K-Factor; Displacement Power Factor; Phase Angles - Novatech Bitronics M660 User Manual

Fundamental Volts and Amps can be used in conjunction to obtain Fundamental VAs,
and when used with Displacement Power Factor can yield Fundamental Watts and
Fundamental VARs.

6.11.5 K-Factor

K-Factor is a measure of the heating effects on
transformers, and it is defined in ANSI/IEEE C57.110-
1986. Equation 4 is used by the M66X to determine K-
Factor, where "h" is the harmonic number and "I
th
magnitude of the h
each of the three phases of amps, however there is no
"Total" K-Factor. K-Factor, like THD and PF, does not
indicate the actual load on a device, since all three of
these measurements are ratios. Given the same harmonic ratio, the calculated K-
Factor for a lightly loaded transformer will be the same as the calculated K-Factor for a
heavily loaded transformer, although the actual heating on the transformer will be
significantly different.

6.11.6 Displacement Power Factor

Displacement Power Factor is defined as the cosine of the angle (phi) between the
Fundamental Voltage Vector and the Fundamental Current Vector. The sign
convention for Displacement Power Factor is the same as for Power Factor, shown in
Figure 10.
The Total Displacement Power Factor measurement is calculated using the "Power
Triangle", or the three-phase Fundamental WATTS divided by the three-phase
Fundamental VAs. The per-phase Fundamental VA measurement is calculated from
the product of the per-phase Fundamental Amp and Fundamental Volts values. The
three-phase Fundamental VA measurement is the sum of the per-phase Fundamental
VA values (Arithmetic VAs).

6.11.7 Phase Angles

The M66x measures the Fundamental Phase Angles for all Currents, Line-to-Neutral
Voltages, and Line-to-Line Voltages. The Phase Angles are in degrees, and all are
referenced to the V
A-N
system. Values are from -180 to +180 Degrees. Note that the phase angles are only
available in the TUC register set and use calculation type T8 (see Modbus and DNP3
Protocol manuals for more detail). As with other measurements, the Phase angles
can be mapped to analog outputs or used in custom display screens.
ML0042 October 15, 2019
harmonic. K-Factor is measured on
Voltage, which places all Phase Angles in a common reference

K
" is the
h
Equation 4 - K-Factor
- 101 -
Copyright 2019 Bitronics, LLC
63


2 2
I h
h


1
h
Factor
63

2
I
h

1
h