Operating Hints; Principles Of Combustion: How Wood Burns; Moisture And Combustion; How To Test Wood For Dryness - Kemlan CELESTIAL 900 Installation & Operating Instructions Manual

OPERATING HINTS

To get the best from your Kemlan heater it is essential that you use good firewood, and use it correctly Many people do not understand the
principle of using a wood burning appliance and we suggest that it will be worth your while to study the following extract from a well known
American publication.

PRINCIPLES OF COMBUSTION: HOW WOOD BURNS

Technically, wood does not burn. What burns is the volatiles and charcoal that are created. That is why wood will not catch on fire
immediately when you put a match to it; it has to first undergo the chemical changes that create the volatiles, and a match does not create
enough heat to activate the process. As kindling and paper evaporate the moisture in the wood, the wood absorbs heat. At a certain point,
gases are given off and when these volatiles reach 480 degrees F, or the "Flash point", as it is called, they will burst into flame if sufficient
oxygen is present. The volatiles give off more heat than does charcoal, which is why a fire with flames (which burn the volatiles) produces
more heat than one that is all charcoal.
Since the volatiles are gases and since heat rises, taking the gases with it, it is very easy to create a situation in which most of the volatiles go
up the chimney almost as soon as they are produced. This is what happens with a roaring fire and, to a lesser extent, with an open fire. One of
the reasons (but only one) that a freestanding wood stove produces more heat than an open fire is that the volatiles are contained within the
firebox and are not so quickly dissipated up the chimney. A stove that is baffled is merely one that has interior construction design to keep the
volatiles in the firebox longer; the longer they are in the firebox, the more completely they burn. The more completely they burn, the more heat
is produced. It's that simple.
Since the flames burn the volatiles and produce heat, the ideal situation is the longest possible flame path. As soon as wood burners
understand this, they tried to devise ways of making the flame path longer than in an ordinary open fire. Even though the role of oxygen in
combustion was not under- stood in Ben Franklin's time, Franklin did realize the importance of more completely burned volatiles. His solution
was to try to invent a downdraft stove
– one that sent the volatiles back down through the fire – but he never succeeded in getting it to work. A downdraft goes against the nature of
volatiles, which is to rise. In more recent times, there have been some successful downdraft – or partial downdraft – stoves created and some
of the fireplace stoves and units utilise this principle. Ideally, it would be best if the volatiles could be redirected down through the fire several
times, until they were al- most totally consumed. This would not only make the maximum use of the heat potential of the wood; it would reduce
creosote build-up to almost zero. Perhaps someday an ingenious inventor will design a unit that does this; so far no has been able to.

MOISTURE AND COMBUSTION

As we have seen, dry wood ignites faster and burns better – with higher heat production – than wet or green wood. The difference between
the amount of heat produced by dry wood and green wood is so great that a dry softwood of good grade will produce more heat than green
hardwood. Green white ash, for instance, is not as good a fuel as dry tamarack.
The reason for the superiority of dry wood is easy to understand. Heat cannot be produced until moisture has been driven off. Since even so-
called seasoned dry wood contains approximately 20 percent moisture, it takes time for any fire to begin producing useable heat. Wet wood,
which can have a moisture content of over 100 percent (due to the way moisture is measured), will take that much longer to produce heat.
Meanwhile, the fire will produce smoke and creosote and very little heat. This was brought sharply to my attention when I installed my first
wood heater. To my surprise and delight, I found it comfortably heated eight rooms, where I had expected to heat only two or three. After
some time, when I had someone helping me run the fire, I suddenly noticed that the house was chilly. We added more wood and adjusted the
draft controls, but nothing we did seemed to help. It finally occurred to me to check the woodpile. My friend had been getting green wood from
a stack that was drying, instead of from the dry-wood stack. The difference the green wood made was so dramatic I will never forget it.

HOW TO TEST WOOD FOR DRYNESS

There are two easy ways for even a novice to spot dry wood. Dry wood tends to "check". Look at the log ends and you will see cracks radiating
from the centre of the log. If the logs have been split, the cracks will be harder to find because wood tends to split along the cracks.
Another test for dry wood is the sound it makes when two logs are banged against each other. Green wood will make sort of a dull thud; dry
wood makes a nice crisp, sharp sound. Once you have heard the two, you will remember the difference.
FROM THE ABOVE EXTRACT SEVERAL FACTS BECOME APPARENT:
1. It is vital that your firewood be dry and seasoned.
2. A good hot fire of kindling and smaller pieces of fuel must be established before adding larger logs.
3. The larger logs should be well alight before slowing down the combustion by adjusting the air intake.
4. A hot bed of coals needs to be maintained to ensure continued combustion in the firebox.
5. When new timber is added to the firebox the air control should be opened until the fuel is well alight before damping it down again. This will
take from 10 to 20 minutes.
6. When setting the controls for overnight burn you will need to experiment with the settings to suit your particular type of fuel. Very dense
hardwood requires more air to combust and over damping will result in charring and smoking causing the glass in the door to become dirty.
The same will apply with fuel which is not fully seasoned or is not dry enough. Kemlan have followed a policy since 1969 of checking on all
complaints about poor performance of their heaters and apart from a few instances of incorrect installation (mostly insufficient flue length) all
problems have been directly related to incorrect operation and/or poor fuel. We know you will experience many years of satisfaction from your
heater if you follow the above advice.
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