Related Manuals for Solmetric PV ANALYZER PVA-1500 Series
Summary of Contents for Solmetric PV ANALYZER PVA-1500 Series
- Page 1 ™ I-V C PV A OLMETRIC NALYZER URVE RACER ’ UIDE PVA-1500 Versions S, V2, V3, V4, T, and HE ™ with SolSensor 300/300V2...
- Page 2 PVA Software Version 4.15 or higher Software Title May 2023 Solmetric remains the owner of all right, title and interest in the PC Software, Embedded Software, and Documentation. The PV Analyzer is Made in the USA. Archival or Backup Copies of PC Software...
- Page 3 ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY LOST PROFITS, warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for LOST SAVINGS, INJURY, DEATH, OR OTHER a period of one year. During the warranty period, Solmetric INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES will, at its option, either repair or replace products which ARISING FROM THE USE OF OR THE INABILITY TO prove to be defective.
- Page 4 This license agreement may be modified only in writing and written documentation must be signed by Buyer and Solmetric. In the event of litigation between Buyer and Solmetric concerning the PC Software, Embedded Software, Hardware, or Documentation, the prevailing party in the litigation will be entitled to recover attorney fees and expenses from the other party.
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Page 5: Table Of Contents
Getting Started Contents 1 GETTING STARTED ............................1-8 ................................1-8 VERVIEW ....................1-9 OMPUTER INIMUM YSTEM EQUIREMENTS ................................1-9 QUIPMENT Curve Tracer Equipment ........................... 1-9 SolSensor Equipment ............................1-10 ..............................1-11 PECIFICATIONS PVA-1500 I-V Measurement Unit Specifications ..................1-11 PVA-1500 Test Lead and Clip Specifications ....................1-13 SolSensor Specifications .......................... - Page 6 Getting Started Operational States of the PVA-1500 I-V Unit and Solsensor ................. 2-30 I-V M ......................2-31 ETTING P THE EASUREMENT ............................2-32 ETTING ENSOR ....................2-33 OUNTING ENSOR TO A MODULE FRAME ..................... 2-36 PTIMIZING WIRELESS TRANSMISSION RANGE ........................2-37 OUNTING ENSOR ON A TRIPOD PV E...
- Page 7 Getting Started Prediction of PV Performance ........................3-75 Translation of Measured Values to STC ......................3-75 Measurement of I ............................3-76 ..........................3-76 ALIBRATION ERIFICATION PVA PC S ..........................3-77 OFTWARE PDATES PVA-1500 300V2 F .................. 3-77 ENSOR IRMWARE PDATES 4 MAKING MEASUREMENTS.........................
- Page 8 Getting Started I-V Measurement Unit cannot be turned on ....................5-96 Thermal fuse ..............................5-96 6 MEASURING IRRADIANCE, TEMPERATURE, AND TILT ..............6-97 ..............................6-97 NTRODUCTION ....................... 6-99 EASURING RRADIANCE WITH ENSOR SolSensor irradiance sensor ..........................6-99 Preliminary vs Effective Irradiance ........................ 6-99 SolSensor Precautions .............................
- Page 9 Getting Started PV Cell Temperature Measurement Is Incorrect................... 7-117 One or More Bypass Diodes Are Shorted ..................... 7-117 4. R .............................. 7-118 OUNDER KNEE 5. S ......................7-119 TEEPER SLOPE IN HORIZONTAL LEG Tapered shade or dirt dam across all cell groups ..................7-119 Increased Shunting in PV Cells ........................
- Page 10 Getting Started 27. T ............... 3-49 IGURE HE TIME ZONE CONTROL IN THE NFO SCREEN 28. T PV M .............. 3-50 IGURE ODULE SCREEN OF THE ROJECT IZARD ’ 29. S IGURE ELECTION OF THE MODULE S MANUFACTURER AND MODEL NUMBER AND CORRESPONDING LIST .
- Page 11 Getting Started Tables 1. PVA-1500 ............... 1-11 ABLE ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS 2. E ABLE LECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE TEST LEADS AND CLIPS PROVIDED WITH THE PVA-1500.* ............................1-13 3. S ........................1-14 ABLE ENSOR SPECIFICATIONS 4. P PVA-1500 I-V .........
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Page 12: Getting Started
1500 Volt versions, including the PVA-1500S, PVA-1500V2, PVA-1500V3, PVA-1500V4, PVA- 1500T, and PVA-1500HE. The Solmetric PV Analyzer is a portable electrical test instrument designed for commissioning and troubleshooting PV arrays. It measures the current-voltage (I-V) curves of PV modules and strings and immediately compares the results to the predictions of built-in PV models. -
Page 13: Computer Minimum System Requirements
Getting Started On its website Solmetric posts notices of software updates. It’s a good idea to check this from time to NOTE time by visiting Solmetric.com. Select Support, Downloads, PV Analyzer software and documentation. You will see a link to download the current software, and the current version number. Compare that version number with the version you are running, which is found by selecting Help, About. -
Page 14: Solsensor Equipment
Getting Started • User’s Guide — (available in the HELP menu of the PVA software and from http://www.solmetric.com/downloads-pva.html). • Quick Reference Card • Optional transit case and field charger kit SolSensor Equipment • SolSensor unit (The PVA-1500S operates with the SolSensor 300 and the PVA-1500/HE operates with the SolSensor 300V2). -
Page 15: Specifications
Getting Started Specifications PVA-1500 I-V Measurement Unit Specifications Safety Rating: Measuring Category CAT III 1500V (applies to the I-V Measurement Unit only. Refer to the PVA-1500 Test Lead and Clip Specifications section on page 1-13 for their unique specifications). Table 1. PVA-1500 electrical and mechanical specifications Parameter PVA- PVA-1500T... - Page 16 Getting Started Parameter PVA- PVA-1500T PVA-1500HE 1500S/V2/V3/V4 I-V sweep duration 0.05 - 2s. Typically 0.2s for PV strings. Number of I-V trace points 100 or 500 (user controlled) Wireless range (open line of 100m sight) Operating temperature range 32 to 113° F, 0 to +45º C Storage temperature range -4 to 149°...
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Page 17: Pva-1500 Test Lead And Clip Specifications
50 % relative humidity at 40 °C Pollution degree Altitude Up to 2000 m Lead length 152 cm Lead colors Positive = red, negative = black Manufacturer (test leads and Dolphin clips) Staubli *Use only test leads and clips provided by Solmetric for the PVA-1500. 1-13... -
Page 18: Solsensor Specifications
Measurement range Accuracy Typically, ±2% when used to predict the performance of well characterized poly- and monocrystalline PV modules with direct irradiance >600W/m . Contact Solmetric Application Engineering for more information on accurate irradiance measurements. Resolution 1 W/m Measurement interval 0.1 s (Measurement bandwidth approximately... -
Page 19: Safety And Regulatory
Getting Started Parameter SolSensor Specification Storage temperature range -20 to 65ºC Operating humidity <90% RH, non-condensing. Avoid exposing a cold instrument to warm and humid air as condensation will result. Store the instrument in the same conditions in which it will be used. Battery charging time 6 hr. -
Page 20: Declaration Of Conformity
Getting Started Declaration of Conformity A declaration of conformity is available upon request. Cleaning To remove dirt or dust from the external case and/or hard enclosure of the PVA-1500, use a dry or slightly dampened cloth only. WARNING To prevent electrical shock, disconnect the PVA-1500 from the PV system and/or battery charger before cleaning. -
Page 21: Solsensor Safety And Regulatory
Getting Started SolSensor Safety and Regulatory Warnings, Cautions, and Notes Before operating SolSensor, familiarize yourself with the following notations. WARNING A Warning calls attention to a procedure, which, if not performed correctly, could result in personal injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met. -
Page 22: Precautions
Using Test Leads and Clips Use only the test leads and clips specifically provided by Solmetric for use with the PVA-1500. These leads and clips are specially rated for use at voltages up to 1500V and 30A DC. The test leads are labeled as shown in Error! Reference source not found. -
Page 23: Using Pv Connector Saver Jumpers
Always inspect the test leads and clips prior to each use. If any damage or looseness of connectors is observed, do not use them - replace the test leads and clips. Contact Support@Solmetric.com assistance. Always de-energize the PV equipment contacts before attaching the test leads and clips. For example, when testing in a PV combiner box, open the disconnect switch and lift all the fuses before attaching the test leads and clips. -
Page 24: Battery Precautions
WARNING Do not remove instrument covers. There are no user serviceable parts within. Operation of the instrument in a manner not specified by Solmetric may result in personal injury or loss of life. • Do not use the I-V Unit if it is damaged. Always inspect for damage before using. -
Page 25: Measuring High-Efficiency Pv Modules
SolSensor contains a small lithium battery and should not be disposed of with general refuse. Dispose of the battery in accordance with all local codes and regulations for products containing lithium batteries. Contact your local environmental control or disposal agency for further details. WARNING Only use the battery charger supplied by Solmetric. 1-21... -
Page 26: Installation Procedure
If the welcome screen does not automatically open as shown in Figure 2, either double- click on the setup.exe file on the USB flash drive or run setup.exe from the Run dialog. Alternately, the installation file is available at http://www.solmetric.com/downloads- pva.html. Figure 2. Welcome screen Follow the instructions in the welcome screen to install the PVA software. -
Page 27: Figure 3. Prerequisites Dialog
Getting Started Figure 3. Prerequisites dialog After you start the installation, the following dialog appears for selecting the installation location. A default location is provided. Figure 4. Installation default location dialog 1-23... -
Page 28: Figure 5. Installation Complete Dialog
When the installation process is finished, the following dialog appears. Figure 5. Installation complete dialog If the Run Solmetric PV analyzer box is selected, the PVA software will launch when you click Finish. Alternately, you can start the PVA software by double-clicking on the shortcut icon on your desktop. -
Page 29: Updating The Pv Equipment Databases
If your PC is connected to the internet when you start the PVA software, the software will check whether updated PV module equipment databases are available to be downloaded from Solmetric. Downloading takes only a few moments, and you do not need to restart your computer. -
Page 30: Charging The Solsensor
Getting Started The PVA software interface will warn you when the battery level is low or close to shutting down the I- V Measurement Unit. Also, you can check the battery voltage level by clicking on the Ready button or by selecting Battery Level in the Utility menu. -
Page 31: Your Wireless Network
Getting Started Your Wireless Network Your PVA-1500/SolSensor Wireless Network Communication between your PC and the PVA-1500 I-V Measurement Unit is by conventional WiFi. The I-V Unit creates a hotspot when you turn it on. Just find that hotspot in your PC's network list and connect to it. - Page 32 Getting Started When you are using the PVA-1500 and the WiFi link to the I-V Unit hotspot temporarily drops, there is some chance that the PC will attempt to automatically connect to another network in your list that is set to “connect automatically”.
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Page 33: Setting Up And Using The I-V Measurement Unit And Solsensor
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor 2 Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor System Controls and Settings The LED pushbutton switch on the I-V Unit, shown in Figure 11, is used to enable, pause, and reset the I-V unit. -
Page 34: Operational States Of The Pva-1500 I-V Unit And Solsensor
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor Operational States of the PVA-1500 I-V Unit and Solsensor The table below describes the operational states of these instruments. Table 4. Pushbutton LED table for the PVA-1500 I-V unit and SolSensor LED Behavior Device State Pushbutton Behavior... -
Page 35: Setting Up The I-V Measurement Unit
I-V unit, the cables should be routed parallel next to each other to minimize the inductance they add to the circuit. If you will be using the Solmetric SolSensor, refer to the section Setting Up SolSensor for setup information. -
Page 36: Setting Up Solsensor
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor Setting Up SolSensor Below Figure 12 shows the SolSensor Wireless PV Reference sensor mounted on the frame of a PV module. Figure 12. SolSensor mounted on the frame of a PV module CAUTION: SolSensor contains a sensitive irradiance measurement device that can be damaged by impact or abrasion. -
Page 37: Mounting Sol Sensor To Apv Module Frame
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor Mounting SolSensor to a PV module frame Below, Figure 13 shows SolSensor attached to a PV module with the Module Frame Clamp and secured with the Tool Lanyard. NOTE Mounting SolSensor along the upper horizontal edge of the module allows you to achieve better irradiance accuracy earlier and later in the day. -
Page 38: Figure 14. Solsensor Correctly Seated Along The Upper Horizontal Leg Of The Module Frame
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor Figure 14. SolSensor correctly seated along the upper horizontal leg of the module frame. Holding SolSensor in that position, slip the tip of the Module Frame Clamp inside the frame of the module. Seat the tip of the clamp on the flat inner surface of the frame as shown in Figure 15 and not on a shelf or ridge from which it could slip, allowing SolSensor to come loose. -
Page 39: Figure 16. Thermocouple Plugged Into The Tc1 Connector
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor Figure 16. Thermocouple plugged into the TC1 connector. Tape the tip of the thermocouple into firm contact with the module backside, far enough under the module to avoid the cooler outer edges. When testing single, free-standing modules, attach the thermocouple tip as shown in Figure 17. -
Page 40: Optimizing Wireless Transmission Range
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor 10. Press the button to turn SolSensor on, as shown in Figure 18. The LED will blink on and off as it attempts a wireless connection, and will glow steadily when the connection is made. -
Page 41: Mounting Solsensor On A Tripod
In this case you can set the PV Analyzer software to derive the module cell temperature from the measured I-V curve. To deploy SolSensor on a tripod, you will need the following equipment (contact support@solmetric.com for specific equipment recommendations):... -
Page 42: Figure 19. Tripod Mounting Setup
A thermocouple extension cable may be useful; contact support@solmetric.com for recommendations. Fully spread the legs of the tripod and seat them firmly. -
Page 43: Connecting To The Solar Pv Equipment
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor To avoid distortion of the earth's magnetic field by components in SolSensor or the tripod mounting hardware, separate the compass horizontally from SolSensor by inserting a non-ferrous rectangular spacer. Rotate the tilt unit until the tilt angle indicated in the PV Analyzer software matches the actual tilt of the PV array, and then lock the tilt unit. -
Page 44: Powering-Up The I-V Measurement Unit
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor Solmetric PVA test leads to the string to be measured. In some cases, you can attach an alligator clip to the fuse clip, using it as a test point. Figure 20. Example of I-V Measurement Unit test leads clipped to the buss bars of a... -
Page 45: I-V Measurements
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor Figure 21. Powering-up the I-V Measurement Unit The PVA-1500 LED will flash rapidly indicating it is booting, then more slowly indicating that it is waiting to connect to your PC WiFi and the PVA App. Once connected to the App, the LED will be steady ON. -
Page 46: Sweep-To-Sweep Delay And Thermal Capacity Of The Pva-1500
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor temperature continues to rise, the internal temperature sensor is triggered. When that happens, the I-V Measurement Unit shuts down to allow the instrument to cool down, and the PVA software posts the Disabled message in the Status indicator, directly above the Measure Now button. -
Page 47: Operating Under High-Temperature Conditions
Reduce the PV voltage before continuing to make measurements. If a PV voltage in excess of 1,550V is detected, the I-V Unit internally disables itself to prevent further measurements and a warning is posted, advising the user to return the unit to Solmetric for inspection and repair of possible internal damage. -
Page 48: Over-Current Warnings
Setting Up and Using the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor Over-Current Warnings If the I-V Unit is exposed to current in excess of its specified DC input current, damage may occur to the I-V Unit requiring a return to the factory for repair. A warning message will appear when excess current has been applied to the unit. -
Page 49: Software Overview
Software Overview 3 Software Overview Using Projects The PV Analyzer stores all of your setup information and measurement results in a specialized Windows file type file type called a Project file. The PV Analyzer software guides you through the steps of creating a Project for a particular array. All PV modules within a Project must be of the same type and must be mounted at the same azimuth. -
Page 50: Using The System Tree
Software Overview Using the System Tree The PV Analyzer provides a very efficient means of saving your data. After each fresh I-V curve measurement is displayed the software also displays a 'tree' representation of your PV system, which you touch or click to tell the software where you took your measurement in the array. This allows the PV model to retrieve wiring characteristics and other details that are unique to that location, and also tells the software where to save the measurement result. -
Page 51: Menu Bar
Exports the measurement results for the currently loaded Project, as a Windows folder tree. It is organized hierarchically as System\Inverter\Combiner\String IV Data (csv files). Only the last measurement result for each location in the array is exported. Data in this hierarchical format can be analyzed automatically by the Solmetric Data Analysis Tool. 3-47... -
Page 52: Export Meg Test Data
Software Overview Export Meg Test Data Exports the Meg test data as a .csv file, for the currently loaded project. New Project Clicking New Project… brings up the Site Info screen, shown in the figure below. This is the first of three screens of the New Project Wizard. -
Page 53: Figure 26. Most Common Settings For A Horizontal Single-Axis Tracking System
Software Overview the module's glass surface, near the upper frame element, and releasing the marble to roll downhill. It will roll down in a straight line, like an arrow, and the projection of that arrow on a horizontal surface (typically the ground, if it's level) is in the direction of the azimuth of your module. Figure 26. -
Page 54: Selecting Your Pv Module
Software Overview Figure 28. The PV Module screen of the New Project Wizard. Selecting your PV Module Selecting your PV module (Figure 28) makes the module's performance parameters available to the Project so that the software can calculate the expected I-V curve and the Performance Factor. Start by typing the name of the manufacturer. -
Page 55: Creating The System Tree
Software Overview Review the 17 parameter values. If edits are needed, use the pencil icon buttons to enter the correct information. After editing, you have the option of renaming that module and saving it in the custom equipment folder. Creating the System Tree When you have finished selecting or editing your PV module, click Next to advance to the final step in the New Project Wizard, shown in Figure 30. -
Page 56: Using The Symmetrical Tree Builder
Software Overview Figure 31. Finished array tree for a utility PV field. The process of creating your tree has two parts. First, use the Symmetrical Tree Builder screen (shown in Figure 32) to create the basic structure of the tree. If it is a large utility-scale project, the design is likely to be modular, and in this first screen you will describe that modular, ‘symmetric’... - Page 57 Software Overview Edit the tree so that it matches the design of your PV field. You can change any of the following: • Number of layers in the tree. • Names of the layers • The quantity in each layer •...
- Page 58 Software Overview Which elements can nest under a Combiner? • Groups • Combiners • Harnesses • Strings • PV modules Which elements can nest under a String? • PV modules TIP: Rename the layers to agree with the naming conventions used in your engineering drawings, so that there will be no confusion about where measurements were made.
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Page 59: Cloning, Modifying, And Reusing A Previous Project
Software Overview To use the wiring properties controls, first select a level of the tree to which you want the changes to apply. The changes you make will be applied to all strings at or below the level of the tree that you edit. -
Page 60: Properties Menu
Software Overview Properties Menu The Properties menu, shown in Figure 35, enables you to view and edit the settings of the currently loaded Project. The items in this menu access the same screens that appeared in the New Project Wizard. See the File Menu/New Project… section for details on the use of these screens. [filename is Properties Menu]. -
Page 61: Table 7. Utility Menu Description
Software Overview Table 7. Utility menu description Name Description Measurement This dialog is used to switch between connecting to a PVA-1500 via Unit Connectivity WiFi and a PVA-1000 via wireless USB. Calibration Calibration Verification for a description of this dialog. Verification Check this menu item to display, as shown here the controls Enable manual... - Page 62 Software Overview Name Description Global Sensor The controls shown in the figure below allow you to change the Configuration... sensor choices for all of the measurements currently saved in the project. Select the desired sensors from the dropdown lists. CAUTION: This action cannot be undone. Create a backup file before taking this action.
- Page 63 Software Overview Name Description Configure Set thresholds that the software will automatically check after each measurement is “Assigned and Saved” (but not if the measurement is Measurement Alert thresholds… only “Assigned”). These alerts are useful for catching problems before the user moves on to other circuits or leaves the site. Battery Level…...
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Page 64: Help Menu
In addition, the User Guide is available in the Support page of the Solmetric website, under Downloads. About Accesses the software version number and software build date. Please have this information ready if you call Solmetric about your PVA. 3-60... -
Page 65: Using The Tab Screens
Software Overview Using the Tab Screens The tabs along the left edge of the screen display measurement data in various ways. The paragraphs below explain how the features of each tab are used. Certain elements are common to more than one tab. These include the Status indicator, the Measure Now button, the Assign and Save... -
Page 66: Table 9. Traces Tab Description
Software Overview • I-V curve translated to STC. Table 9. Traces tab description Name Description Measurement ID The label just above the graph identifies the displayed I-V trace. If you have not yet assigned or saved the trace, the ID will show only the date and time at which the measurement was taken. - Page 67 Software Overview Name Description Assign and Save Before the PV model points for a new measurement can be displayed on the I-V graph, the measurement Reassign must be assigned or saved to a location in the System Tree in the Array Navigator. This allows the model to 'read' information it requires from the Tree, such as the number of PV modules in a string, and the wiring characteristics.
- Page 68 Software Overview Name Description When "Disabled" is displayed, click on the status indicator or the question mark icon for information to aid in troubleshooting the problem. Searching for I-V Unit When this is displayed, click on the question mark icon for tips on establishing your connection. This (in Status indicator) status should change to Ready within seconds of connecting your PC to the I-V Unit's WiFi hot spot.
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Page 69: Figure 39. Table Tab
Software Overview Name Description Searching for SolSensor Displayed if the SolSensor 300 is turned off or out of wireless range of the I-V Unit, or the PC has not yet (in SolSensor display area) connected to the I-V Unit hotspot. PVA-1500 Summary Bar Located directly below the displayed I-V curve, the... -
Page 70: History Tab
Software Overview Table 10. Table tab description Name Description Measured Displays actual measured values most recently measured. Predicted Displays the predicted values from the selected performance model. Meas Translated to STC Displays a translation of the measured parameters to Standard Test Conditions, 1000W/m2 and 25 C. Performance (%) Performance Factor. -
Page 71: Figure 40. History Tab
Software Overview Automatically displays the tabular results of your most recent measurements. New results appear in the left-hand column. Previous results are shifted to the right. The table holds up to 32 results. Once that limit is reached, the oldest measurement result is dropped from the table each time a new measurement is taken. -
Page 72: Meg Test Tab
Software Overview The History tab is especially useful for inspecting the agreement between measurements taken at a combiner box during commissioning tests, and also for displaying sequential steps in a troubleshooting sequence. For example, when using the Selective Shading Method to find the failing module in a string of N (quantity) modules, you can use the History Tab to display and compare the N measurement results. -
Page 73: Description Of The Exported I-V Data File
PVA software. PV Analyzer users typically analyze their measurement results using the Solmetric I-V Data Analysis Tool (DAT), which automates the analysis and reporting process. You can download a free copy of the DAT by visiting www.solmetric.com/pva-analysis-macro.html. -
Page 74: Figure 42. Headeri
Software Overview folder structure in the form of comma separated value (.csv) files. If you measured strings of PV modules but did not save measurements of the individual modules in the strings, the lower-level directories in your folder structure will contain the string I-V trace .csv files. When you use the Data Analysis Tool, you can import some or all of this data into the DAT for automated analysis and reporting by simply browsing to the desired level of the folder hierarchy. -
Page 75: Figure 43. The Measurement Vs
Software Overview Figure 43 shows the cardinal values of the measured and predicted I-V curves. The abbreviations represent maximum power, maximum power voltage and current, open circuit voltage, and short circuit current. In the PVA's PC software, the value of Pmax is obtained by fitting a third-order polynomial curve to the P-V (Power vs Voltage) curve, and then calculating Vmp (max power voltage) from the peak of the fitted curve. -
Page 76: Figure 45. Modeld
Software Overview Table 14. Description of the SolSensor Measurements section of the exported csv file Item Description Irradiance Value of irradiance measured by SolSensor integrated Silicon photodiode sensor. Temperature Thermocouple 1 The temperature reading from the thermocouple plugged into SolSensor TC1 socket. Temperature Thermocouple 2 The temperature reading from the thermocouple plugged into SolSensor TC2 socket. -
Page 77: Table 15. Description Of Them
Software Overview Table 15. Description of the Model Details section of the exported csv file Item Description Irradiance used in model The value of irradiance used in the predictive model. Cell temperature used in The value of PV cell temperature used in the predictive model model. -
Page 78: Basis Of Pv Performance Predictions
Software Overview Figure 46. The voltage, current, and power data from the I-V measurement Basis of PV Performance Predictions The PVA software predicts the electrical output of the PV source under test (module or string) based on the module performance model parameters, the existing irradiance and temperature, and a number of other factors. -
Page 79: Irradiance Measurement
Software Overview Irradiance Measurement SolSensor measurement of irradiance involves these steps: SolSensor is clamped to the module frame, which orients it in the plane of the array. The position of the sun relative to the orientation of the irradiance sensor is calculated based on the array azimuth and tilt and the site latitude and longitude. -
Page 80: Measurement Of I
2, and tilt. These values can be used to verify the calibration and accuracy of the PVA sensors. Current is not displayed because it cannot be measured statically by the PVA the way the other values can. Adjustment to the calibrations mush be performed by Solmetric. Figure 47. Calibration Verification dialog... -
Page 81: Pva Pc Software Updates
Software Overview PVA PC Software Updates Solmetric website periodically posts notices of software updates. It’s a good idea to check this from time to time by visiting Solmetric.com. Select Support, then Downloads, then select the link documentation. You’ll see a link to download the current software, and the PV Analyzer software and current version number. - Page 82 Software Overview To manually check which versions of firmware your I-V Unit and SolSensor are running, launch your PVA software, wirelessly connect to the instruments, select Help, then selext Connected Measurement Devices. It is a good idea to frequently launch your PVA software while Internet connected, so that you’ll see notices of PC software updates and your PC will be able to download recent firmware updates and have them ready to update your instruments in the field.
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Page 83: Making Measurements
Making Measurements 4 Making Measurements Introduction Follow these steps to perform measurements in the field. Also see the Quick Reference Card, located in the gear pouch of the I-V Measurement Unit. Before you go to the field to make measurements Charge the equipment Before going to the field to make measurements, charge both the I-V Measurement Unit and SolSensor overnight. -
Page 84: Check That You Are Using The Latest Pva Software
Make sure you have all your equipment Personal Protective Equipment I-V Measurement Unit in its soft case, with a complete set of Solmetric-provided gear either in its gear pouch or transit case. Check for PVA test leads and PV connector tools. -
Page 85: Making Measurements In The Field
About in the Help menu. Compare it with the most recently available version, which you’ll find at: www.solmetric.com/downloads-pva.html. You’ll see a link to download the current software, and the current version number. All models of the PVA that use SolSensor use version 4.x software. -
Page 86: Load Your Project
Making Measurements Load your Project Select your Project from the File menu in the PVA software. This Project must have been created specifically for this PV installation. Mount SolSensor Attach SolSensor to a PV module frame using the provided bar clamp. It must face in the same direction as the PV module itself. -
Page 87: Turn On Solsensor
I-V measurement solution in most cases. For more information on high efficiency modules, see the Solmetric app note I-V Curve Tracing of High Efficiency PV Modules. -
Page 88: Connect The Test Leads To The Pv Equipment
Making Measurements Connect the test leads to the PV equipment Be sure to observe the correct polarities (connect the red test lead to DC positive, and the black test lead to DC negative). If you will be measuring circuits at a combiner box, after lifting all the fuses, you can connect the PVA test leads to the positive and negative buss bars. - Page 89 Making Measurements Navigate to the location in the tree that matches where you are making your measurement. Highlight that branch of the Tree and click the Assign and Save button. If you don’t want to save the trace but do want the software to compare the measured trace with the predictions of the PV model, instead press the Assign Only button.
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Page 90: Select The Next Pv Circuit And Take Another Measurement
Making Measurements Alerts. The Array Tree closes and the I-V curve expands to its full width. Inspect the curve for abnormal shapes. Also notice the values of the Fill Factor and the Performance Factor below the I-V curve graph. Fill Factor gets smaller if the I-V curve is badly shaped. Expect Performance Factors to be mostly in the 90-100% range for a new, clean array;... -
Page 91: Alerts
Making Measurements Alerts After making a measurement, when select Assign and Save, the software performs a number of automatic checks to detect potential problems with the measurement setup or with the circuit being measured. These are called Alerts. Table 16 lists the alert types. Some Alerts can be disabled from appearing again within the session (for example, they will not appear until the software is restarted again). -
Page 92: Data Backup
Making Measurements Alert Description User-Set If one of the user-defined alert thresholds is exceeded, the software will Threshold display a message like below (this is an example of an Isc alert). User Exceeded Alerts are configured by selecting Configure Measurement Alert Threholds in the Utility Menu. -
Page 93: Troubleshooting Pva Operation
For tips on setting up Windows for compatibility with the PVA app, and Windows troubleshooting see: www.solmetric.com/downloads-pva.html Troubleshooting Using Status Messages Your main tool for troubleshooting PVA operation is the Status indicator, shown in Figure 52 and discussed in this chapter. - Page 94 Troubleshooting PVA Operation "Measuring" message When "Measuring" appears in the Status indicator, the I-V Measurement Unit is processing a measurement request and performing an I-V measurement. “Disabled” message If the message “Disabled” appears in the indicator panel directly above the Measure Now button, it means that the I-V Measurement Unit has turned itself off because it detected one of the following conditions.
- Page 95 If this is the case, clicking on the "Disabled" message provides instructions regarding the required version of Wireless USB Adapter. You may also need to update the I-V Measurement Unit firmware (contact Solmetric for support). I-V Measurement Unit battery voltage is too low In this case, clicking on the "Disabled"...
- Page 96 Troubleshooting PVA Operation Current overload pulse In this case, clicking on the "Disabled" message pops up a caution that a significant current overload pulse was detected. Check to be sure the inverter or other parts of the array were not inadvertently connected during the measurement.
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Page 97: Troubleshooting By Symptom
Troubleshooting PVA Operation Troubleshooting by Symptom "No I-V Measurement Unit" message This message in the Status indicator (upper right corner of measurement screen) means that the I-V Measurement Unit is either turned off or is out of wireless communication range. The message will also appear if the Network ID number of the I-V Measurement Unit and Wireless USB Adapter do not match. -
Page 98: Solsensor Parameter Values Are Not Displayed
Troubleshooting PVA Operation Your Wireless Network for details. Reduced wireless range can be caused by objects (especially metal) blocking the line-of-sight from PC to I-V Measurement Unit, or by placing either the PC or the I-V Measurement Unit on top of or near metal objects like metal roof surfaces, equipment housings and so on. -
Page 99: It Takes More Time Than Usual To Return And Save A Measurement
Troubleshooting PVA Operation It takes more time than usual to return and save a measurement The speed depends on the number of I-V trace points selected. Use 100 points for most work, and 500 points when high resolution is required. The resolution can be changed back and forth any time throughout your Project. -
Page 100: Short Circuit Current Is Much Higher, Or Lower, Than Predicted By The Model
C. However, if the thermal fuse trips, it irreversibly shuts down the Unit and requires a return to factory. If you suspect that this has occurred, contact Solmetric Technical Support. For un-answered questions or guidance, feel free to contact us. -
Page 101: Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, And Tilt
Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt 6 Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt Introduction Thorough evaluation of array performance by any measurement method (I-V curve tracing or conventional methods) always involves comparing measured I-V data to some form of reference. That reference may be anything from a simple STC maximum power value to a detailed PV performance model. -
Page 102: Table 17. Sensor Choices
Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt • Surface and material issues limit the accuracy of infrared temperature measurements. Each of the above topics is discussed in this chapter. The PVA software provides multiple methods for measuring irradiance, temperature, and tilt, as shown in Table 17. -
Page 103: Measuring Irradiance With Solsensor
Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt Measuring Irradiance with SolSensor SolSensor irradiance sensor SolSensor irradiance sensing element is a silicon photodiode with temperature correction. Its spectral response is corrected to match silicon solar cells and its angular response is corrected to provide enhanced accuracy over a broader part of the day. -
Page 104: Albedo Effects
Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt To provide a valid reference irradiance value, the sensor must be mounted in the plane of the array. This assures that the PV modules and the irradiance sensors present the same proportion of their area to the sun at all times of day (a cosine effect) and that reflective albedo effects are as similar as possible. -
Page 105: Determining Irradiance From The Measured I-V Curve
Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt Determining Irradiance from the Measured I-V Curve When you select the From I-V option, the PVA software calculates irradiance from the measured I-V curve. This option has several benefits and limitations. The From I-V option provides several benefits: •... -
Page 106: Entering Irradiance Manually
Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt Entering Irradiance Manually When this option is selected, the user manually enters an irradiance value obtained by another method such as a hand-held sensor or an array mounted reference cell. This option has several disadvantages: •... -
Page 107: Selecting A Thermocouple Wire Gauge
2 inches wide, so that you can capture not just the tip of the thermocouple, but also an inch of the thermocouple lead. This tape is also available from Solmetric in spools of 1.75-inch disks for added convenience. -
Page 108: Attaching The Thermocouple To The Module Backside
Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt Attaching the thermocouple to the module backside Cut a fresh 2” length of tape or use a fresh tape disk. Place the thermocouple bead in the center of the tape. Press the tape firmly against the backside of the PV module, applying pressure first over the thermocouple, then over the thermocouple lead, and then press down the rest of the tape. -
Page 109: Determining Cell Temperature From The Measured I-V Curve
Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt have an ε = 1 while any real object would have ε < 1. In general, the duller and blacker a material is, the closer its emissivity is to 1. The more reflective a material is, the lower its emissivity. Highly polished silver has an emissivity of about 0.02. -
Page 110: Using Smarttemp To Measure Cell Temperature
Measuring Irradiance, Temperature, and Tilt The From I-V temperature option also has certain limitations: • The model by which temperature is determined from Voc is valid only at relatively high irradiance. At low irradiance, there is substantial error in the derivation of temperature. •... -
Page 111: Interpreting Measured I-V Curves
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves 7 Interpreting Measured I-V Curves Introduction A PV module, string, or array has a characteristic curve of current versus voltage; the “I-V curve”. The I-V curve represents the entire family of current and voltage pairs at which the PV circuit can operate at the corresponding irradiance and temperature. -
Page 112: I-V Curve Terminology
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves I-V Curve Terminology These abbreviations will be used in the following discussion: Short circuit current Max power current Max power voltage Open circuit voltage Performance Factor (PF, %) = 100 * (Measured Pmax/Predicted Pmax) Fill Factor = Imp * Vmp / (Isc * Voc) Performance Factor The Performance Factor is the most important figure of merit for PV array performance. -
Page 113: The Shape Of A Normal I-V Curve
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves Figure 53. Definition of the Fill Factor. Fill Factor does not vary much with irradiance so long as the irradiance is high, which means that comparing Fill Factor values is a good way to assess the consistency of I-V curve shapes in variable (but high) irradiance situations. -
Page 114: Interpreting I-V Curves
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves A normal I-V curve has a smooth shape with three distinct regions as shown in the figure above. A slightly sloped horizontal leg of the curve A steeply sloped leg of the curve, often informally referred to as the ‘vertical’ leg A ‘knee’... - Page 115 Interpreting Measured I-V Curves Figure 55. Deviations in the shape of the I-V curve fall into one (or a combination) of these six categories It would be convenient if each of the I-V curve deviations illustrated in Figure 55 corresponded to a unique physical cause.
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Page 116: Notches Or Steps
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves 1. Notches or steps Examples of this type of deviation are shown in Figure 56, Figure 57, and Figure 58. Figure 56. The effect of partial shading on a string I-V curve. 7-112... - Page 117 Interpreting Measured I-V Curves Figure 57. The shading impact of placing a business card on a single cell in a string of fifteen 180-watt modules Figure 58. The effect of intentionally shading entire modules in different combinations, in two parallel-connected strings (overlay of several measurements) In single-string measurements, steps indicate current mismatch between the modules (or cell groups within modules) of the string under test.
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Page 118: Array Is Partially Shaded, Or Non-Uniform Soiling Or Debris Is Present
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves Array Is Partially Shaded, or non-uniform soiling or debris is present Partial shading of a PV cell reduces the current capacity of that cell, which, if there were no bypass diodes, would limit the current in the entire string to that level. For example, slightly shading one cell in a 72, 3-bypass diode module will cause that cell’s bypass diode to conduct enough current to maintain string current, and avoid damage to the weak cell. -
Page 119: Uniform Soiling
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves Uniform soiling The effect of uniform soiling is like pulling a window screen over the PV modules; the overall shape of the I-V curve is correct, but the current at each voltage is reduced. Strip shade A constant-width band of dirt across an entire string can also reduce current. -
Page 120: Irradiance Sensor Is Not Oriented In The Plane Of Array
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves noting the value, and entering the value into the PVA software takes much more time than the automated process used by SolSensor. Irradiance Sensor Is Not Oriented in the Plane of Array The accuracy of the irradiance measurement is very sensitive to the orientation of the sensor. The PV analyzer’s model assumes that the irradiance sensor is oriented in the plane of the array. -
Page 121: Low Voltage
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves 3. Low voltage An example of this type of deviation is shown in below. Figure 59. Measurement with less steep than predicted slope in the vertical leg of the I-V curve. Potential causes are summarized below, and then discussed in more detail: •... -
Page 122: Rounder Knee
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves 4. Rounder knee An example of this type of deviation is shown below. Figure 60. I-V curve measurement showing rounder knee than predicted by the PV model. Rounding of the knee of the I-V curve can be a manifestation of the aging process. However, this effect is rarely seen, and is usually a side-effect of changes in the slopes of the legs of the curve. -
Page 123: Steeper Slope In Horizontal Leg
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves 5. Steeper slope in horizontal leg An example of this deviation is shown below. Figure 61. An I-V curve showing steeper slope in the horizontal leg of the I-V curve. The horizontal leg of the I-V curve may exhibit a steeper slope than the PV model predicts. Potential causes of this deviation are summarized below, and then discussed in more detail. -
Page 124: Less Steep Slope In Vertical Leg
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves 6. Less steep slope in vertical leg An example of this type of deviation is shown below. Figure 62. Measurement with less steep slope in the vertical leg of the I-V curve. The slope of the vertical leg of the I-V curve is affected by the amount of series resistance internal to the PV modules and in the array wiring. -
Page 125: Electrical Interconnections In The Array Are Resistive
Interpreting Measured I-V Curves Electrical Interconnections in the Array Are Resistive Electrical connections anywhere along the current path can add resistance to the circuit. Assure that connectors between modules are fully inserted. Also check for signs of corrosion in J-boxes and combiners. - Page 126 Interpreting Measured I-V Curves 7-122...
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Page 127: Translation Of I-V Data To Standard Test Conditions
Translation of I-V Data to Standard Test Conditions 8 Translation of I-V Data to Standard Test Conditions The PVA PC software provides a feature for translating the displayed I-V curve to Standard Test Conditions (STC) of 1000W/m2 and 25 C. The software also translates the key performance parameters in the Table view (tab). -
Page 128: Translation Equations
Translation of I-V Data to Standard Test Conditions = Cell temperature inside module, °C. Obtained by taking the back-surface module temperature from the sensor and adding the temperature differential (typically 3 degrees) Translation equations The basic translation model used here makes the following approximations: is proportional to E, the irradiance does not depend on temperature is independent of E...
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