Leica DM R Series Instructions Manual
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Leica DM R Series Instructions Manual

Leica DM R Series Instructions Manual

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  • Page 1 Leica DM R Instructions...
  • Page 2 Tel. +49 (0) 64 41-29 0 Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH Fax +49 (0) 64 41-29 25 99 Ernst-Leitz-Straße D-35578 Wetzlar (Germany) http://www.leica.com...
  • Page 3 4th edition, issued in 1999 by: Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH Ernst-Leitz-Straße D-35578 Wetzlar (Germany) Responsible for contents: Marketing MQM, product management Tel. +49 (0) 64 41-29 25 19 Fax +49 (0) 64 41-29 22 55...
  • Page 4 Leica DM R Instructions...

  • Page 6: Table Of Contents

    Contents Important notes on this manual ....... Incident light interference contrast ....99 Incident light polarization ........100 Assembly and description Possible errors ............ 101 of components ............. Diapositive overlay device ........ 102 Assembly/General information ......Macro device ............103 Light sources ............
  • Page 7 Transmitted light path* 1 Light source (lamphousing not illustrated), 2 Filter magazine*, 4-pos., 3 Diffusing screen, 4 Aperture diaphragm, 5 Imaging system of aperture diaphragm, 6 Field diaphragm, 7 Polarizer*, 8 Condenser Incident light path* 9 Light source (lamphousing not illustrated), 10 Filter magazine*, 4-pos. Diaphragm module with: 11 Aperture diaphragm* or filter and diffusing screen, 12 Field diaphragm, 13 Reflector or filter cube Imagine light path...

  • Page 8: Important Notes On This Manual

    Important notes on this manual The Leica DM R microscope series consists of Special manuals are supplied with some addi- several basic stands and a range of modular tional equipment such as photomicrography, components allowing an almost unlimited microscope photometry (MPV), compensators, variety of individual outfits.

  • Page 9: Assembly And Description Of Components

    Assembly/General information Unpacking Attention: Please compare the delivery carefully with the packing note, delivery note or invoice. We strongly recommend that you keep a copy of these Fire hazard! Keep lamphousings at least documents with the manual, so that you have 10 cm (4˝) away from inflammable objects information on the time and scope of delivery such as curtains, wallpaper or books!
  • Page 10 % V. For tions to the equipment or combining it with microscopes with motor focus (RE and RXE non-Leica components in a way not de- models, Fig. 44), however, the selector switch at scribed in this manual, consult the Leica the back of the microscope (2.6) must be set.

  • Page 11: Light Sources

    Fuses Retrofitting additional light sources When retrofitting the incident light illuminating axis the microscope must be equipped with a Attention: deviating mirror (3.1) with lamp mount. If you want to use 2 light sources alternately in transmitted and/or incident light, a switchable The two fuses integrated in the mains deviating mirror (3.3, either manual or motor connection (2.7: T4A, see spare parts list on...
  • Page 12 Insert the switch rod (3.5) into the hole and Lamphousing 106 z screw into the mount (3.4). Screw the lamp for 12 V 100 W halogen lamp and gas discharge mount without the mirror (3.2) onto the left of the lamps up to 100 W (Hg 50, Xe 75, Hg 100 W, microscope.

  • Page 13: Lamp Change

    Spare lamps Lamphousing 106 z See page 112 for code nos. Important: Lamphousing 106 For incident light only (48.1)! Disassembled like Disconnect from power supply (2.5), lamphousing 106 (see above). disassemble using hexagonal screwdriver (1.1 and 3.2). Unscrew screw (2.9) and remove cover. 12 V 100 W halogen lamp Move the collector to the front (48.19).
  • Page 14 Lamphousing 106 z* Hg- and Xe lamps Attention: Avoid switching on and off fre quently, as this can impair the stability of the lamp and shorten its Attention: life. Hot Hg lamps cannot be reignited until they have Danger: following information cooled down.
  • Page 15 Undo the screws (5.10) on the lamp holder and re- Attention: move the holder (Fig. 7). Remove the spent burner by loosening the clamp screws (7.1 and 7.3). Protect movable interior parts with foam rubber or similar in case of shipment. Insert burner as follows, adhering strictly to the To open lamphousing 106 z and 252: undo screws above safety information:...
  • Page 16 Lamphousing 106 z, Hg- and Xe lamps Attention: Make sure that the lamp base and the power Attention: unit have the same number. If the lamp base is marked L1, for example, L1 must also be set on Always insert burner so that the power unit to make full use of the lamp and not to shorten its life.

  • Page 17: Lamphousings

    Lamphousing 106, 106 z Microflash The microflash is assembled in the same way Attention: (only in conjunction with the switchable mirror and a lamphousing). Only lamhousing 106 (48.1) can be used for transmitted light! Ventilation Remove the dust protection cover from the lamp mount.

  • Page 18: Filters And Filter Magazine

    Filter holder*/lamphousing Filter magazine* Filters with a diameter of 50 mm can be inserted The best way to accommodate filters is there- in the special filter holder (accessory, Fig. 9) fore in the filter magazine (Fig. 10, 42.8 and 42.15): next to the lamphousing or in the microflash, or Loosen the 2 fixing screws to remove the filter placed on the microscope base (27.3) in...

  • Page 19: Specimen Stages And Condenser Holder

    Mechanical stages* no. 1187 and 1189 Stage no. 1086 U* Size of stage plate 200 mm x 159 mm, movement with inverted stage bracket, for incident light range of object guide 76 mm x 46 mm, with 0.1° only. Size: 160 x 150 mm, stage clearance: 123 mm. verniers for registration of specimen coordi- Object guide no.
  • Page 20 Only for microscopes with fixed stage Only for microscopes with interchangeable stage The stage is protected against transit damage Assemble the condenser holder* (12.10) first by 2 foam blocks (Fig. 11). Push out the upper (see page 20). Loosen the stage clamp (12.1) and block first.
  • Page 21 Pol object guide* Condenser holder* Move the object guide until the fixing screw can The microscope stage must be equipped with be seen under the drill hole (13.1). Insert the the condenser holder (12.10) for transmitted light object guide in the guide holes of the rotary work.

  • Page 22: Condensers (Transmitted Light)

    Survey condenser UCR and UCPR* universal condenser Only in combination with the Bertrand lens and For objective magnifications from 1.6x (trans- survey observation (without objective!) see p. 64. mitted light interference contrast ICT from 5x objective) with sledge changer, swing-in/out UCE* universal condenser holder for condenser tops, coupled with 2 auxiliary lenses (14.2 and 14.5), i.e.
  • Page 23 Condenser tops* Condenser discs* for contrast techniques for UCE, UCR, UCPR condersers Both condensers can be fitted with discs for various contrast techniques (HF = Brightfield, The following condenser tops are available DF = darkfield, PH = phase contrast, ICT = trans- (Fig.
  • Page 24 Condenser top Light rings* and turrets* Screw the condenser top (Fig. 16) onto con- For transmitted light darkfield (DF) and phase denser (14.1). contrast (PH) the UCR, UCPR and UCE universal condensers (Fig. 14) must be equipped with a 5- or 8-position condenser disc (Fig.
  • Page 25 Light rings* and discs* Fit ICT condenser prisms if used (see below). For 8-position turret only: Lay the cover plate Remove the disc from the condenser after (17.2) on the disc so that all drill holes loosening the clamp screw (14.4). Take off the coincide and fix with the 3 screws.
  • Page 26 ICT condenser prisms* Mount the light rings for phase contrast and darkfield if appropriate (see page 23). First lay Remove the 8-position disc (15.2) by unscrewing the round cover plate on the disc so that all drill the fixing screw (14.4) (the 5-position disc is not holes and windows coincide and then push in suitable for ICT).

  • Page 27: Incident Light Components

    1 45° BF reflector with neutral density filter* N, 2 DF darkfield Fig. 19* Front plate with incident light turret reflector, 3 Adjustment reflector (DM R series only), 4 Fluo- Sticker with filter positions 1 – 4 rescence filter system, 5 Bertrand lens module, 6 ICR module,...
  • Page 28 Up to 4 positions can be occupied by rotating Retrofitting the incident light axis* the turret. Microscopes that were not fitted with the In combination with incident light darkfield, a HC RF 4 IL* module at the factory can have it neutral filter (Fig.
  • Page 29 Remove the front cover of the microscope Caution: (22.12); it is no longer required. Using the supplied 3 mm screwdriver unscrew Store upside down so as not to damage the the 4 fixing screws (22.1) and remove the cover optics. Protect from dust! with built in tube optics from the microscope.
  • Page 30 Push out the cover cap from the inside and clip Diaphragm modules the holder with the ground glass screen (22.5) The diaphragm module HC F has a centrable for lamp centration in its opening in the stand. aperture (23c.6 and 8) and field diaphragm Insert the HC RF 4 IL module (22.2) into the stand (23c.3 and 4), an engageable BG 38 red from above, with the turret pointing to the front...
  • Page 31 Assembly of diaphragm module HC RF* The diffusing screen set A (23b.9) can be turned over and interchanged with set B. Turn the slit of Insert the focusing graticule in the mount* the screw (23b.1) so that it is horizontal. Insert (23a/b.10), first slackening the clamp screw the diaphragm module HC RF into the slot in the (23a.10) if necessary, making sure that the...
  • Page 32 Objektive prisms* for interference contrast The turret is assembled in its mount to the ICT/ICR objective nosepiece as follows*: Unscrew the two fixing screws (25.2 and 25.3) on the The prisms are already fitted into the turret at underneath of the nosepiece with the 3 mm the factory in various configurations.

  • Page 33: Polarizers/Analysers

    On the Pol centrable nosepiece (Fig. 26 and 38.2) Transmitted light polarizers* the tube slit (compensator module, 38.6) must be The polarizer for polarization contrast (27.3) can removed instead of the cover plate. This is done either be placed directly on the window in the by unscrewing the 2 fixing screws on the top microscope base or inserted from the right into surface (Fig.
  • Page 34 ÷ parallel to the longitudinal axis of the mount: Slightly unscrew the clamp screw (28.7) if for polarized light microscopic examinations necessary with the Allen key (1.5 or 1.4). Place with the analyser 360 (30.1). The analyser must the transmitted light polarizer on the microscope be set at 90.0°...
  • Page 35 POL filter system Analysers* Reflector ICR There are two different types of analyser for The polarizer and analyser are in a fixed crossed reflected and transmitted light polarization and position and combined with a 45° reflector. interference contrast techniques: Inserted like filter systems and reflectors (see Assembly: remove cap and insert analyser from p.

  • Page 36: Tube Optics

    Functional description Another important function of the tube lens is correction of chromatic and other image In all microscopes with infinite tube length (∞) aberrations, such as astigmatism. This used to the objective theoretically forms the image at be performed by the eyepieces in former infinity, which would be of no use to the microscopes.
  • Page 37 In the opened upper part of the stand there are 3 Tube optics HC P 1x/1.6x with Bertrand lense stop points (22.7), with corresponding points in With tube factor 1x, switchable to 1.6x, the tube module and in the incident light module. engagable focusable and centerable Bertrand Carefully pull the tube module forwards and lens.

  • Page 38: Tubes

    A wide range of tubes for various applications is eyepiece are automatically aligned together with available for the LEICA DM series of micro- the tube to the polarized light microscope. E = Provision for lateral adaption of overlay device scopes.
  • Page 39 BSA 25 HC FSA 25 PR Binocular observation tube 25, Fig. 31.1 Binocular observation and phototube (31.2). Viewing angle 30°, not for polarized light Like HC FSA 25 P, but with additional back microscopy. reflection for the MPV microscope photometer. Switchable light trap of the binocular port for HC FSA 25 P microphotometry.
  • Page 40 Photo eyepieces and HC TV adapters can be inserted into the photo adapter tubes. Make sure you are using the right combination, depending on the type of eyepiece, photo system (LD or MPS) and TV chip size! Fig. 33 Leica DM RD HC phototube...

  • Page 41: Diapositive Overlay, Macro Device

    6 V / 4 W HC FSA 25 PE tube (31.9) and Leica DM RD HC halogen lamp (34.8), the standard 5 x 5 cm slide phototube (Fig. 33).
  • Page 42 Changing the halogen lamp in the illumination Macroscopy device Disconnect from power supply. This consists of the reflection optics (35.3), the Screw out the Allen screw at the back and macro adapter (35.5) and the macrodual zoom. remove the lamp unit from the lamphousing. Take the lamp out of the socket and replace, Assembly of the macro device making sure that the contact paths of the lamp...

  • Page 43: Eyepieces

    Fig. 37 Widefield 16x/14 B eyepiece wearing eyeglasses (it can be pushed back with eyepieces 1 Clamp screw, 2 Spacer ring for Leica microscopes (must be 10x/20 and 10x/22, insertable and remove pos. 8a or 8b). The pushed upwards as far as the stop) 12.5x/6M model is basically the same as the 10x/25M eyepiece...
  • Page 44 1.6x, whereas HC V tube optics have 3 switchable performance for the field flattening of the tube lenses. The Leica DM RD HC phototube objective, part of the field of view, e.g. the edge, allows a continuous variation of the tube factor.
  • Page 45 * It is possible to extend the dioptre compensation by having an ophthalmic optician center antireflection coated spectacle lenses (2 – 3 dioptres) and inserting them into the glare protection ring (36.7). However, this method is not generally recommended by Leica.

  • Page 46: Objective Nosepiece And Objectives

    Widefield 16x /14 and 25/9.5 eyepiece pair: push Objective thread and objective spacer rings* the spacer ring (37.2) on to the lower part of the Incident light bright- and darkfield objectives B eyepiece as far as it will go secure with the (40.1) have an M32 x 0.75 thread and can only be clamp screw (37.1).
  • Page 47 Adaption of objectives with RMS thread (Royal Code numbers with a 6 or 7 in the third position, Microscopical Society W 0.8x 1/36′′): objectives on the hand, indicate objectives for tube lens with this classical thread size can only be used focal length 200 mm which is used without on all nosepieces under certain circumstances exception in your microscope so that the en-...

  • Page 48: Objective Labelling

    Objectives/Assembly Lettering For microscopes with fixed nosepiece: lower Example: stage as far as possible (42.12 or 44.3). If you ∞/0.17/A have a motor focus, press keys 44.5 and 44.6 N PLAN 10x / 0.25 PH 1 506 088 simultaneously to display an already stored magnification (page 64).
  • Page 49 Pupil position in the objective: the exit pupil of performance, 0.17 mm) which comply with – 0.02 most Leica microscope objectives has 4 DIN 58878/ISO 8255/1. The thickness of the standard positions A, B, C and D, the so-called embedding medium layer between the specimen pupil blocks.
  • Page 50 PL APO, HC PL APO, HCX PL APO Plan apochromats with a field performance of λ 0.55 resolution = –––– = ––––– over 25 mm, the best objectives in the Leica 2 n.A 2 n.A range. Example: aperture 0.50 resolution (opt.) = 0.55 : 1.0 = 0.5 µm...
  • Page 51 ↑ stained in strong colours, the temperature of the immersion oil may rise by a few degrees due to Leica objectives with infinite tube length can be the object absorption. The illuminated object used for both transmitted and incident light.
  • Page 52 CORR Objectives Water immersion objective. Use distilled, or at Special objectives with adjustable matching to least demineralized water, if possible, as it is the coverglass thickness: Set correction mount often difficult to remove the sediment from (not illustrated) approximately by turning the drops of water that have dried on the objective.
  • Page 53 Push-on cap CG and IMM Colour code rings on objectives This can be used with some objectives with long In accordance with German and international working distances to achieve optimum image standards (DIN/ISO) the magnification of each quality with coverglasses (CG) of different objective is additionally indicated by a colour thicknesses.

  • Page 54: Operation

    Tube optics Caution: Disengage Bertrand lens (42.2), Switch on tube Leica power units are immune to interference. factor 1x. If you have HC P (Pol) tube optics, just Nevertheless we recommend you ignite gas switch to tube factor 1x (page 83). See page 67 discharge lamps before switching on the other for how to set tubes and eyepieces.
  • Page 55 Analyser* Mechanical stages* Disengage analyser (48.2) by pulling it out part Individual setting of sp ecimen clamp : way. Stage no. 1187: Push down the knurled ring (48.7) on the joint of the specimen holder and turn to Reflector*/filter system* the left (tighter clamping) or to the right (looser).
  • Page 56 Torque setting: The torque has already been 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 2 mm. These are replaced by a optimally adjusted at the factory, but you can strong axial pulling movement. Note the correct change this setting as follows: move the lower orientation of the catch pins inside when control (43.2) to the “long”...

  • Page 57: Filters

    Light filters* Green filter, Contrast enhancement for black- panchromatic and -white photography. Light filters can be built into the intermediate filter holder (Fig. 9, filter diameter 50 mm), the DLF 2 (blue) Conversion filters for colour filter box (Fig. 10, Ø 32 mm) or can be placed on photography with daylight film.

  • Page 58: Focusing, Mechanical

    Stage clamp* Loosen clamp screw (48.9) on the left of the stage bracket. Supporting the stage with both Stage height setting (interchangeable stage hands, carefully move it up or down. only *) The following chapters describe how to focus Attention: the specimen.

  • Page 59: Basic Functions Of Motor Focus

    Motorized* focusing 1.2 Focusing The position of the stage can be adjusted with Attention: – the focusing wheel (44.4) and – the “Up” (44.2) and “Down” (44.3) keys. Before using the motor focus, read the On some models the interchangeable stage instructions* carefully to eliminate the risk of can also be vertically adjusted with the clamp damage due to operation errors.
  • Page 60 1.2.2 Stage height adjustment by keystroke indicated in the display (44.7). Each objective position can be individually stored on the coded The stage can be moved up and down at a objective nosepiece, see page 60. maximum speed of about 6 mm per second with the “Up”...
  • Page 61 You can delete a threshold whenever you like by The objective magnification and the offset to the pressing the same key. focal plane must be “read in” once (see page 62, The relevant key must be kept pressed down Calibration). until the corresponding symbol in the display The stepwidth last used at a nosepiece position field “z status”...
  • Page 62 1.8 Leica DM RXE microscope only: Lamp voltage setting Magnification display With the exception of the Leica DM RXE Regardless of the threshold status, you can microscope the lamp voltage is adjusted directly switch between a display of the stage height with the dial (48.24).

  • Page 63: Calibration Of Motor Focus

    All the same, the even collisions between specimen parfocality Leica microscopes with objective. mechanical focusing is so precise that only Adapted TV cameras may have a different focal slight refocusing is necessary after each plane compared with that for direct observation.
  • Page 64 “0” is now stored as offset order to have a defined focal plane even at for the focused objective. Now all the objectives highest magnifications, e.g. a Leica stage on the nosepiece can be focused. micrometer.
  • Page 65 After focusing you only need to press key (44.5) Fit the survey condenser (cf Fig. 12, p. 23). until “OK!” is output in the display to store the Remove objective or objective nosepiece. offset. Finally, switch off the microscope briefly Focus the Bertrand lens* (50.3), open the (42.14).

  • Page 66: Objectives

    For all immersion objectives: before focusing, make sure that the front part of objective is not pushed in and locked (pull out telescopically, page 51). Only use OIL objectives with Leica DIN/ISO standard immersion oil. Clean with ethyl alcohol only. Fig. 45 Survey condenser IMM objectives can be used with water, glycerine, oil, etc.
  • Page 67 Disengage the analyser (54.3), tube lens 1.6x Method II (Fig. 46b) (54.11) and Bertrand lens (54.2). Greatly narrow Move the prominent point on the specimen (46a) the aperture diaphragm (54.9). Insert the two to the centre of the crosslines M. Rotate the objective centering keys above the objective stage until the point on the specimen is furthest you want to centre (38.5).

  • Page 68: Tubes And Eyepieces

    Tube and eyepiece setting Only if neither eyepiece has a graticule inserted: When you adjust the eyelens a white line (36.5) Set the beamsplitter in the phototube to the becomes visible round the basic part of the viewing position by fully or partly pushing in the eyepiece.

  • Page 69: Transmitted Light Illumination

    Transmitted light lamphousing 106* Adjust the centering screw (48.18) for the hori- zontal lamp adjustment with a screwdriver until Remove any diffusing screen(s) and filters from the blurred, bright, vertical line (= overlapping of the light path (Fig. 9 and 10). image and reflection of the filament) is in the Method I: centre of the bright circle.
  • Page 70 Brightfield, Koehler illumination Condensers, Field diaphragm Setting of UCE, UCR, UCPR condensers and the Close the field diaphragm (48.22). field diap hragm (Köhler illumination) Slightly narrow the aperture diaphragm (48.21). Turn in a 10x objective or higher and focus the Swing in the condenser top (48.15).
  • Page 71 Turning the condenser stop screw (48.13) or the The field diaphragm (48.22) protects the image condenser height adjustment (48.12), lower the from unnecessary heat and keeps all light not condenser until the edge of the field diaphragm required for imaging away from the specimen so is sharply focused (49b) and also centre the that contrast can be enhanced.
  • Page 72 Aperture diaphragm Replace the eyepiece or disengage the Bertrand lens. For objectives with low contrast the The aperture diaphragm (48.21) determines the aperture diaphragm can be stopped down fur- lateral resolution, depth of field and contrast of ther to highlight faint specimen details. In the microscope image.
  • Page 73 > 1.0, or for polariza- tion-optic conoscopy (page 82) of large shaft angles. About drop of Leica immersion oil is applied to the front lens of the condenser, taking care to avoid air bubbles. The groove round the For brightfield observation the condenser top mount can pick up any superfluous oil.

  • Page 74: Phase Contrast

    Phase contrast Like transmitted light darkfield and transmitted light interference contrast ICT, phase contrast is used to produce high-contrast images of unstained specimens. Turn the phase contrast objective (engraving PH) with the lowest magnification (generally 10x) into the light path and focus the specimen. If you have trouble finding the specimen plane: temporarily stop down the aperture diaphragm (48.21) or use a stained specimen, setting the...
  • Page 75 Open the aperture diaphragm (= pos. PH). Possible errors Engage the built-in Bertrand lens* into the light Specimen: too thick, too thin, too brightly path by turning the knurled wheel (50.2) = pos. B, stained; refractive index of mounting medium and focus the annular structures (Fig.

  • Page 76: Transmitted Light Darkfield

    Transmitted light darkfield Transmitted light darkfield with UCE, UCR and UCPR condensers with special darkfield condenser Darkfield is possible with all objectives from 10x Whether the DF condensers (Fig. 53) can be magnification; the image background may be used depends on the aperture of the objectives. inhomogeneously illuminated at lower magnifi- Objectives with built-in iris diaphragm (41.3) cations.
  • Page 77 Focus the specimen with the 10x objective, open Possible errors the field diaphragm (48.22). Darkfield illumination is very sensitive to the Adjust the condenser in x, y and z direction slightest inhomogeneities in the specimen. As (48.12 and 48.16) until the field is homogeneously dust particles and fingermarks on the upper or illuminated, narrowing the field diaphragm lower surface of the specimen and the front lens...

  • Page 78: Transmitted Light Polarization

    Transmitted light polarization* Looking at the empty field of view, set the optimum extinction position by rotating the See page 65 for objective centration (polarized polarizer (never the analyser!) light microscopes only). Adjust the light source, diaphragms and condenser as for transmitted light brightfield (page 69);...
  • Page 79 Further details are to be found in the adjust the polarizer you will see 2 dark stripes Leica booklet “Polarized light microscopy”, that close to form a cross when the polarizers code no. 923 009, and in many books on the are exactly crossed (55a).
  • Page 80 If the image is not bright enough, both the faintly (they remain dark when the polarizers are polarizer analyser should exactly crossed). It is not customary to examine disengaged. A neutral density filter (30.4) can be specimens with the polarizers parallel, as this used in the empty slot of the analyser 360 (30.1) method of identifying birefringence is not sensi- to protect the viewer from glare when the...
  • Page 81 Survey observation The analyser IC/P (30.5) has a whole-wave Put a transmitted light specimen on the p olar- compensator on one side, which is activated by izer. Swing in the condenser top and focus inserting the analyser the other way up. through the condenser with a low-power When a compensator is engaged, the phase objective, e.g.
  • Page 82 Insert quarter-wave compensator (57.5) in the To perform the measurement, the compensator tube slot. is introduced into the tube slot and adjusted Push the quarter-wave compensator (57.1) into until the object to be measured is in its maximum the slot underneath the condenser (27.6) and extinction position.
  • Page 83 Tilting comp ensator B (Berek comp ensator) measuring up to 5 orders Conoscopy of crystals Compensator (57.8) with plate Only with the Leica DM RXP polarized light measurements in monochromatic or white light microscope: Birefringent crystals cause of up to 5 orders phase difference. The phase interference patterns (Fig.
  • Page 84 As these interference patterns occur in the pupil Setting the microscope for conoscopy they are not normally visible during normal The most suitable object areas for conoscopy microscopic observation (orthoscopy). Their are those that show the lowest possible phase observation can be improvised by removing one differences (chart in Fig.
  • Page 85 Adjust the collector (48.19) to an optimal setting, The optical character can usually be identified using a diffusing screen (42.15) if necessary. even when only one of the optical axes is in the viewing direction of the observer. In the Determination of optical character orthoscopic beam the brightness of specimens orientated in this way changes little if at all...
  • Page 86 Biaxially positive crystals: The interference fringes move from the convex to the concave side of the isogyres when the compensator is operated. Biaxially negative crystals: The interference fringes move from the concave to the convex side. Possible errors Polarizers damaged (discoloured) by powerful light sources or dirty.

  • Page 87: Transmitted Light Interference Contrast

    Condenser Push the analyser (50.1) into the microscope as far as the second clickstop. The lambda sign (λ) Imp ortant: Only use the condenser tops must be on the underneath (not visible), see also 0.90 S 1 or P 0.90 S 1 and P 1.40 OIL. The con- page 34.
  • Page 88 Focus the specimen. It may be easier to focus a Swing in the condenser top (48.15). Engage the stained specimen first or the edge of the cover- Bertrand lens (50.2) or use the auxiliary glass. Set Koehler illumination exactly (see telescope (Fig.
  • Page 89 Choice of prisms (objective prism roughly at the centre position). Optimum contrast for specimens with parallel Choose the objective side prism (60.7) with the structures can be obtained by rotating the stage letter indicated in the top line of the objective (48.8).
  • Page 90 Preparation errors Errors in instrumentation Possible sources of error if ICT image is unsatisfactory : Polarizers not engaged, or rotated too far out of Embedding medium, specimen slide (Petri dish) the crossed position or, though crossed, turned or object (e.g. crystals, fibres) are of birefringent out of the zero positions.

  • Page 91: Incident Light Sources

    Back reflection via the sp ecimen Attention: Focus a well-reflecting incident light specimen (e.g. surface mirror) (this is not possible for fluorescence). Remove an eyepiece from the Never look into the direct light path! There is tube, or engage Bertrand lens (50.2 or 54.2/11) danger of glare when switching to the and focus, or use an auxiliary telescope (51.1).
  • Page 92 The adjustment principle is similar for all light sources: Caution: Caution with Hg and Xe lamp : Be careful not to project the reflection on the Move the reflection of the lamp filament or dis- electrodes for long, as there is a risk of ex- charge arc to the side or completely out of the plosion if they overheat.
  • Page 93 Collector setting, diffusing screens can be engaged (only with halogen lamp) to check whether the image is homogeneously Halogen, Hg and Xe lamp s: illuminated (use a homogeneous specimen Adjust the collector (61.6) until the bright area is section if possible and a low-power objective). uniformly illuminated.

  • Page 94: Fluorescence

    Filter cube, objective, tube factor Set the aperture diaphragm: Remove the objective and focus a light source on dark paper Focus the specimen in transmitted light first if (specimen stage). Narrow and open the dia- possible. Select a filter cube to suit the phragm: if the image of the diaphragm lies excitation and emission spectrum of the eccentric to the circle: insert the centering keys...

  • Page 95: Igs And Rc

    Fluorescence with diaphragm module HC RF: As Possible errors a BG 38 filter is not integrated here, it must be Weak fluorescence, weak image intensity due built into the filter magazine (65.13) if needed. The light path can be blocked by pulling out the Incorrectly stored, too old or faded specimens;...

  • Page 96: Incident Light Brightfield

    Reflection contrast* Polished specimens can be pressed plane-par- allel onto a metal specimen slide (code no. The following equipment is required (see sepa- 563 014) with the special handpress (code no. rate manual): 563 035) and plasticine. The handpress has an Reflector system POL (Fig.
  • Page 97 The field diaphragm must also be exactly Diffusing screen pairs A and B centred in the field of view (65.7) and the The diaphragm module HC RF is equipped with aperture diaphragm (65.11/12) closed. an interchangeable pair of diffusing screens Remove the objective or objective nosepiece: (23b.9) to obtain optimally geneous illumination the reflection of the field diaphragm is reflected...
  • Page 98 As well as diffusing screen pair A, 1 2 diffusing Open the field diaphragm (49d) until it just screen pair B, order no. 565 502, can be disappears from the field of view. supplied. Diffusing screen pair B contains 2 This setting of the field diaphragm is retained for identical diffusing screens and is recommended all objectives.

  • Page 99: Incident Light Darkfield

    Engage the Bertrand lens (50.2) and focus (50.3) Incident light darkfield or remove an eyepiece and look into the tube Special darkfield objectives (BD, Fig. 40) with from a distance of a few centimetres. Mount the built-in annular mirror or annular lenses are centering keys (23.8) and adjust so that the required for incident light darkfield.

  • Page 100: Incident Light Interference Contrast

    Incident light interference contrast ICR Contrast setting Carefully move the turret round the centre Cross p olarizers. position, additionally operating the aperture Exactly crossed p olarizers are an essential diaphragm (65.12) to optimize contrast. requirement for p erfect ICR quality! Insert the ICR polarizer (29.5) (65.4).

  • Page 101: Incident Light Polarization

    Quantitative interference attachments Surface roughness and topography are depicted Setting the R/P p olarizer (29.1): interference fringes various When combined with IC/P analyser (30.7) ↔ interference techniques. These are evaluated When combined with 360 analyser (30.1) similar to the way contour lines are interpreted on maps.

  • Page 102: Possible Errors

    Inhomogeneous image illumination: Possible errors, brightfield, darkfield, ICR Lamp not adjusted. Fall-off of focus, one-sided: Sample not aligned flat. Sample surface not aligned at exactly 90° to the optical axis. For bright-/darkfield: Sample has round edges. Oblique illumination lever not in exact position. Stage not clamped tight.

  • Page 103: Diapositive Overlay Device

    Diapositive overlay To do this, the original must be photographically reproduced on a 35 mm negative, i.e. bright lines The diapositive overlay device (Fig. 66) is used on a dark background and framed in a standard to reflect measurement and comparison masks, 50 x 50 mm slide frame.

  • Page 104: Macro Device

    The holder is adjustable on all sides, so the The image is observed in the microscope tube overlay can be moved to different areas of the and focused by turning the knurled ring. microscope image. Remember that when you The magnification can be changed continuously move the diapositive, the overlay will move in in a range of 1 : 4 by adjusting the knurled ring the opposite direction.
  • Page 105 The total magnification in the microscope, the The total magnification in the film plane of a reproduction ratio on the photograph or TV camera is derived from multiplying the image can be quickly and easily measured with intermediate image magnification M by the a scale and calculated.
  • Page 106 The total magnification can be roughly worked The exact magnification of the object in the out using the scale divisions on the macrodual drawing is most easily determined by means of zoom: a stage micrometer, by transferring the length measured by the stage micrometer onto the The following factors are multiplied: drawing.

  • Page 107: Linear Measurements

    ASTM grain size pictures and 35 mm nega- tives to be overlaid on the microscope image. Further details on how to use this system can be found in the manual of the manufacturer, Leica AG, Vienna. Not illustrated. VARIMET digital measurement system...
  • Page 108 Calibration: Imp ortant: If using a Variotube or variable tube Align the stage micrometer and the graticule factor: parallel to each other by rotating the stage or Remember to take the additional magnification the eyepiece and adjust the zero marks of both value into consideration!

  • Page 109: Thickness Measurements

    Digital length and height measurement using TV has the following rounded values in the object technology: see separate Leica MFK 2 manual. plane: standard magnification: Thickness measurements 100x – 1 division approx. 10 µm...

  • Page 110: Tv Microscopy

    B-mount, 0.5 – 2.4x HC (SONY) – – – 12 – 2.5 can be used on all phototubes and on the Leica DM RD photomicroscope. The picture area on from zoom factor 0.42x ! the monitor depends on the adapter used and on the chip size of the camera (s.
  • Page 111 Dirt particles in the light path, lamphousing not centered (TV systems are generally more sensi- If using the magnification changer or the Leica tive to inhomogeneous illumination). DM RD HC photomicroscope the above formula must also be multiplied by the factor of the magnification changer or zoom.

  • Page 112: Care And Maintenance

    Obstinate dirt can be removed with a clean cotton cloth moistened with any ordinary All Leica instruments are manufactured and hydrous solution, benzine or alcohol. Do not use tested with extreme care. If you do have cause acetone, xylol or nitro dilutions.

  • Page 113: Wearing And Spare Parts, Tools

    500 974 halogen lamp 12 V 100 W Lamphousing 107/106 z 500 296 halogen lamp 6 V 4 W ORTHOMAT E, Leica DM RD, Diapositive overlay 500 137 max. pressure Hg lamp 50 W Lamphousing 106 z 500 138 max. pressure Hg lamp...

  • Page 114: Index

    Index Achromat 48 Filters 16, 17, 56 Parfocality 62 Addresses 2, 111 Flash 11, 16 Phase contrast 23, 50, 73 Adjustment of incident Fluorescence 26 Photo 38 light 27, 57, 90 FLUOTAR ® Photo eyepieces 44 Adjustment of Focusing 54, 57 Photomicro 37, 39, 109 transmitted light 57, 65, 87 Focusing graticule 64...

  • Page 115: Eu-Conformity Declaration

    EU-Confirmaty declaration EU-Confirmity declaration We hereby declare that the product specified below conforms in its design and construction as well as the model we have put on the market to the relevant safety and health regulations laid down by the European Union. This declaration will cease to be valid if the instrument is modified without our consent.

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