Commodore Amiga A1000 Personal Computer Manuals

Manuals and User Guides for Commodore Amiga A1000 Personal Computer. We have 1 Commodore Amiga A1000 Personal Computer manual available for free PDF download: Hardware Reference Manual

Commodore Amiga A1000 Hardware Reference Manual (380 pages)

Brand: Commodore | Category: Desktop | Size: 2 MB

Reference Manual
1
Table of Contents
2
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

10
Chapter 2 COPROCESSOR HARDWARE

22
- Introduction
  22
  - About this Chapter
    23
- What Is a Copper Instruction
  23
- The MOVE Instruction
  24
- The WAIT Instruction
  26
  - Horizontal Beam Position
    27
  - Vertical Beam Position
    27
  - The Comparison Enable Bits
    28
- Using the Copper Registers
  29
  - Location Registers
    29
  - Jump Strobe Address
    30
  - Control Register
    30
- Putting Together a Copper Instruction List
  31
  - Complete Sample Copper List
    33
  - Loops and Branches
    34
- Starting and Stopping the Copper
  34
  - Starting the Copper after Reset
    34
  - Stopping the Copper
    35
- Advanced Topics
  36
- Summary of Copper Instructions
  41
- Table 2-2 Copper Instruction Summary
  41
Chapter 3 PLAYIELD HARDWARE

42
Chapter 4 SPRITE HARDWARE

102
- Introduction
  102
  - About this Chapter
    103
- Forming a Sprite
  103
  - Screen Position
    103
  - Figure 4-1 Defining Sprite On-Screen Position
    104
  - Figure 4-2 Position of Sprites
    105
  - Size of Sprites
    106
  - Shape of Sprites
    106
  - Figure 4-3 Shape of Spaceship
    106
  - Sprite Color
    107
  - Figure 4-4 Sprite with Spaceship Shape Defined
    107
  - Figure 4-5 Sprite Color Definition
    108
  - Figure 4-6 Color Register Assignments
    109
  - Designing a Sprite
    110
  - Building the Data Structure
    110
  - Table 4-1 Sprite Data Structure
    111
  - Figure 4-7 Data Structure Layout
    112
  - Table 4-2 Sprite Color Registers
    114
- Displaying a Sprite
  115
- Moving a Sprite
  119
- Creating Additional Sprites
  120
  - Sprite Priority
    121
  - Figure 4-8 Sprite Priority
    121
  - Table 4-3 Color Registers for Sprite Pairs
    121
- Reusing Sprite DMA Channels
  122
- Figure 4-9 Typical Example of Sprite Reuse
  122
- Figure 4-10 Typical Data Structure for Sprite Re-Use
  123
- Overlapped Sprites
  124
- Figure 4-11 Overlapping Sprites (Not Attached)
  125
- Attached Sprites
  126
- Figure 4-12 Placing Sprites Next to each Other
  126
- Table 4-4 Data Words for First Line of Spaceship Sprite
  127
- Table 4-5 Color Registers in Attached Sprites
  128
- Manual Mode
  129
- Sprite Hardware Details
  130
- Figure 4-13 Sprite Control Circuitry
  131
- Summary of Sprite Registers
  133
  - Pointers
    133
  - Control Registers
    133
  - Data Registers
    135
- Summary of Sprite Color Registers
  135
Chapter 5 AUDIO HARDWARE

138
- Introduction
  138
  - Introducing Sound Generation
    139
  - Figure 5-1 Sine Waveform
    140
  - The Amiga Sound Hardware
    142
  - Figure 5-2 Digitized Amplitude Values
    142
- Forming and Playing a Sound
  143
  - Deciding Which Channel to Use
    143
  - Creating the Waveform Data
    143
  - Table 5-1 Sample Audio Data Set for Channel 0
    144
  - Telling the System about the Data
    145
  - Selecting the Volume
    145
  - Selecting the Data Output Rate
    146
  - Table 5-2 Volume Values
    146
  - Figure 5-3 Example Sine Wave
    148
  - Playing the Waveform
    149
  - Stopping the Audio Dma
    150
  - Table 5-3 DMA and Audio Channel Enable Bits
    150
  - Summary
    151
  - Example
    151
- Producing Complex Sounds
  152
  - Joining Tones
    152
  - Playing Multiple Tones at the same Time
    154
  - Modulating Sound
    154
  - Table 5-4 Data Interpretation in Attach Mode
    155
  - Table 5-5 Channel Attachment for Modulation
    156
- Producing High-Quality Sound
  157
  - Making Waveform Transitions
    157
  - Sampling Rate
    157
  - Efficiency
    158
  - Figure 5-4 Waveform with Multiple Cycles
    158
  - Noise Reduction
    159
  - Aliasing Distortion
    159
  - Figure 5-5 Frequency Domain Plot of Low-Pass Filter
    160
  - Figure 5-6 Noise-Free Output (no Aliasing Distortion)
    160
  - Low-Pass Filter
    161
  - Figure 5-7 some Aliasing Distortion
    161
- Using Direct (Non-DMA) Audio Output
  162
- Table 5-6 Sampling Rate and Frequency Relationship
  162
- The Equal-Tempered Musical Scale
  163
- Table 5-7 Equal-Tempered Octave for a 16 Byte Sample
  163
- Table 5-8 Five Octave Even-Tempered Scale
  165
- Decibel Values for Volume Ranges
  168
- Table 5-9 Decibel Values and Volume Ranges
  168
- The Audio State Machine
  169
- Figure 5-8 Audio State Diagram
  171
Chapter 6 BLITTER HARDWARE

172
- Introduction
  172
- Memory Layout
  173
- DMA Channels
  173
- Figure 6-1 How Images Are Stored in Memory
  174
- Figure 6-2 Bltxp and Bltxmod Calculations
  176
- Function Generator
  177
- Shifts and Masks
  182
- Figure 6-4 Extracting a Range of Columns
  184
- Descending Mode
  185
- Copying Arbitrary Regions
  186
- Area Fill Mode
  187
- Figure 6-5 Use of the FCI Bit - Bit Is a 0
  188
- Figure 6-6 Use of the FCI Bit - Bit Is a 1
  188
- Blitter Done Flag
  189
  - Figure 6-7 Single-Point Vertex Example
    189
  - Multitasking and the Blitter
    190
- Interrupt Flag
  190
- Zero Flag
  191
- Pipeline Register
  191
- Table 6-2 Typical Blitter Cycle Sequence
  192
- Line Mode
  193
- Blitter Speed
  197
- Blitter Operations and System DMA
  198
- Figure 6-9 DMA Time Slot Allocation
  199
- Figure 6-10 Norma 68000 Cycle
  200
- Figure 6-11 Time Slots Used by a Six Bit Plane Display
  201
- Figure 6-12 Time Slots Used by a High Resolution Display
  201
- Blitter Block Diagram
  202
- Figure 6-13 Blitter Block Diagram
  203
- Blitter Key Points
  204
  - EXAMPLE: Clearmem
    204
  - EXAMPLE: Simpleline
    206
  - EXAMPLE: Rotatebits
    208
Chapter 7 SYSTEM CONTROL HARDWARE

210
- Introduction
  210
- Video Priorities
  211
  - Fixed Sprite Priorites
    211
  - Figure 7-1 Inter-Sprite Fixed Priorities
    211
  - How Sprites Are Grouped
    212
  - Understanding Video Priorities
    212
  - Figure 7-2 Analogy for Video Priority
    212
  - Setting the Priority Control Register
    213
  - Table 7-1 Bits in BPLCON2
    213
  - Figure 7-3 Sprite Playfield Priority
    215
- Collision Detection
  216
  - How Collisions Are Determined
    216
  - How to Interpret the Collision Data
    217
  - Table 7-3 CLXDAT Bits
    217
  - How Collision Detection Is Controlled
    218
  - Table 7-4 CLXCON Bits
    218
- Beam Position Detection
  219
  - Using the Beam Position Counter
    219
- Interrupts
  220
  - Table 7-5 Contents of the Beam Position Counter
    220
  - Interrupt Control Registers
    221
  - Maskable Interrupts
    221
  - Nonmaskable Interrupt
    221
  - User Interface to the Interrupt System
    221
  - Setting and Clearing Bits
    222
  - Figure 7-4 Interrupt Priorities
    225
- DMA Control
  226
- Processor Access to Chip Memory
  226
- Table 7-6 Contents of DMA Register
  227
- Reset and Early Startup Operation
  228
Chapter 8 INTERFACE HARDWARE

230
Appendix A Register Summary-Alphabetical Order

266
Appendix B Register Summary-Address Order

290
Appendix C Custom Chip Pin Allocation List

298
Appendix D System Memory Map

302
Appendix E Interfaces

304
Appendix F Complex Interface Adapters

326
- 8520 Complex Interface Adaptor Cia) Chips
  326
- Chip Register Map
  328
- Register Functional Description
  329
  - I/O Ports (Pra, Prb, Ddra, Ddrb)
    329
  - Handshaking
    329
  - Interval Timers (Timer A, Timer B)
    329
  - Input Modes
    331
  - BIT NAMES on READ-Register
    331
  - BIT NAMES on WRITE-Register
    331
- Time of Day Clock
  332
  - BIT NAMES for WRITE TIME/ALARM or READ TIME
    332
- Serial Shift Register (SDR)
  333
  - Input Mode
    333
  - Output Mode
    333
  - Bidirectional Feature
    334
- Interrupt Control Register (ICR)
  334
  - Read Interrupt Control Register
    335
  - Write Interrupt Control Mask
    335
- Control Registers
  336
  - Control Register a
    336
  - Bit Map of Register Cra
    337
  - Bit Map of Register Crb
    338
- Port Signal Assignments
  338
- Hardware Connection Details
  341
  - Interface Signals
    341
Appendix G AUTOCONFIG

344
Appendix H Keyboard

352
- Keyboard Communications
  353
- Keycodes
  354
- Caps Lock Key
  354
- Out-Of-Sync" Condition
  355
- Power-Up Sequence
  355
- Reset Warning
  357
- Hard Reset
  357
- Special Codes
  358
- Matrix Table
  359
Appendix I External Disk Connector Interface Spec

362
- General
  362
- Summary Table
  363
- Signals When Driving a Disk
  364
- Device I.D
  366
Appendix J Hardware Example Include File

368
- Glossary
  374

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Commodore Amiga A1000 Personal Computer Manuals

Commodore Amiga A1000 Hardware Reference Manual (380 pages)

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2 COPROCESSOR HARDWARE

Chapter 3 PLAYIELD HARDWARE

Chapter 4 SPRITE HARDWARE

Chapter 5 AUDIO HARDWARE

Chapter 6 BLITTER HARDWARE

Chapter 7 SYSTEM CONTROL HARDWARE

Chapter 8 INTERFACE HARDWARE

Appendix A Register Summary-Alphabetical Order

Appendix B Register Summary-Address Order

Appendix C Custom Chip Pin Allocation List

Appendix D System Memory Map

Appendix E Interfaces

Appendix F Complex Interface Adapters

Appendix G AUTOCONFIG

Appendix H Keyboard

Appendix I External Disk Connector Interface Spec

Appendix J Hardware Example Include File

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