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User-Changeable STA Parameters
The Switch's factory default setting should cover the majority of installations. However, it is advisable to keep the default
settings as set at the factory; unless, it is absolutely necessary. The user changeable parameters in the Switch are as
follows:
Priority – A Priority for the switch can be set from 0 to 65535. 0 is equal to the highest Priority.
Hello Time – The Hello Time can be from 1 to 10 seconds. This is the interval between two transmissions of BPDU
packets sent by the Root Bridge to tell all other Switches that it is indeed the Root Bridge. If you set a Hello Time for your
Switch, and it is not the Root Bridge, the set Hello Time will be used if and when your Switch becomes the Root Bridge.
Max. Age – The Max Age can be from 6 to 40 seconds. At the end of the Max Age, if a BPDU has still not been received
from the Root Bridge, your Switch will start sending its own BPDU to all other Switches for permission to become the Root
Bridge. If it turns out that your Switch has the lowest Bridge Identifier, it will become the Root Bridge.
Forward Delay Timer – The Forward Delay can be from 4 to 30 seconds. This is the time any port on the
Switch spends in the listening state while moving from the blocking state to the forwarding state.
Port Priority – A Port Priority can be from 0 to 240. The lower the number, the greater the probability the port will be
chosen as the Root Port.
Port Cost – A Port Cost can be set from 0 to 200000000. The lower the number, the greater the probability the port will be
chosen to forward packets.
5.6 2.3 Illustration of STP
A simple illustration of three switches connected in a loop is depicted in the below diagram. In this example, you can
anticipate some major network problems if the STP assistance is not applied.
If switch A broadcasts a packet to switch B, switch B will broadcast it to switch C, and switch C will broadcast it to back to
switch A and so on. The broadcast packet will be passed indefinitely in a loop, potentially causing a network failure. In this
example, STP breaks the loop by blocking the connection between switch B and C. The decision to block a particular
connection is based on the STP calculation of the most current Bridge and Port settings.
Now, if switch A broadcasts a packet to switch C, then switch C will drop the packet at port 2 and the broadcast will end
Bridge Priority
The Hello Time cannot be longer than the Max. Age. Otherwise, a configuration error will
occur.
Observe the following formulas when setting the above parameters:
Max. Age _ 2 x (Forward Delay - 1 second)
Max. Age _ 2 x (Hello Time + 1 second)
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User's Manual of ISW-1022M
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