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Table 3: Soil Classifications
Class Common Soil-Type Description
0
Sound hard rock, unweathered
Very dense and/or cemented sands;
1
coarse gravel and cobbles
Dense fine sand; very hard silts and
2
clays (may be preloaded)
Dense clays, sands and gravel; hard
3
silts and clays
Medium dense sandy gravel; very
4
stiff to hard silts and clays
Medium dense course sand and
5
sandy gravels; stiff to very stiff silts
and clays
Loose to medium dense fine to
6
course sand; firm to stiff clays and
silts
Loose fine sand; Alluvium; loess;
7
soft-firm clays; varied clays; fill
Peat, organic silts; inundated silts;
8
fly ash
Used by permission of A. B. Chance Co.
Anchor Rods
All the anchoring systems described in the following sections use a galvanized steel rod
to connect the guy wire to the bearing surface of the anchor. The rod ends form an
"eye", which provides an attachment point for the guy wires.
The anchor rods should be installed at an angle that will minimize the bending loads
acting on them. The angle for the BWC EXCEL1 towers should be approximately 45
degrees, with the eye of the anchor rod toward the tower.
Anchor Types and Their Installation
Three types of anchoring systems may be used to accommodate various soil types:
screw-in / expanding anchors, sub-surface concrete pads, and expanding or bonded
rock anchors.
Screw Anchors / Expanding Anchors
In most areas of the country, power-installed screw anchors have become the standard
anchoring system used by the utilities. Screw anchors were furnished as standard
Geological Soil Classification
Granite, Basalt, Massive Limestone
Caliche, (Nitrate-bearing gravel/rock)
Basal till; boulder clay; caliche; weath-
ered laminated rock
Glacial till; weathered shales, schist,
gneiss, and sandstone
Glacial till; hardpan; marls
Saprolites, residual silts
Dense hydraulic fill; compacted fill; re-
sidual soils
Flood plain soils; lake clays; adobe;
gumbo; fill
Miscellaneous fill, swamp marsh
32
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