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PASCO TD-8564 Instruction Manual

Thermal efficiency apparatus
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Includes
Instruction Manual and
Teacher's Notes
and
Experiment Guide for
Typical
Experiment Results
the PASCO scientific
Model TD-8564
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
WATER
WATER
PUMP
PUMP
7.5 - 12 VDC
7.5 - 12 VDC
@500mA
@500mA
COOLING
COOLING
WATER
WATER
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
461
461
-5
-5
269
269
5
5
161
161
15
15
100
100
436
436
-4
-4
255
255
6
6
153
153
16
16
95.4
95.4
413
413
-3
-3
242
242
7
7
146
146
17
17
91.1
91.1
391
391
-2
-2
230
230
8
8
139
139
18
18
87.0
87.0
370
370
-1
-1
218
218
9
9
133
133
19
19
83.1
83.1
351
351
0
0
207
207
10
10
126
126
20
20
79.4
79.4
332
332
1
1
197
197
11
11
120
120
21
21
75.9
75.9
315
315
2
2
187
187
12
12
115
115
22
22
72 5
72 5
© 1991 PASCO scientific
APPARATUS
PASCO
Model TD-8564
Model TD-8564
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
APPARATUS
APPARATUS
THERMISTOR
THERMISTOR
SELECT
SELECT
PELTIER
PELTIER
DEVICE
DEVICE
HEATER
0.5Ω
0.5Ω
1.0Ω
1.0Ω
2.0Ω
2.0Ω
THERMISTOR TABLE
THERMISTOR TABLE
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
41.2
41.2
45
45
27.4
27.4
55
55
18.6
18.6
65
65
25
25
63.4
63.4
35
35
39.6
39.6
46
46
26.4
26.4
56
56
17.9
17.9
66
66
26
26
60.7
60.7
36
36
37.9
37.9
47
47
25.3
25.3
57
57
17.3
17.3
67
67
27
27
58.1
58.1
37
37
36.4
36.4
48
48
24.4
24.4
58
58
16.6
16.6
68
68
28
28
55.6
55.6
38
38
34.9
34.9
49
49
23.4
23.4
59
59
16.0
16.0
69
69
29
29
53.2
53.2
39
39
33.5
33.5
50
50
22.5
22.5
60
60
15.5
15.5
70
70
30
30
51.0
51.0
40
40
32.2
32.2
51
51
21.7
21.7
61
61
14.9
14.9
71
71
31
31
48.9
48.9
41
41
30 9
30 9
52
52
20 9
20 9
62
62
14 4
14 4
72
72
32
32
46 8
46 8
42
42
scientific
Cold
5Ω±1%
5Ω±1%
12 VDC MAX
12 VDC MAX
Reservoir
Q
c
T
c
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
KΩ
12.9
12.9
75
75
9.12
9.12
85
85
6.53
6.53
95
95
12.4
12.4
76
76
8.81
8.81
86
86
6.33
6.33
96
96
12.0
12.0
77
77
8.52
8.52
87
87
6.12
6.12
97
97
11.6
11.6
78
78
8.24
8.24
88
88
5.93
5.93
98
98
11.2
11.2
79
79
7.96
7.96
89
89
5.74
5.74
99
99
10.8
10.8
80
80
7.70
7.70
90
90
5.56
5.56
100
100
10.4
10.4
81
81
7.45
7.45
91
91
5.39
5.39
101
101
10 1
10 1
82
82
7 21
7 21
92
92
5 22
5 22
102
102
012-05443A
Hot
Reservoir
Q
h
Heat
W
Engine
3/94
T
h
$10.00

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Summary of Contents for PASCO TD-8564

  • Page 1 75.9 48.9 48.9 30 9 30 9 20 9 20 9 14 4 14 4 10 1 10 1 7 21 7 21 5 22 5 22 72 5 72 5 46 8 46 8 © 1991 PASCO scientific $10.00...

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Table of Contents Copyright, Warranty and Equipment Return ........... ii Introduction ..................... 1 Quick Start ....................... 2 Theory ......................3 HEAT ENGINE: Introduction ....................3 Actual Efficiency ..................3 Carnot Efficiency ..................3 Adjusted Efficiency ................... 3 HEAT PUMP (REFRIGERATOR): Introduction ....................

  • Page 4: Copyright, Warranty And Equipment Return

    Carriers will not accept year from the date of shipment to the customer. PASCO will repair or replace, at its option, any part of the product...

  • Page 5: Introduction

    012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Introduction The Thermal Efficiency Apparatus can be used as a Then, in 1834, Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier discov- heat engine or a heat pump. When used as a heat ered the opposite of the Seebeck Effect, that a current engine, heat from the hot reservoir is used to do work flowing through a junction of dissimilar metals causes by running a current through a load resistor.

  • Page 6: Quick Start

    Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A Quick Start Experiment — 1: Heat Engine Efficiency The following sections of this manual are essential to operate the Thermal Efficiency Apparatus and will and Temperature Difference give the user the minimum amount of information The other portions of the manual provide a more necessary to get started quickly: detailed explanation of the operation of the Thermal Efficiency Apparatus in other modes as well as the...

  • Page 7: Theory

    012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Theory Heat Engine NOTE: Since you will be measuring the rates Introduction at which energy is transferred or used by the Thermal Efficiency Apparatus all measurements A heat engine uses the temperature difference between will be power rather than energy. So a hot reservoir and a cold reservoir to do work.

  • Page 8: Heat Pump (Refrigerator) Introduction

    Figure 2. By conservation of energy, + W = Q Ω or in terms of power Ohmmeter 9V Power PASCO scientific Supply In Model TD-8564 WATER Cold PUMP THERMAL EFFICIENCY 7.5 - 12 VDC @500mA APPARATUS THERMISTOR Reservoir...

  • Page 9: Measurements Using The Thermal Efficiency Apparatus

    012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Measurements Using the Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Direct Measurements by using the chart located on the front of the Thermal Efficiency Apparatus and in Table 1. Notice that as the Three quantities may be directly measured with the temperature increases, the thermistor resistance decreases Thermal Efficiency Apparatus: temperatures, the power (100 kΩ...

  • Page 10: Power Delivered To The Hot Reservoir (P H )

    Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A heat pumped from the cold reservoir. These quantities Power Delivered to the Hot Reservoir (P may be determined indirectly with the Thermal Effi- The hot reservoir is maintained at a constant temperature ciency Apparatus in the following ways. by running a current through a resistor.

  • Page 11: Heat Pumped From The Cold Reservoir

    012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus to the hot reservoir when no load is present. Since, while The work can be measured directly but the heat delivered there is no load, the hot reservoir is maintained at an to the hot reservoir has to be measured indirectly. Notice equilibrium temperature, the heat put into the hot reser- that when the heat pump is operating, the temperature of voir by the heating resistor must equal the heat radiated...
  • Page 12 Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A Copy-Ready Experiments The following experiments are written in worksheet form. Feel free to photocopy them for use in your lab. NOTE: The first paragraph in each experiment lists all the equipment needed to perform the experiment. Be sure to read this equipment list first, as the require- ments vary with each experiment.

  • Page 13: Heat Engine And Temperature Difference

    012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Experiment 1: Heat Engine and Temperature Difference EQUIPMENT NEEDED: — Thermal Efficiency Apparatus — DC power supply capable of 2.5 A at 12 V — ohmmeter — ammeter (up to 3 A) — patch cords — 2 voltmeters —...
  • Page 14 Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A Connect the 2Ω load resistor with a short patch cord as shown in Figure 1.1. Connect a voltmeter across the load resistor. The choice of the 2Ω load resistor is arbitrary. Any of the load resis- tances may be used.
  • Page 15 012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Table 1.2 Calculated Values ∆T (k) Trial actual Carnot Analysis and Questions To compare the actual efficiency to the Carnot efficiency, construct a graph. Plot the Carnot efficiency vs. ∆T and also plot the actual efficiency vs. ∆T. This may be done on the same graph.
  • Page 16 Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A Notes:...

  • Page 17: Heat Engine Efficiency (Detailed Study)

    012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Experiment 2: Heat Engine Efficiency (Detailed Study) EQUIPMENT NEEDED: — Thermal Efficiency Apparatus — 1 DC power supply capable of 2.5 A at 12 V — ohmmeter — patch cords — ammeter (up to 3 A) —...
  • Page 18 Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A B. Connect the 2Ω load resistor with a short patch cord as shown in Figure 2.1. Connect a voltmeter across the load resistor. C. Allow the system to come to equilibrium so that the hot and cold temperatures are constant.
  • Page 19 012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Table 2.2 Calculated Values Internal Resistance = r = ________________ Mode Engine (2Ω load) Open Table 2.3 Results Maximum Actual Adjusted % Difference (Carnot) Efficiency Maximum Efficiency: Convert the temperatures to Kelvin and record in Table 2.2. Calcu- late the Carnot efficiency using the temperatures and record in Table 2.3.
  • Page 20 Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A The Thermal Efficiency Apparatus is run with a load connected to measure P (Figure 6) and then the load is disconnected and the power input into the hot reservoir is ad- justed to maintain the temperatures (less power is needed when there is no load since less heat is being drawn from the hot reservoir).

  • Page 21: Heat Pump Coefficient Of Performance

    012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Experiment 3: Heat Pump Coefficient of Performance EQUIPMENT NEEDED: — Thermal Efficiency Apparatus — 1 DC power supplies capable of 2.5 A at 12 V — patch cords — ohmmeter — ammeter (up to 3 A) —...
  • Page 22 Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A Plug the 9V transformer into the wall socket and into the pump on the Thermal Efficiency Apparatus. You should now hear the pump running and water should be coming out of the rubber hose marked “out”. Disconnect the power supply to the hot side.
  • Page 23 012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Table 3.1 Heat Pump Data and Results (kΩ) (kΩ) actual max % diff Questions If the difference between the temperature of the hot side and the cold side was decreased, would the maximum COP increase or decrease? Calculate the rate of change in entropy for the system which includes the hot and cold reservoirs.

  • Page 24: Thermal Conductivity

    Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A Experiment 4: Thermal Conductivity Introduction The rate at which heat is conducted through a material of thickness x and cross-sectional area A depends on the difference in temperature between the sides (∆T) and the thermal conductivity (k) of the material. kA (∆T) Heat Power =...

  • Page 25: Load For Optimum Performance

    012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Experiment 5: Load for Optimum Performance EQUIPMENT NEEDED: — Thermal Efficiency Apparatus — DCpower supply capable of 2.5 A at 12 V — 3 kg (7 lbs) ice and a bucket for the ice-water bath — ohmmeter —...
  • Page 26 Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A Procedure Connect a DC power supply and a voltmeter and ammeter to the heater block terminals. Turn on the voltage to about 11 V. NOTE: This is just a suggested value chosen to make the hot temperature nearly at the maximum allowed.
  • Page 27 012-05443A Thermal Efficiency Apparatus Calculate the power input to the hot side, P , and the power dissipated by the load resistor, . Calculate the efficiency, . Record all these values in Table 5.1. Adjust the power input to the hot side to keep the temperature of the hot reservoir at the same temperature as it was for the 0.5 Ω...
  • Page 28 Thermal Efficiency Apparatus 012-05443A Notes:...

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