for measurements on moving parts. The Kistler strain sensors Type 9237B... and 9232A… are supplied calibrated and are ready for immediate use (see Section 3.4). -
Page 13: Measurement Principle
General description Fig. 4: Schematic section through strain sensor Type 9232A… The strain sensors Type 9237B... and Type 9232A basically consists of five vital elements. 1 Machine structure that is being stretched or compressed cyclically. 2 Two contact feet (yellow) of the strain transmitter transfer the strain of the structure by friction to the body of the sensor and to the piezoelectric element for measuring shear force. -
Page 14: Acceleration Compensation Of Type 9232A
Kistler convention. This results in a negative sensor sensitivity S [pC/µε] All Kistler strain sensors are designed so that stretching of the structure of the machine produces a negative charge at the sensor output. The connected charge amplifier stand-... -
Page 15: Factory Calibration Of Sensors
General description 3.4 Factory calibration of sensors The strain sensors Type 9237B... and Type 9232A… are calibrated in the factory. This involves determining the ac- tual sensitivity and the maximum linearity error using the method of 'continuous calibration'. The calibration is rec- orded on the included calibration certificate. -
Page 16: Installation And Commissioning
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… 4. Installation and commissioning 4.1 Important instructions The strain sensors Type 9237B... and Type 9232A… are precision instrument whose specifications can only be fully exploited with correct use and only retained with careful handling. Please observe the following instructions: ... -
Page 17: Surface Materials
Installation and commissioning the material and ambient temperature at the measuring point are equal and constant during the measuring cycle. The material of the surface must have sufficient wall thickness at the measuring point. The strain sensor Type 9232A… is not suitable for use in damp environments. -
Page 18: Allowing For Thermal Effects
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… 4.3 Allowing for thermal effects Any setup used to measure strains arising in mechanical engineering applications is susceptible to two types of thermal effects: Effect 1 Error signals due to temperature differences between strain sensor and structure to be measured (even if the coeffi- cients of thermal expansion of structure and sensor are equal). -
Page 19: Machining Mounting Surface
Installation and commissioning 4.4 Machining mounting surface The strain sensors Type 9237B... and 9232A… designed for mounting on flat metal surfaces. The higher the re- quired quality of the measurement results the more strin- gent the demands placed on the quality of the bearing sur- faces. - Page 20 Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… Fig. 9: Preparation of bearing surface of strain sensor Type 9237B... The machined surface can be either rectangular or concen- tric. To ensure the strain sensors Type 9232A… and 9237B… do not lie on the surface, it must not be recessed deeper than 0,2 mm into the surrounding surface.
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Page 21: Mounting
For a controlled tightening torque the thread and the screw head bearing surfaces must be greased (for exam- ple using Kistler special grease Type 1063) IMPORTANT: Make sure no grease gets on the bearing surfaces between strain sensor and structure surface. To ensure the necessary friction these bearing surfaces must be absolutely dry and free from grease. -
Page 22: Notes On Cable Laying
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… Screw M6x20 Head lubricated Tightening torque 14 N·m Screw M6x22 Tightening torque 10 N·m Head lubricated Thread lubricated Thread lubricated Fig. 10: Mounting set for preparation of the clamping surface for strain sensors 9431B 4.5.2 Notes on cable laying ... -
Page 23: Cable Concept
Installation and commissioning 4.5.3 Cable concept A complete strain measuring chain basically consists of the strain sensor, the sensor cable, the charge amplifier, the output cable and the display unit, measurement PC or ma- chine controller (PLC). Ladungs- Charge ampli- verstärker fier or control Dehnungs-... -
Page 24: Simplest Form Of Measurement - Strain
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… The simplest approach is to use unscaled, relative meas- urement. This means that the absolute measured value is not of any interest, but the strain curve and its reproduci- bility (scatter) and different strain levels can be recorded. In this case the measuring range of the charge amplifier is set so that the maximum measured value corresponds to about 80 …... -
Page 25: Indirect Force Measurement
Installation and commissioning Measuring range I in pC –39 730 pC ... 39 730 pC Measuring range II in pC –3 973 pC ... 3 973 pC Sensitivity measuring range I 20 mV/µε Sensitivity measuring range II 200 mV/µε As the sensor has been calibrated in relation to strain in the factory, strain measurements can be commenced immedi- ately. -
Page 26: Calibration
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… 5. Calibration 5.1 In-Situ calibration of surface strain sensor Absolute measurement results can only be achieved if the complete measurement assembly consisting of mechanical system (such as a press of any size or a welding gun) and strain sensors Type 9237B... -
Page 27: Test System Requirements
Calibration 5.1.1.1 Test system requirements Reference measuring chain The reference measuring chain consists of a calibrated preloaded force sensor and charge amplifier (e.g. Type 5015); (e.g. calibration set Type Z21136A…) Signal conditioning The signal readout devices for both the reference and test systems must be equipped with peak-hold function- ality. -
Page 28: Load Application Procedure
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… 5.1.1.3 Load application procedure A typical load cycle is shown in Figure 15. 1. The system must be in an unloaded condition to define the zero force bias; 2. Activate the charge amplifier (/Measure) and if neces- sary the Peak-Hold function of the reference measur- ing chain and of the test system as well. -
Page 29: Calibration Process Worksheet
Calibration 5.1.1.4 Calibration process worksheet Set the sensor sensitivity and the measuring range on the charge amplifier of the reference measur- ing chain. The measuring range must be larger than the maximum force of the load cycle being run, but should not be more than 1,25 times greater. The system may have to be loaded several times to find a suitable setting. -
Page 30: Kistler Calibration Service
Kistler offers the following calibra- tion services: Swiss Calibration Service (SCS) Kistler is accredited as SCS Calibration Center No. 049 for equipment measuring pressure, force, acceleration and electrical charge. To ensure traceability and specified measurement uncertainties, calibration equipment and methods are regularly monitored and audited. -
Page 31: Operation
Operation 6. Operation 6.1 Quasistatic measurements The piezoelectric measuring principle does not allow abso- lutely static measurements over any length of time. As the charge amplifier is not an ideal component, the charge stored on the range capacitor is not retained indefinitely. -
Page 32: Maintenance
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… 7. Maintenance The strain sensors Type 9232A… and 9237B... are reliable instruments needing virtually no maintenance. Please read the following section to ensure a long and reliable service life. 7.1 Overload protection The strain sensors Type 9232A… and Type 9237B... are designed to ensure it is not damaged by being overloaded. -
Page 33: Remedying Faults
8.1 Troubleshooting and remedying faults The following is a list of common causes of faults and in- structions for remedying them. Please contact your Kistler distributor if you cannot eliminate a fault. Sensor operation can normally only be evaluated in combi- nation with a charge amplifier (in other words as part of a measuring chain). -
Page 34: Repairing The Strain Sensor
Contact your local Kistler distributor and notify return of the faulty instrument. Send the faulty strain sensor to the Kistler distributor in its original packaging. Include with the sensor an exact description of the fault and the surrounding circumstances. -
Page 35: Surface Strain Sensor Type 9232A
<10 at 70 °C TΩ ≤0,01 Weight Degree of protection IP65 (EN60529) with connected cable * Data only applies to test setup used at Kistler For accurate force measurement the sensor has to be recalibrated after mounting. 9237B_002-552e-06.22 Seite 33... -
Page 36: Dimensions Of Type 9237B
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… 8.4 Dimensions of Type 9237B… Type 9237B10 Type 9237B20 Type 9237B20 Fig. 16: Dimensions of surface strain sensor Type 9237B… 8.5 Dimensions of Type 9232A… Fig. 17: Dimensions of surface strain sensor Type 9232A… Seite 34 9237B_002-552e-06.22... -
Page 37: Ordering Key
Remedying faults 8.6 Ordering key For Type 9237B… Type Connection KIAG 10-32 neg. 9237B10 Connection KIAG 10-32 neg. with 9237B20 M13x1 adapter for connection IP76 For Type 9232A… Type Surface strain sensor 9232A ε highly sensitive, –600 … 600 μ ... - Page 38 Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… Further connecting cables (see data sheet cables for force, torque and strain sensors 1631C_000-346) Insulation pad for 9232AU41 9232AU41Z1 Mounting set for preparation of the clamping surface for strain sensors 9431B ...
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Page 39: Annex
The capacitance, and thus the length of the connecting cable, has no influence on the measuring result when Kistler special cables and Kistler charge amplifiers are used. Calibrated measuring range Measuring range or part of the measuring range for which the sensor has been calibrated. - Page 40 Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… Disturbance Forces, moments and environmental influences acting on the sensor such as the temperature, which the sensor does not measure as a measurand and which produce an output signal (error). Example: when an additional bending mo- ment acts on a force sensor.
- Page 41 See "Coulomb". pC (picocoulomb) Piezoelectric The characteristic of quartz crystals in which mechanical loading produces a proportional electric charge. Describes the ability of Kistler sensors and charge amplifiers Quasistatic to undertake short-term measurements or DC-similar measurements. see "Measuring range"...
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Page 42: Measurement Uncertainty
±1 % FSO Industrial charge amplifier Higher accuracy can be achieved with the following proce- dures: Calibration in the Kistler factory Calibration with charge amplifier Type 5395A Restriction of the temperature range Random errors, precision, reproducibility Precision or reproducibility is the extent of conformity between independent data measured under specified con- ditions. -
Page 43: Linearity
Errors due to zero drift caused by influences changing with time, such as the tem- perature, are thus basically excluded. With Kistler piezoelectric measuring chains, a typical repeata- bility within 0,1 % FSO can be assumed. 9.3 Linearity... - Page 44 Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… Best straight line – mathematical definition The minimization of maximum deviation is known as Che- byshev’s approximation. The best straight line is deter- mined as follows: x = measurand (reference) Q = sensor charge signal or output signal from the charge amplifier ...
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Page 45: Frequency Range
Annex 9.4 Frequency range Because of their mechanical quality, piezoelectric sensors have very low damping. The useful frequency range is lim- ited in the upwards direction by the increasing resonance rise. Key: f Measuring frequency Natural frequency Amplitude ratio The following approximate values apply to the amplitude error or achievable accuracy as a function of frequency: ≈... -
Page 46: Influence Of Temperature
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… In their dynamic behavior, piezoelectric sensors are superior to all other measuring methods. Their high rigidity results in the highest possible natural frequencies. Piezoelectric sensors are thus ideal for measuring measurands which change rapidly over time. Their dynamic behavior is there- by largely determined by the surrounding structure. - Page 47 Annex Temperature gradient error (dynamic error) A temporary change in the output signal is denoted as temperature gradient error, when the temperature of the environment or surrounding medium changes with a cer- tain rate. In this case, the sensor is not in thermal equilibri- um with the environment.
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Page 48: Index
Surface strain sensor, Type 9237B…, 9232A… 10. Index Acceleration compensation ......11 Linearity ............36 Accuracy ..........38, 41 Areas of application ........8 Maintenance ..........29 Measurand ...........36 Cable capacitance .........35 Measurement ..........20 Cable concept ..........19 Measurement Principle ........10 Cable mounting ..........19 Measuring chain ...........36 Calibrated range ...........35 Measuring Point ...........13 Calibration ............23... - Page 49 Index Sensitivity ......... 11, 36, 37 Temperature error ........42 Sensor ............37 Temperature gradient error......43 Static Measurement ........28 Tensile strain ..........7 Strain............7, 21 Thermal effects ..........15 Strain Transmitter ........... 8 Threshold ............ 37 Surface Materials ......... 14 Time constant ..........
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