Keysight Technologies 34450A User Manual
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Keysight Technologies 34450A User Manual

5 1/2 digit multimeter
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Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit
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Summary of Contents for Keysight Technologies 34450A

  • Page 1 Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter User’s Guide...

  • Page 2: Safety Information

    TO THIS MANUAL AND ANY agreement and written consent from customarily provided to the public. INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN, Keysight Technologies as governed by Accordingly, Keysight provides the INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE United States and international Software to U.S. government IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF copyright laws.

  • Page 3: Safety Symbols

    Warning or Caution information) IEC Measurement Category II. Inputs may be connected to mains (up to CAT II Caution, risk of electric shock 300 VAC) under Category II 300 V overvoltage conditions. Frame or chassis (ground) terminal Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 4: Regulatory Markings

    The CSA mark is a registered substance elements are expected to trademark of the Canadian leak or deteriorate during normal use. Standards Association. Forty years is the expected useful life of the product. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 5: General Safety Information

    300 VAC. To avoid the danger of electric shock, do not connect the inputs to mains for line voltages above 300 VAC. See “IEC Measurement Category II Overvoltage Protection” on the following page for further information. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 6 – If the Test Lead Set is used in a manner not specified by Keysight Technologies, the protection provided by the Test Lead Set may be impaired. Also, do not use a damaged or worn Test Lead Set. Instrument damage or personal injury may result. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 7 (up to 300 VAC). Note: The front-panel terminals and be at approximately the same voltage However, the 34450A may not be used current protection fuse are shown as the LO terminal. with its HI and LO inputs connected to above.

  • Page 8: Environmental Conditions

    –40 °C to 70 °C Altitude Operating up to 3,000 meters Pollution degree Pollution Degree 2 The Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter complies with the following EMC and NOTE safety requirements: – IEC 61010-1:2001 / EN 61010-1:2001 (2nd Edition) – IEC 61326-2-1:2005 / EN61326-2-1:2006 –...

  • Page 9: Waste Electrical And Electronic Equipment (Weee) Directive 2002/96/Ec

    To contact Keysight for sales and technical support, refer to the support links on the following Keysight websites: – www.keysight.com/find/34450A (product-specific information and support, software and documentation updates) – www.keysight.com/find/assist (worldwide contact information for repair and service) Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 10: Additional Notices

    Additional Notices The Keysight 34450A is provided with a Keysight 34138A Test Lead Set, described below. Test Lead Ratings Test Leads - 1000 V, 15 A Fine Tip Probe Attachments - 300 V, 3 A Mini Grabber Attachment - 300 V, 3 A...

  • Page 11: Table Of Contents

    Measuring temperature ........40 Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 12 ........84 Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 13 ......111 Other Sources of Measurement Error ......112 Characteristics and Specifications Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 14 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 15 Example of measuring voltage and current in dual measurement ......99 Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 16 Figure 3-5 Wiring resistance and current shunt resistance ..108 Figure 3-6 Applying current to the capacitor ....109 Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 17 ....100 Table 3-3 Typical errors for various pulse waveforms as a function of input pulse frequency ... . .105 Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 18 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 19: 1 Getting Started Tutorial

    The Rear Panel at a Glance Making Measurements Selecting a Range Remote Operation This chapter provides a tutorial on how to get started using the Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter and using the front panel in order to make measurements.

  • Page 20: Getting Started Tutorial

    Auto range and Manual range Display Resolution, Measurement Speed Power ON/OFF Switch SHIFT (selects blue shifted keys) and Measurement functions Local Key Math Operations Secondary Display Key State Store/Recall, Utility Menu Input Terminals Data Log, View Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 21: The Display At A Glance

    The display at a glance Single display screen Figure 1-2 Typical single display screen Dual display screen Figure 1-3 Typical dual display screen The system annunciators are described in Table 1-1. (See Table 2-2 on page 58 for Math Annunciators). Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 22: Display Annunciators

    Error in queue Fast speed is selected Medium speed is selected Slow speed is selected Remote interface operation Code compatibility mode 2nd key has been pressed Triggering has been enabled and the meter is in the “waiting-for-trigger” state Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 23: Table 1-3 Table

    Getting Started Tutorial Table 1-1 Display annunciators (continued) System Annunciator Description Shift key has been pressed Fixed range is selected for secondary function Auto-ranging is selected for secondary function Direct current Alternating current Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 24: The Keypad At A Glance

    34450A Keypad Table 1-2 Keypad functions Description System-related operation Press to turn ON or turn OFF the 34450A multimeter Press to enable access to a button’s alternate function Press to enable the secondary display > Press to disable secondary display –...
  • Page 25 Press to select AC current measurement Press to select between 2-wire or 4-wire resistance measurement Press to select frequency measurement Press to select between continuity or diode measurement Press to select between temperature or capacitance measurement Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 26: Table 2-2 Table

    Press to enable trigger/hold. See “Hold measurement” on page 51 > Press to access limit function. See “Limit measurement” on page 52 > Press to access data log view menu. See “Viewing the log info” on page 84 Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 27: Feature Upgrades

    With Purchase of License Part Number Data Logging Memory 5,000 readings 50,000 readings (Option 3445MEMU) 34450A-801 GPIB Remote Operation Disabled Enabled (Option 3445GPBU) 34450A-800 For the license upgrade procedure, refer to the instructions in the license redemption e-mail. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 28: The Rear Panel At A Glance

    Rear panel at a glance Serial Interface Connector USB Interface Connector GPIB with Option 3445GPBU installed Current Fuse Model and Serial Number Label Kensington Lock Chassis Ground Lug AC Power Connector AC Line Fuse AC Line Voltage Selector Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 29: Making Measurements

    The following pages show how to make measurement connections and how to select measurement functions from the front panel for each of the measurement functions. For remote operation, refer to the MEASure Subsystem in the Keysight 34450A Online Programmer’s Reference Helpfile. Using the keys The meter functions and operations can be selected by pressing the buttons located on the front panel;...

  • Page 30: Digit Masking

    To enable masking, follow the instructions below: > Press to enable digit mask feature Digit mask display screen Press to execute Select desired settings Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 31: Selecting Current Input Terminals And Measurement Range

    – Measurement Method: Sigma Delta A-to-D converter – Input Impedance: >10 GΩ selected range (0.1 V and 1 V only) or ~10 MΩ all ranges (typical) – Input Protection: 1000 V on all ranges (HI terminal) Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 32: Figure 1-6 Acv Rms And Dcv Terminal Connection And Display

    Do not apply any voltage to the instrument inputs until all terminals are WARNING properly connected. Plugging or unplugging the test lead while high voltage is applied can cause instrument damage, and may increase the risk of electric shock. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 33: Measuring Resistance

    – Input protection: 1000 V on all ranges (HI terminal) Typical Resistance Measurement Display 2-Wire Resistance Ω, Figure 1-7 2-wire Ω terminal connection and display Resistance Press Twice Figure 1-8 4-wire Ω terminal connection and display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 34: Measuring Ac (Rms) Or Dc Current Up To 100 Ma

    – Input Protection: Rear Panel 0.4 A, 500 V FH fuse for the I terminal Typical ACI Measurement Display Typical DCI Measurement Display AC or DC current source Figure 1-9 ACI rms or DCI (mA) terminal connection and display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 35: Measuring Ac (Rms) Or Dc Current Up To 10 A

    – Input Protection: Internal 11 A, 1000 V fuse for the 10 A terminal Typical ACI Measurement Display AC or DC Typical DCI Measurement Display Voltage Source Figure 1-10 ACI rms or DCI (A) terminal connection and display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 36: Measuring Frequency For Voltage

    – Gate Time: 1 second (slow mode) or 0.1 second (medium mode) – Input Protection: 750 V rms on all ranges (HI terminal) Typical Frequency Measurement Display Frequency Source Figure 1-11 Frequency terminal connection and display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 37: Measuring Frequency For Current

    – Input Protection: 750 V rms on all ranges (HI terminal) Typical Frequency Measurement Display Frequency Source Figure 1-12 Frequency terminal connection and display for ACI (mA) Typical Frequency Measurement Display Frequency Source Figure 1-13 Frequency terminal connection and display for ACI (A) Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 38: Testing Continuity

    – Response Time: 165 samples/second with audible tone – Continuity Threshold: 10 Ω fixed – Input Protection: 1000 V (HI terminal) Open Circuit Measurement Display Open or Closed Circuit Typical Closed Circuit Measurement Display Figure 1-14 Continuity test terminal connection and display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 39: Checking Diodes

    – Input Protection: 1000 V (HI terminal) Typical Forward-Biased Diode Measurement Display Forward Bias Press Twice Figure 1-15 Forward-biased diode terminal connection and display Typical Reverse-Biased Diode Measurement Display Reverse Bias Press Twice Figure 1-16 Reverse-biased diode terminal connection and display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 40: Measuring Temperature

    – Measurement Method: 2-wire Ohms measurement of 5 kΩ thermistor sensor (E2308A) with computed conversion – Input Protection: 1000 V (HI terminal) – Optional Accessory: E2308A Thermistor temperature probe Typical Temperature Measurement Display 5kΩ, Thermistor Figure 1-17 Temperature terminal connection and display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 41: Measuring Capacitance

    – Measurement Method: Computed from constant current source charge time. Typical 0.12 V to 1.0 V AC signal level – Input Protection: 1000 V (HI terminal) Typical Capacitance Measurement Display Capacitance Press Twice Figure 1-18 Capacitance terminal connection and display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 42: Selecting A Range

    Autoranging enabled Press to disable autoranging Selects an upper range Selects a lower range Manual ranging enabled > Press to enable autoranging and disable manual ranging Manual ranging enabled Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 43: Remote Operation

    Getting Started Tutorial Remote Operation USB interface Automatically shows the remote state Press to exit Remote state when communication is established after executing the Keysight Connection Expert Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 44: Serial Interface

    To easily configure and verify an interface connection between the 34450A and NOTE your PC, use the Automation-Ready CD, which is shipped with your 34450A. This CD includes the Keysight IO Libraries Suite and the Keysight Connection Expert application. For more information about Keysight's I/O connectivity software, visit www.keysight.com/find/iolib.

  • Page 45: Gpib Ieee-488 (Optional)

    In order to operate the meter via a host computer or terminal, the parameters in the GPIB interface within the meter has to match the parameters in the GPIB interface provided by the host or terminal. The default factory settings are address 22. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 46: Code Compatibility Mode

    Getting Started Tutorial Code compatibility mode The 34450A includes a code compatibility mode. This mode saves time and effort by eliminating the need to re-write programs using the 34450A SCPI command. SCPI commands The Keysight 34450A complies with the syntax rules and conventions of SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments).

  • Page 47: Functions And Features

    Reset/Power-On State Triggering the Multimeter Data Logging Fluke 45/Fluke 8808A Code Compatibility Mode This chapter contains information on the functions and features of the Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter and how to use the front panel to operate these settings.

  • Page 48: Math Operations

    – Range and resolution changing is allowed for all math operations. – The reference/offset/limit values used for the Null, Limit, dB, and dBm math functions are editable. – For remote operation, refer to the CALCulate Subsystem in the Keysight 34450A Programmer’s Reference Helpfile. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 49: Null Measurement

    For example, this feature can be used to make more accurate resistance measurements by nulling the test lead resistance. Before performing null measurement, eliminate offset errors associated with test lead resistance by following the steps below: 1 Ω Press to enable null measurement 1 Ω Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 50: Figure 2-1 Accessing The Null Measurement

    – Null measurement d isplay = Read ing Offset You can view and edit the offset value in the secondary display as described in “Editing math functions reference values” on page 58. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 51: Hold Measurement

    Max (Read ing Read ing Read ing Read ing – – – Min (Read ing Read ing Read ing Read ing – – – Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 52: Limit Measurement

    Choose the limit mode that you want to change Increase/decrease the respective digit Press to edit Select the editable digit to the left or right Press to exit the limit operation Press to save or edit mode Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 53: Accessing Math Menu

    Functions and Features Accessing math menu The math operation can be enabled using the following steps: Press to display math menu Math menu display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 54: Editing Single Statistics

    Note: Each time a new min or max value is stored, the multimeter will beep once (if the buzzer is turned on in the utility menu) and the Min or Max annunciator is briefly turned on > for 1 second beside the secondary display. Press to exit Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 55: Editing All Statistics

    Note: Each time a new min or max value is stored, the multimeter will beep once (if the buzzer is turned on in the utility menu) and the New annunciator is briefly turned on for 1 second in the respective Min or Max box Press to exit Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 56: Editing Db Measurement

    Reference value 0dB to ±120.0000 dBm Default: R REF is 0 dBm Press to exit You can view and edit the dB reference value as described in “Editing math functions reference values” on page 58. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 57: Editing Dbm Measurement

    250 Ω, 300 Ω, 500 Ω, 600 Ω, 800 Ω, 900 Ω, 1000 Ω, 1200 Ω, or 8000 Ω. Press to start Select dBm option Ongoing measurement dBm measurement Reference value Press to exit You can view and select the reference value as described in “Editing math functions reference values” on page 58. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 58: Math Annunciators

    The reference values used for the Null, Limit, dB, or dBM math functions, can be edited when you enable the stated function (refer to Table 2-2 on page 58 for a list). For remote operation, refer to the CALCulate Subsystem in the Keysight 34450A Programmer’s Reference Helpfile. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 59: Editing Values

    To edit math values, follow the steps below: Press to display null menu Press for digit selection Press to edit Press to change the value of selected digit Press to save the reference value Press to exit without save Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 60: The Dual Display

    [d] For DCV-ACV dual measurement, the DCV input signal is limited to 500 V when ACV input signal is in 100 mV range. The ACV input signal must be greater than 50 mV. [e] For ACI-DCV dual measurement operation frequencies, refer to Table 2-4 on page 61. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 61: Using The Dual Display

    >500 Hz (600 Hz) / n × 50 Hz (60 Hz) for <500 Hz Fast >10 kHz / n × 1 kHz for <10 kHz For more information, please refer to Chapter 3, “Measurement Speed Consideration”. Using the dual display To enable the dual display, follow the following steps: Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 62 Press to turn off secondary display Select desired range Note: For available measurements in the dual display mode, refer to table Table 2-3 Select desired speed For remote operation, refer to the DISPlay:WINDow2 commands in the Keysight 34450A Programmer’s Reference Helpfile. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 63: Using The Utility Menu

    The descriptions of the items in the Utility menu and their options are shown in Table 2-5 on page 64. Figure 2-3 First page of the Utility menu Figure 2-4 Second page of the Utility menu Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 64: Utility Menu Available Settings

    ON or OFF multimeter. Returns to normal operation *TST? after completing the self-test. Disables or enables the automatic recall MEMory:STATe:RECall P-ON RESET ON or OFF of the powered down state when power :AUTO is turned on Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 65 [SCPI Error Sub-Menu] Displays the multimeter’s firmware revision. The first 4 digits are the IO FW VER XX.XX - XX.XX firmware revision, while the last 4 digits are the measurement firmware revision. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 66 Below are the steps you should follow if you want to edit any of the values on the utility menu: > Press to display the utility menu Page one of utility menu Press to edit This option will flash, enabling you to edit Press to exit Press to save Select the desired value Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 67: Rs232 Utility Sub-Menu

    To enable the RS232 option, follow the steps below. For a list of RS232 settings, Table 2-6 on page 68. Press to edit Select I/O option Press to edit RS232 option Press to select RS232 option Press to edit/save Press to return to utility menu Typical RS232 sub menu display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 68: Rs232 Utility Sub-Menu

    PC (remote control) Parity bit for remote communication with PARITY NONE NONE, ODD, EVEN a PC DATA BIT 7, 8 Data bit length STOP BIT 1, 2 Stop bit length State Disable Disable, Enable Enable or disable RS232 Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 69: Gpib Utility Sub-Menu

    To activate GPIB, first, turn on the GPIB option. The following pop-up message will appear if the GPIB license key is not activated: “GPIB is not enabled, to enable, please visit www.keysight.com/find/34450A” If GPIB connectivity is selected, a sub-menu will appear to allow you configure the address (from 0 to 30) for remote communication to a PC.

  • Page 70: Reading Error Messages

    Reading error messages To read error messages from the front panel, perform the following procedures. For remote operation, refer to the SYSTem:ERRor? command in the Keysight 34450A Programmer’s Reference Helpfile. > Press to display the utility menu Typical display with error message...

  • Page 71: The Beeper

    – When a new stable reading is updated on display for Math Hold operation – When a measurement exceeds the HI or LO Limit value – When a forward-biased diode is measured in the Diode function Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 72: Storing And Recalling Instrument States

    Location LAST retains the multimeter configuration at power down. Location LAST and 1-5 are available for storing the configurations. To recall instrument states, perform the following steps: Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 73 Press to recall state Memory location selected from the selected Press to select the memory location memory location For remote operation, refer to the MEMory Subsystem, the *SAV, and *RCL commands in the Keysight 34450A Programmer’s Reference Helpfile. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 74: Reset/Power-On State

    Functions and Features Reset/Power-On State The table below summarizes the 34450A settings as received from the factory, following power cycling, and following the *RST command received over the USB remote interface. Non-volatile, user customizable behavioral differences are shown in BOLD.
  • Page 75 Cleared if power-on status clear Cleared enabled; no change otherwise Filters Serial Number Unique value per-instrument No Change Calibration Calibration state Secured User Setting Calibration value No Change Calibration String Cleared No Change [a] State managed by IO processor firmware Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 76: Triggering The Multimeter

    TRIGger:SOURce IMMediate The CONFigure and MEASure? commands automatically set the trigger source to IMMediate. Refer to the Keysight 34450A Programmer’s Reference Helpfile for complete description and syntax for these commands. Software (Bus) Triggering The bus trigger mode is available from the remote interface only.

  • Page 77: Figure 2-5 Trigger In Connector

    – The INITiate command only initiates the measurement and needs a trigger (BUS or EXTernal or IMMEdiate) to make the actual measurement. Refer to the Keysight 34450A Programmer’s Reference Helpfile for the complete description and syntax for these commands. External Trigger...

  • Page 78: Figure 2-6 Trigger Out Connector

    Manual Trigger Manual triggering takes one reading (or the specified number of readings in data logger) each time the multimeter receives a pulse on the front-panel trigger button. The diagram below shows the manual trigger operation: Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 79 The trigger annunciator turns on when the multimeter is waiting for a manual trigger. The rear panel trigger out connector provides a pulse after the completion of each measurement. Trigger out and manual trigger implement a standard hardware handshake sequence between measurement and switching devices. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 80: Data Logging

    The IO connectivity will be restored when the data logging has been completed or aborted. The 34450A has memory for up to 50,000 readings which is the maximum limit for the data logger feature. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 81 Move cursor to enable logging Press to execute automatically delete previous log data. Press to proceed Typical data log menu screen Press the trigger button (manual triggering) or wait for an external pulse (external triggering) to begin data logging Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 82: Data Log Menu Options

    (upgrade to 25,000 with option measurement) 3445MEMU). ENABLE To start the log function. During logging, all keys are locked. To stop the log function, press any key except TRIG key follow by SHIFT key. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 83 Press to enable data log menu Typical data log menu display Press for digit selection Press to edit Press to change the value of selected digit Press to save Press to exit Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 84: Viewing The Log Info

    Press to display data log menu Typical log view menu display Press to select log info Typical log info display when only primary measurement is performed Press to exit Typical log info display when both primary and secondary measurements are performed Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 85: Viewing The Log List

    10-a Press for digit selection 10-b Finding specific log data page display Press to change the value of selected digit Press to find Press to exit Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 86: Viewing The Log Histogram

    Typical histogram display without secondary measurement function Press to switch between primary or secondary data Typical histogram display for primary measurement with secondary measurement active Press to exit Typical histogram display for secondary measurement with secondary measurement active Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 87: Viewing The Log Statistics

    To view the log statistics, follow the steps below: Press to display data log menu Typical log view menu display Press to select Move cursor to the log statistics menu Press to exit Typical log statistics display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 88: Fluke 45/Fluke 8808A Code Compatibility Mode

    Once the code compatibility mode is on, the USB connectivity will be disabled. Move cursor to LANGUAGE and change to L2 Press to save Typical code compatibility mode screen display Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 89: Notes For Fluke 45/Fluke 8808A Code Compatibility Mode

    – The multimeter automatically enters code compatibility mode when switched on if the code compatibility function was previously enabled before being turned off. – In code compatibility mode, whenever a primary measurement function is changed, the secondary display function is turned off. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 90 Functions and Features THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 91 Other Primary Measurement Functions Other Sources of Measurement Error The Keysight 34450A multimeter is capable of making very accurate measurements. In order to achieve the greatest degree of accuracy, you must take the necessary steps to eliminate potential measurement errors. This chapter describes the common errors found in measurements and gives suggestions on what you can do to avoid these errors.

  • Page 92: Measurement Tutorial

    Table 3-1 Common thermoelectric voltages for connections between dissimilar metals Copper -to- Approx. mV / °C Cadmium-Tin Solder Copper <0.3 Gold Silver Brass Beryllium Copper Aluminum Tin-Lead Solder Kovar or Alloy 42 Silicon Copper-Oxide 1000 Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 93: Noise Rejection

    I mbalance = Multi meter I solati on Resi stance (L O-E ar th) Ideal test Meter = Multi meter I nput Capaci tance: × R E r ror (v) = Figure 3-1 Common Mode Rejection (CMR) Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 94 95, any voltage difference between the two ground reference points (V ) causes a current to flow through the ground measurement leads. This causes noise and offset voltage (usually power-line related), which are added to the measured voltage. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 95: Figure 3-2 Noise Caused By Ground Loops

    If the multimeter must be earth-referenced, connect it and the device-under-test to the same common ground point. Also connect the multimeter and the device-under-test to the same electrical outlet whenever possible. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 96: Measurement Speed Consideration

    A longer aperture yields better resolution; a shorter aperture provides faster measurements. The fast mode set a specific 1 ms measurement period, not based on power line frequency. No normal mode rejection is provided in aperture mode. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 97: Dual Measurement Considerations

    When measuring DC and AC in dual measurement mode, make sure the DC + AC components do not exceed the multimeter ADC dynamic range. The 34450A has a dynamic range of ±1.2 V or 120% of full scale for each DCV ranges.

  • Page 98: Voltage And Current In Dual Measurement

    When measuring DC voltage and DC current in dual measurement mode, take into account the resistance of the test lead and internal measuring circuitry. The 34450A shares the same common ground both in DC voltage and DC current measurement. When a current flow through the LO terminal, a voltage drop will occur in the circuit and will affect the accuracy of the voltage reading.

  • Page 99: Figure 3-4 Example Of Measuring Voltage And Current In Dual

    12.5 mV will occur. This error will be relative by range with the ADC dynamic range of 1.2 V. Figure 3-4 Example of measuring voltage and current in dual measurement The error in measurement will be significant when applying a higher current. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 100: Resistance Measurement Considerations

    1 kΩ 0.5 mA 250 µW 10 kΩ µ 100 µW 100 kΩ µ 10 µW 1 MΩ 1 µA 1 µW 10 MΩ 100 nA 100 nW 100 MΩ 100 nA / 10 MΩ 1 µW Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 101 Leakage from nylon or PVC insulators can easily contribute a 0.1% error when measuring a 1 MΩ resistance in humid conditions. Offset Compensation A resistance measurement involves measuring a voltage (E) induced across the resistance by a known current source. Ideal Meter Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 102 First Reading -Second Reading = (I*R+V ) -V = I*R Offset compensation can be used in 2-Wire or 4-Wire ohms measurements (only available on 100 Ω, 1 kΩ and 10 kΩ). Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 103: True Rms Ac Measurements

    This multimeter accurately measures true RMS voltage or current, as long as the wave shape contains negligible energy above the instrument’s effective bandwidth. Note that the 34450A uses the same techniques to measure true RMS voltage and true RMS current. Waveform Shape...
  • Page 104 Notice that crest factor is a composite parameter, dependent upon the pulse-width and repetition frequency; crest factor alone is not enough to characterize the frequency content of a signal. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 105: Typical Errors For Various Pulse Waveforms As A

    Measurement Tutorial Traditionally, digital multimeters include a crest factor derating table that applies at all frequencies. The measurement algorithm used in the 34450A multimeter is not inherently sensitive to crest factor, so no such derating is necessary. With this multimeter, as discussed in the previous section, the focal issue is high-frequency signal content which exceeds the multimeter’s bandwidth.
  • Page 106 2 Hz and useful for frequencies above 20 Hz. The “MEDIUM” filter notch at 20 Hz and useful for frequencies above 200 Hz. The “FAST” filter notch at 200 Hz and useful for frequencies above 1 kHz. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 107: Other Primary Measurement Functions

    “slow” signals. The error is inversely proportional to frequency. Measurement errors also occur if you attempt to measure the frequency of an input following a DC offset voltage change. You must allow the multimeter’s input to fully settle before making frequency measurements. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 108: Dc Current Measurements

    10 A shunt resistor and internal signal-conditioning component. Do allow few minutes stabling time for better accuracy for current measurement. After applying more than 5 A current measurement, do allow a few minutes for heat dissipation to ensure better accuracy for other measurement. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 109: Capacitance Measurements

    100 nA 1.0/second 10 nF 100 nA 0.5/second 100 nF 1.5/second µ 1 µF µ 0.25/second 10 µF 10 µA 0.25/second 100 µF 100 µA 0.25/second 1 mF 500 µA 0.25/second 10 mF 1 mA 0.15/second Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 110 For the best accuracy, take a zero null measurement with open probes, to null out the test lead capacitance, before connecting the probes across the capacitor to be measured. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 111: Temperature Measurements

    RTD. Because they are semiconductors, their temperature range is more limited, commonly to –80 °C to 150 °C. Thermistors have highly non-linear, temperature-resistance relationships; therefore their conversion algorithms are more complex. Keysight multimeters use the standard Hart-Steinhart Approximation to provide accurate conversions. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 112: Other Sources Of Measurement Error

    If you apply more than 300 V , self-heating occurs in the multimeter’s internal signal-conditioning components. These errors are included in the multimeter’s specifications. Temperature changes inside the multimeter due to self-heating may cause additional error on other AC voltage ranges. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 113 Correlated noise, while rare, is especially detrimental. Correlated noise always adds directly to the input signal. Measuring a low-level signal with the same frequency as the local power line is a common situation that is prone to this error. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 114 T. Errors may occur when the pulse signal is measured at low voltage range due to saturation of the multimeter’s analog-to-digital (ADC) rail voltage. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...

  • Page 115: Specifications

    Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter User’s Guide Characteristics and Specifications For the characteristics and specifications of the 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter, refer to the datasheet at http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5991-1133EN.pdf.
  • Page 116 Characteristics and Specifications THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. Keysight 34450A User’s Guide...
  • Page 117 This information is subject to change without notice. Always refer to the Keysight website for the latest revision. © Keysight Technologies 2012-2017 Edition 6, July 28, 2017 Printed in Malaysia *34450-90000* 34450-90000 www.keysight.com...

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