Summary of Contents for Apposite Technologies Linktropy Mini2
- Page 1 ™ & M ® INKTROPY WAN E MULATOR ’ UIDE Firmware Version 3.0 ®...
- Page 2 Los Angeles, CA 90064 USA 1.310.477.9955 info@apposite-tech.com www.apposite-tech.com Copyright ©2005-2017 Apposite Technologies LLC. All rights reserved. Apposite, Linktropy, and Netropy are registered trademarks of Apposite Technologies LLC. The Apposite logo and “WAN Emulation Made Easy” are trademarks of Apposite Technologies LLC. Part No. DOC-UG-LM2G-4C...
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Page 3: Table Of Contents
ONTENTS 1 Overview ......................................4 1.1 Linktropy Product Family..............................4 1.2 Linktropy Operation................................6 1.3 Linktropy Configuration ..............................7 2 Getting Started: Installing the Linktropy WAN Emulator...................8 3 Linktropy GUI ....................................11 3.1 Overview................................... 11 3.2 Status Box ..................................12 ... - Page 4 5.2.1 IP Addresses..............................21 6 Device Settings Tab: Device and Interface Parameters.................... 23 6.1 Device Name................................... 24 6.2 MGMT Interface................................24 6.3 Management Access ..............................24 6.4 Ethernet Ports................................. 25 7 Save / Load Tab: Save, Load, and Delete Named Emulations................26 ...
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Page 5: Overview
VERVIEW Thank you for purchasing the Apposite Technologies Linktropy Mini or Linktropy Mini-G WAN Emulator. This User’s Guide describes the installation, configuration, and operation of the Linktropy functionality. Please consult the companion Hardware Guide for information on the Linktropy Mini or Mini-G hardware. - Page 6 Mini2 Linktropy Model Mini-G 5510 8510 Performance Maximum throughput per link (full duplex) 100 Mbps 1 Gbps 1 Gbps 1 Gbps Emulated links Maximum packet forwarding rate (pps) 80,000 350,000 3 million 12 million Test lab level precision ...
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Page 7: Linktropy Operation
1.2 Linktropy Operation The Linktropy Mini and Mini-G emulate a wide area network link between two local networks. Depending on configuration, the Linktropy device is installed as either a bridge or a router between the Ethernet segments connected to the LAN A and LAN B ports of the unit. Frames received on one port are subjected to the emulated WAN conditions before being forwarded to the opposite port. -
Page 8: Linktropy Configuration
Only the propagation delay is specified directly as an emulation parameter. The end-to-end delay is the sum of the three individual delays. Frames are subject to three separate types of loss: 1. Emulated packet loss: Frames are randomly discarded based on the specified packet loss rate. Since frame discard occurs after the frames have been rate throttled, discarded frames will consume link bandwidth. -
Page 9: Getting Started: Installing The Linktropy Wan Emulator
ETTING TARTED WAN E NSTALLING THE INKTROPY MULATOR The Linktropy WAN emulator is managed through a browser-based GUI over an Ethernet connection to a dedicated management interface. Prior to operation, this management interface must be configured with appropriate network settings, either through the Linktropy GUI or through the command-line interface accessed via the serial console. - Page 10 IP Address Configuration via the Linktropy GUI To configure the management interface using the Linktropy GUI: Configure a PC running a supported web browser with the IP address 10.0.0.2 or other address on the 10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 subnet. Connect an Ethernet cable between the PC and the MGMT port of the Linktropy WAN emulator.
- Page 11 Operation The Linktropy WAN emulator is installed between two LAN segments (or two individual devices) using the ports labeled LAN A and LAN B. The Linktropy WAN Emulator acts as a bridge or router between those two LAN segments. Frames received on one port are subjected to the emulated WAN conditions before being forwarded to the opposite port.
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Page 12: Linktropy Gui
INKTROPY 3.1 Overview The browser-based Linktropy GUI is the primary configuration interface for the Linktropy WAN emulator. The GUI is compatible with Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, and Safari. JavaScript must be enabled. The GUI is accessible via HTTP or HTTPS. The Linktropy GUI consists of a Configuration window and the Linktropy Monitor. -
Page 13: Status Box
Clicking any info button opens a Help window with documentation for the specific field. This User’s Guide is also accessible from any Help window. The Linktropy Monitor displays real-time statistics and throughput graphs of the traffic traversing the emulated WAN link. See Section 9 for details on the Linktropy Monitor. Figure 4: Status Box and Message Bar 3.2 Status Box The Status Box, at the top right corner of the Configuration window, displays interface status and... -
Page 14: Message Bar
3.4 Message Bar The Message Bar, located at the top of the screen, is only visible when status messages are displayed. Confirmation messages are displayed on a white background, error messages on a red background, and alerts on a yellow background. ECTION INKTROPY... -
Page 15: Link Emulation Tab: Link Emulation Parameter Configuration
MULATION MULATION ARAMETER ONFIGURATION The Link Emulation tab contains all of the parameters for link emulation. Each parameter can be configured separately for traffic from LAN A to LAN B and from LAN B to LAN A. Basic parameter settings are always visible on the Link Emulation tab. Advanced parameters, which generally only need adjustment for specialized conditions, are hidden by default. - Page 16 Figure 5: Link Emulation Tab ECTION MULATION MULATION ARAMETER ONFIGURATION...
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Page 17: Basic Parameters
4.1 Basic Parameters 4.1.1 Bandwidth The Bandwidth row is used to configure the link rate of the emulated WAN. The link rate is set independently in each direction in increments of 1 bps, with a minimum rate of 300 bps and a maximum rate determined by the license key. Entered rates can not have fractional bits per second. -
Page 18: Loss
Using the delay parameter, frames are not reordered even if subjected to differing delays. For example, if the delay is specified as a uniform distribution between 10 and 100 ms and the first frame is subjected to a 90 ms delay and the second frame is subjected to a 20 ms delay, the second frame will not be transmitted until after the first frame has been transmitted. -
Page 19: Queue Depth
4.2.1 Queue Depth The Queue Depth row specifies the maximum amount of data that will be buffered when data is received at a rate exceeding the emulated link rate. Any frames that arrive when the queue is full are discarded. The queue depth can be set as a maximum numbers of packets, maximum amount of data in kilobytes, or a maximum queuing delay in milliseconds. -
Page 20: Bridge/Route Tab: Bridge And Routing Mode Configuration
RIDGE OUTE RIDGE AND OUTING ONFIGURATION The Linktropy WAN emulator can be installed as either a bridge or router to forward frames between the LAN A and LAN B Ethernet interfaces. By default, the Linktropy WAN emulator is configured as a bridge, and this mode is recommended for simplicity unless the LAN A and LAN B interfaces need to be on separate subnets. -
Page 21: Emulation Bypass
5.1.1 Emulation Bypass By default, all frames bridged by the Linktropy appliance are assumed to be part of the WAN traffic and are subjected to the configured WAN link conditions. This includes ARP and multicast traffic, which on a production network may be processed or filtered prior to traversal of the WAN link. -
Page 22: Ip Addresses
Packets that are forwarded out the same interface on which they were received do not traverse the emulated WAN link. Packets are never forwarded between the MGMT and LAN A or LAN B interfaces. Routing Mode supports only the forwarding of IP frames and does not support multicast forwarding. - Page 23 If there are any invalid entries when the Apply Changes button is pressed, a red error box will be drawn around the row. Changes are not applied until the errors are fixed and the Apply Changes button is pressed again. ECTION RIDGE OUTE...
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Page 24: Device Settings Tab Device And Interface Parameters
EVICE ETTINGS EVICE AND NTERFACE ARAMETERS The device name and interface settings are configured on the Device Settings tab. Settings are saved by pressing the Apply Changes button on the bottom of the tab. Settings remain unchanged through reboots and power cycles. Device settings are not stored with emulation parameters and will not change when a stored emulation is loaded. -
Page 25: Device Name
6.1 Device Name The name of the Linktropy unit is displayed and changed here. This name is also shown at the top of the Status Box and on the browser title bar. 6.2 MGMT Interface The MGMT Interface row is used to set the IP address of the Linktropy management interface, the subnet mask, and the IP address of the default gateway. -
Page 26: Ethernet Ports
6.4 Ethernet Ports By default, all Ethernet ports are set to auto-negotiate the proper speed and duplex settings. On the 10/100/1000baseT emulation ports, auto-negotiation can be disabled and the ports forced to a particular setting via the drop-down menu. However, it is strongly recommended to keep the interfaces set to auto-negotiate unless auto-negotiation is not working properly. -
Page 27: Save / Load Tab: Save, Load, And Delete Named Emulations
ELETE AMED MULATIONS Use the Save / Load tab to store emulation parameters to a named configuration or to reload a previously stored emulation. The Save / Load tab also provides the ability to rename and delete stored emulations. Radio buttons on the left side of the tab are used to select between Save, Load, and Delete operations. -
Page 28: Save Emulation
7.1 Save Emulation The Save screen is used to store the current emulation parameters as a named emulation. Emulations are stored on the Linktropy device. Twenty named emulations can be stored in each of 10 groups, for a total of 200 separate emulations. Groups can be used to separate emulations by project, date, network, user, or any other criteria. -
Page 29: Delete Emulation
7.3 Delete Emulation Stored emulations can be deleted from the Delete screen. Click the Delete radio button to display the Delete screen. To delete an emulation, first select the Group from the drop-down list. Only Groups that contain stored emulations are shown. Next, select a stored emulation from the Name drop-down list. The emulation description will be displayed. -
Page 30: Upgrade Tab: Firmware Upgrades And License Keys
To change the version of firmware, first download the new image from the support section of the Apposite Technologies website at: http://www.apposite-tech.com. Save the firmware image on the PC running the browser or on a file server accessible from the browser. -
Page 31: License Key
The same procedure can be used to restore an older version of firmware if necessary. However, when downgrading to an older release, the link emulation parameters and device settings may not be preserved. Firmware updates are available on the support section of the Apposite website. To obtain a username and password to access the support site, register your unit at http://www.apposite-tech.com/register.html. -
Page 32: Linktropy Monitor
INKTROPY ONITOR The Linktropy Monitor displays link statistics, throughput graphs, and the ARP table. To access the Monitor, click on Linktropy Monitor to the right of the row of tabs in the Configuration window. The Monitor opens in a separate browser window. To switch between statistics and ARP table pages, click the corresponding link at the top of the Monitor. - Page 33 Figure 11: Linktropy Monitor A graph of throughput across the emulated link in each direction is shown for the previous 10 minutes in 1 second intervals. The y-axis automatically adjusts to the maximum transmission rate over the period. The average transmission rates for the past 1 second, 10 seconds, 1 minute, and 10 minutes are also displayed in tabular form next to the graph.
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Page 34: Arp Table
Statistics are displayed in real-time in a table for each direction. The data displayed are: Transmission Count Bytes: number of bytes transferred over the emulated link. Frames: number of Ethernet frames transferred over the emulated link. Drops Loss: number of frames dropped due to packet loss. -
Page 35: Security
ECURITY 10.1 Passwords The Linktropy Mini and Mini-G include SSL and SSH functionality for convenience of management. However, the system does not include a password, and is therefore not suitable for use where secure administration is required. 10.2 SSL The Linktropy GUI is accessible via HTTP or HTTPS. Linktropy includes a non-unique, self-signed certificate. -
Page 36: Command Line Interface
OMMAND NTERFACE Management and configuration of the Linktropy Mini and Mini-G including the setting of all emulation parameters, is via the Linktropy GUI. A command line interface (CLI) with a limited feature set is also available and can be accessed via the interface or over the network CONSOLE through a Telnet or SSH connection. - Page 37 11.1 CLI Command Syntax Syntax and Description Command help or ? Displays a list of commands available through the CLI. help A question mark after any command displays the command syntax. http load <certificate file name> <server address> ["tftp"] Installs an SSL certificate. Uploaded certificate replaces the self-signed certificate supplied in the firmware.
- Page 38 mgmt set addr <addr> netmask <mask> Sets the IP address and netmask of the MGMT interface mgmt set gw <addr> Sets the default gateway of the device mgmt mgmt show Displays the IP address and netmask of the MGMT interface and default gateway of the device.
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Page 39: Apposite Support
If you experience any problem with the Linktropy hardware, consult the Hardware Guide for your model. If you have any questions about the firmware not answered in this User’s Guide, please check the Apposite Technologies website at http://www.apposite-tech.com for updated firmware and documentation. If your question is not answered, please contact Apposite Support. -
Page 40: Appendix A: Linktropy End User License Agreement
ICENSE GREEMENT The Apposite Technologies (“Apposite”) Linktropy product includes the Linktropy hardware (“Hardware”), software embedded in the Hardware (“Software”), including any upgrades, modified versions, updates, additions and copies of the Software, and related explanatory materials (“Documentation”). Collectively, the Hardware, Software, and Documentation are the “Product.”... - Page 41 and terminate this Agreement. This limited warranty applies only if the product is returned to Apposite, freight and insurance prepaid, in accordance with Apposite’s Return Material Authorization (RMA) procedures. Any repaired or replaced Software or Hardware will be warranted for the remainder of the original Warranty Period or thirty (30) days, whichever is longer.
- Page 42 General Provisions This agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of California without reference to its conflicts of law provisions. This agreement shall not be governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, the application of which is expressly excluded. If for any reason a court of competent jurisdiction finds any provision, or portion thereof, to be unenforceable, the remainder of this agreement shall continue in full force and effect.
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Page 43: Appendix B: Third Party Licenses
PPENDIX HIRD ARTY ICENSES Apache Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 http://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. "Licensor"... - Page 44 3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work, where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s) with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted.
- Page 45 rights consistent with this License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify, defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
- Page 46 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have.
- Page 47 (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works.
- Page 48 conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
- Page 49 GNU Software Linktropy Software incorporates open source program files distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2, a copy of which is included below. For a period of three years, upon request, Apposite will send you a machine-readable copy of the source code of these program files. Jonpy Copyright (c) 2002 Jon Ribbens Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated...
- Page 50 Copyright (C) 1998-2012 Daniel Veillard. All Rights Reserved. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the...
- Page 51 IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;...
- Page 52 Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written authorization. OpenSSH License (1) Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland. All rights reserved. (2) Cryptographic attack detector for ssh: Copyright (c) 1998 CORE SDI S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Page 53 OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 8) Portable OpenSSH contains the following additional licenses: a) md5crypt.c, md5crypt.h: Poul-Henning Kamp b) snprintf replacement: Copyright Patrick Powell 1995 c) Compatibility code (openbsd-compat) Apart from the previously mentioned licenses, various pieces of code in the openbsd-compat/ subdirectory are licensed as follows: Some code is licensed under a 3-term BSD license, to the following copyright holders: Todd C.
- Page 54 OpenSSL License Copyright (c) 1998-2008 The OpenSSL Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- Page 55 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software must display the following acknowledgement: "This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)".
- Page 56 CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- Page 57 ® Apposite Technologies LLC 11500 W. Olympic Blvd., Suite 510 Los Angeles, CA 90064 USA 1.310.477.9955 info@apposite-tech.com www.apposite-tech.com...
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