FLIR C2 User Manual
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FLIR C2 User Manual

Compact thermal camera cx series
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  • Page 1 User’s manual FLIR Cx series...
  • Page 3 User’s manual FLIR Cx series #T559918; r. AN/42281/42281; en-US...

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Disclaimers ..................1 Legal disclaimer ................. 1 Usage statistics ................1 Changes to registry ..............1 U.S. Government Regulations............1 Copyright .................. 1 Quality assurance ............... 1 Patents ..................1 EULA Terms ................1 EULA Terms ................2 Safety information ................3 Notice to user ..................7 User-to-user forums ..............
  • Page 6 Online field-of-view calculator ............25 Note about technical data ............25 Note about authoritative versions..........25 FLIR C2 .................. 26 FLIR C2 Educational Kit ............. 29 FLIR C3 (incl. Wi-Fi) ..............33 FLIR C3 (incl. Wi-Fi) Educational Kit ..........37 #T559918; r. AN/42281/42281; en-US...
  • Page 7 16.1 Introduction ................64 16.2 Definition—what is calibration? ............ 64 16.3 Camera calibration at FLIR Systems ..........64 16.4 The differences between a calibration performed by a user and that performed directly at FLIR Systems......... 65 16.5 Calibration, verification and adjustment.......... 65 16.6...
  • Page 8 Table of contents History of infrared technology............. 67 Theory of thermography..............70 18.1 Introduction ................70 18.2 The electromagnetic spectrum............. 70 18.3 Blackbody radiation..............71 18.3.1 Planck’s law ..............72 18.3.2 Wien’s displacement law..........73 18.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law ........... 74 18.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters...........

  • Page 9: Disclaimers

    FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or work- 1.8 EULA Terms manship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one- year period. •...

  • Page 10: Eula Terms

    WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MER- CHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Qt4 Core and Qt4 GUI, Copyright ©2013 Nokia Corporation and FLIR Sys- Lesser General Public License, http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html. The tems AB. This Qt library is a free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify...

  • Page 11: Safety Information

    WARNING Applicability: Digital devices subject to 15.21. NOTICE: Changes or modifications made to this equipment not expressly approved by FLIR Systems may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment. WARNING Applicability: Digital devices subject to 2.1091/2.1093/OET Bulletin 65.
  • Page 12 Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless FLIR Systems supplies a spe- cific adapter to connect the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket. Damage to the batteries can occur.
  • Page 13 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery becomes hot, the built-in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging procedure. If the battery be- comes hot, damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of the battery.
  • Page 14 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. The temperature range through which you can remove the electrical power from the battery is -15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F), unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data. If you operate the battery out of this temperature range, it can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery.

  • Page 15: Notice To User

    As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen- tally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste. Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details. 3.5 Training To read about infrared training, visit: •...

  • Page 16: Important Note About This Manual

    Notice to user 3.7 Important note about this manual FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.

  • Page 17: Customer Help

    Customer help 4.1 General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com 4.2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.

  • Page 18: Downloads

    • The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex- ample, SD card reader, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire) • Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.) • Version of any programs from FLIR Systems • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads...

  • Page 19: Quick Start Guide

    Quick Start Guide 5.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Charge the battery for approximately 1.5 hours, using the FLIR power supply. 2. Push the On/off button to turn on the camera. 3. Aim the camera toward your target of interest.

  • Page 20: Description

    Description 6.1 View from the front 1. Camera lamp. 2. Digital camera lens. 3. Infrared lens. 4. Attachment point. 6.2 View from the rear 1. On/off button. 2. Save button. 3. Camera screen. #T559918; r. AN/42281/42281; en-US...

  • Page 21: Connector

    The purpose of this USB Micro-B connector is the following: • Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply. • Moving images from the camera to a computer for further analysis in FLIR Tools. Note Install FLIR Tools on your computer before you move the images.

  • Page 22: Navigating The Menu System

    Description Note The auto-orientation feature is enabled by a setting. Select Settings > Device set- tings > Auto orientation > On. 6.6 Navigating the menu system The camera has a touch screen. You can use your index finger or a stylus pen specially designed for capacitive touch usage to navigate the menu system.

  • Page 23: Operation

    Make sure that you install the socket-outlet near the equipment and that it is easy to get access to. Follow this procedure: 1. Connect the FLIR power supply to a wall outlet. 2. Connect the power supply cable to the USB connector on the camera.

  • Page 24: Deleting An Image

    Operation 3. To view the previous or next image, do one of the following: • Swipe left or right. • Tap the left arrow or the right arrow 4. To switch between a thermal image and a visual image, swipe up or down. 5.

  • Page 25: Measuring A Temperature Using A Spotmeter

    Operation 1. Tap the camera screen. This displays the main menu toolbar. 2. Select Settings . This displays a dialog box. 3. In the dialog box, select Device settings. This displays a dialog box. 4. In the dialog box, select Reset options. This displays a dialog box. 5.

  • Page 26: Changing The Image Mode

    Operation 3. On the submenu toolbar, select the type of color palette: • Iron. • Rainbow. • Rainbow HC. • Gray. 7.10 Changing the image mode 7.10.1 General The camera captures both thermal and visual images at the same time. By your choice of image mode, you select which type of image to display on the screen.

  • Page 27: Procedure

    Operation infrared lens. To adjust the image accurately, the camera requires the alignment distance (i.e., the distance to the object). 7.10.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Tap the camera screen. This displays the main menu toolbar. 2. Select Image mode .

  • Page 28: Setting The Emissivity

    Operation 7.12 Setting the emissivity 7.12.1 General To measure temperatures accurately, the camera must be aware of the type of surface you are measuring. You can choose between the following surface properties: • Matt. • Semi-matt. • Semi-glossy. As an alternative, you can set a custom emissivity value. For more information about emissivity, see section 15 Thermographic measurement tech- niques, page 59.

  • Page 29: Changing The Distance

    Operation 5. To return to live mode, tap the upper left arrow repeatedly. You can also push the Save button once. 7.14 Changing the distance 7.14.1 General The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera. This pa- rameter is used to compensate for the following two facts: •...

  • Page 30: Using The Camera Lamp

    Operation 7.16 Using the camera lamp 7.16.1 General You can use the camera lamp as a flashlight, or as a flash when taking an image. 7.16.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Tap the camera screen. This displays the main menu toolbar. 2.

  • Page 31: Changing The Settings

    • Photo as separate JPEG: When this menu command is selected, the digital photograph from the visual camera is saved at its full field of view as a separate JPEG image. It may be necessary to activate this option if you are not using the FLIR Tools software. 7.18.1.3 Device settings •...

  • Page 32: Updating The Camera

    2. Start the camera. 3. Connect the camera to the computer using the USB cable. 4. FLIR Tools displays a welcome screen when the camera is identified. On the welcome screen, click Check for updates. You can also click Check for updates on the Help menu in FLIR Tools.

  • Page 33: Technical Data

    8.2 Note about technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Please check http://support.flir.com for latest changes.

  • Page 34: Flir C2

    Technical data 8.4 FLIR C2 P/N: 72001-0101 Rev.: 41167 Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK 41° × 31° Field of view Minimum focus distance • Thermal: 0.15 m (0.49 ft.) • MSX: 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) Focal length 1.54 mm (0.061 in.)
  • Page 35 Chinese, Turkish. Lamp Output power 0.85 W 60° Field of view Service functions Camera software update Using FLIR Tools Storage of images Storage media Internal memory store at least 500 sets of images Image file format • Standard JPEG •...
  • Page 36 • T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B • T199564; Tripod adapter • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET • T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB...

  • Page 37: Flir C2 Educational Kit

    Technical data 8.5 FLIR C2 Educational Kit P/N: 72002-0202 Rev.: 41167 NOTE Only educational institutions are eligible for purchasing this product. Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK Field of view 41° × 31° Minimum focus distance • Thermal: 0.15 m (0.49 ft.) •...
  • Page 38 Russian, Simpl. Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Trad. Chinese, Turkish. Lamp 0.85 W Output power Field of view 60° Service functions Using FLIR Tools Camera software update Storage of images Storage media Internal memory store at least 500 sets of images Image file format • Standard JPEG •...
  • Page 39 Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US, CN and Australian plugs • Printed documentation • Tripod mount • FLIR C2 educational kit card with download links for FLIR Tools+, FLIR ResearchIR Stand- ard (incl. printed license key), and educational resources. • USB cable Packaging, weight 0.53 kg (1.17 lb.)
  • Page 40 • T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B • T199564; Tripod adapter • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • T199012; FLIR ResearchIR Standard 4 (printed license key) • T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET •...

  • Page 41: Flir C3 (Incl. Wi-Fi)

    Technical data 8.6 FLIR C3 (incl. Wi-Fi) P/N: 72003-0303 Rev.: 41167 Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK 41° × 31° Field of view Minimum focus distance • Thermal: 0.15 m (0.49 ft.) • MSX: 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) Focal length 1.54 mm (0.061 in.)
  • Page 42 Chinese, Turkish. Lamp Output power 0.85 W Field of view 60° Service functions Camera software update Using FLIR Tools Storage of images Storage media Internal memory store at least 500 sets of images Image file format • Standard JPEG •...
  • Page 43 Technical data Power system Battery type Rechargeable Li-ion polymer battery Battery voltage 3.7 V Battery operating time Charging system Charged inside the camera Charging time 1.5 h External power operation • AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input • 5 V output to camera Power management Automatic shut-down Environmental data...
  • Page 44 • T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B • T199564; Tripod adapter • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET • T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB...

  • Page 45: Flir C3 (Incl. Wi-Fi) Educational Kit

    Technical data 8.7 FLIR C3 (incl. Wi-Fi) Educational Kit P/N: 72003-0404 Rev.: 41167 NOTE Only educational institutions are eligible for purchasing this product. Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK Field of view 41° × 31° Minimum focus distance •...
  • Page 46 Chinese, Turkish. Lamp Output power 0.85 W 60° Field of view Service functions Camera software update Using FLIR Tools Storage of images Storage media Internal memory store at least 500 sets of images Image file format • Standard JPEG •...
  • Page 47 Technical data Radio Wi-Fi • Standard: 802.11 b/g/n • Frequency range: ◦ 2400–2480 MHz ◦ 5150–5260 MHz • Max. output power: 15 dBm Power system Battery type Rechargeable Li-ion polymer battery Battery voltage 3.7 V Battery operating time Charging system Charged inside the camera Charging time 1.5 h...
  • Page 48 • T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B • T199564; Tripod adapter • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET • T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB...

  • Page 49: Mechanical Drawings

    Mechanical drawings [See next page] #T559918; r. AN/42281/42281; en-US...

  • Page 53: Ce Declaration Of Conformity

    CE Declaration of conformity [See next page] #T559918; r. AN/42281/42281; en-US...

  • Page 55: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 11.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 11.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 11.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 11.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2.
  • Page 56 Cleaning the camera CAUTION • Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective coating. • Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective coating. #T559918; r. AN/42281/42281; en-US...

  • Page 57: Application Examples

    Application examples 12.1 Moisture & water damage 12.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material.

  • Page 58: Figure

    Application examples 12.2.2 Figure The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has resulted in local temperature increase. 12.3 Oxidized socket 12.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, ox- ides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces.

  • Page 59: Insulation Deficiencies

    Application examples 12.4 Insulation deficiencies 12.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.

  • Page 60: Draft

    Application examples 12.5 Draft 12.5.1 General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceil- ing trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler air- stream cools down the surrounding surface. When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.
  • Page 61 Application examples #T559918; r. AN/42281/42281; en-US...

  • Page 62: About Flir Systems

    • Prox Dynamics (2016) Figure 13.1 Patent documents from the early 1960s FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Boston, MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is also a...

  • Page 63: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    13.1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–software...

  • Page 64: Sharing Our Knowledge

    Although our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to thermog- raphy than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certified training courses.

  • Page 65: Terms, Laws, And Definitions

    Terms, laws, and definitions Term Definition Absorption and emission The capacity or ability of an object to absorb incident radiated energy is always the same as the capacity to emit its own en- ergy as radiation Apparent temperature uncompensated reading from an infrared instrument, contain- ing all radiation incident on the instrument, regardless of its sources Color palette...
  • Page 66 Terms, laws, and definitions Term Definition Qualitative thermography thermography that relies on the analysis of thermal patterns to reveal the existence of and to locate the position of anomalies Quantitative thermography thermography that uses temperature measurement to deter- mine the seriousness of an anomaly, in order to establish re- pair priorities Radiative heat transfer Heat transfer by the emission and absorption of thermal...

  • Page 67: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 15.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
  • Page 68 Thermographic measurement techniques 15.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection an- gle (a = b). Figure 15.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
  • Page 69 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflection source us- ing the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • D You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 15.3 1 = Reflection source Figure 15.4 1 = Reflection source You can not use a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature, because a thermocouple measures temperature, but apparent temperatrure is radiation intensity.
  • Page 70 Thermographic measurement techniques 5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. The foil is considered a perfect reflector, so its apparent temperature equals the reflected appa- rent temperature from the surroundings. Figure 15.5 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil. 15.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 71: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    50%. 15.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com- pensate for the following parameters: • Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target •...

  • Page 72: About Calibration

    16.3 Camera calibration at FLIR Systems Without calibration, an infrared camera would not be able to measure either radiance or temperature. At FLIR Systems, the calibration of uncooled microbolometer cameras with a 15. http://www.bipm.org/en/about-us/ [Retrieved 2017-01-31.] 16. http://jcgm.bipm.org/vim/en/2.39.html [Retrieved 2017-01-31.] 17.

  • Page 73: The Differences Between A Calibration Performed By A User And That Performed Directly At Flir Systems

    The camera calibration certificate is con- firmation of this. It is proof that not only has the calibration been performed by FLIR Sys- tems but that it has also been carried out using calibrated references. Some users own or have access to accredited reference sources, but they are very few in number.

  • Page 74: Non-Uniformity Correction

    About calibration For instance, one has to ensure that the distance between the blackbody and the camera as well as the diameter of the blackbody cavity are chosen so as to reduce stray radiation and the size-of-source effect. To summarize: a validated protocol must comply with the physical laws for radiance, and not only those for temperature.

  • Page 75: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the in- frared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 76 History of infrared technology Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Her- schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when he found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared wavelengths’. When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag- netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’.
  • Page 77 History of infrared technology Figure 17.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break- through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re- sponded.

  • Page 78: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 18.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 18.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 79: Blackbody Radiation

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature refer- ence standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black.

  • Page 80: Planck's Law

    Theory of thermography 18.3.1 Planck’s law Figure 18.3 Max Planck (1858–1947) Max Planck (1858–1947) was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula: where: Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. λb Velocity of light = 3 ×...

  • Page 81: Wien's Displacement Law

    Theory of thermography Figure 18.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm × 10 (μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm) 18.3.2 Wien’s displacement law By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have: This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathematically the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases.

  • Page 82: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    Theory of thermography At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra- red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignifi- cant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths. Figure 18.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K.

  • Page 83: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    Theory of thermography Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW. This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of ra- diation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body –...
  • Page 84 Theory of thermography For highly polished materials ε approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material λ (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have: For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes: This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε...

  • Page 85: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    Theory of thermography 18.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the interior.

  • Page 86: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob- ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 87 U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3): Solve Equation 3 for U (Equation 4): This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Table 19.1 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T i.e.
  • Page 88 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algorithm is based on ra- diation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
  • Page 89 The measurement formula Figure 19.2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radia- tion. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 90: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 20.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
  • Page 91 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Aluminum anodized, black, 0.67 dull Aluminum anodized, black, 0.95 dull Aluminum anodized, light 0.61...
  • Page 92 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Asbestos powder 0.40–0.60 Asbestos slate 0.96 Asphalt paving 0.967 Brass dull, tarnished 20–350 0.22...
  • Page 93 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Brick waterproof 0.87 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.08 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.06 Bronze polished...
  • Page 94 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) powder 0.84 Copper dioxide Copper oxide red, powder 0.70 Ebonite 0.89 Emery coarse...
  • Page 95 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 0.89 Iron and steel oxidized...
  • Page 96 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Iron, cast unworked 900–1100 0.87–0.95 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room tempera- ≈...
  • Page 97 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Nichrome rolled 0.25 Nichrome sandblasted 0.70 Nichrome wire, clean 0.65 Nichrome wire, clean 500–1000...
  • Page 98 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Paint chrome green 0.65–0.70 Paint cobalt blue 0.7–0.8 Paint 0.87 Paint oil based, average 0.94...
  • Page 99 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Plastic polyurethane iso- 0.29 lation board Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.94 dull, structured Plastic...
  • Page 100 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) sheet, polished 0.14 Stainless steel Stainless steel sheet, untreated, 0.30 somewhat scratched Stainless steel...
  • Page 101 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Water snow snow –10 0.85 Water Wood 0.98 Wood 0.962 Wood ground 0.5–0.7...
  • Page 102 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML — the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica™ World. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980) LOEF (List Of Effective Files) T501109.xml;...
  • Page 104 Disclaimer Specifications subject to change without further notice. Models and accessories subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply. Products described herein may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Publ. No.: T559918...

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