HT G Series User Manual
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HT G Series User Manual

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Copyright HT ITALIA 2020
Release EN 5.02 - 14/09/2020

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  • Page 1  Copyright HT ITALIA 2020 Release EN 5.02 - 14/09/2020...

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Gx Series TABLE OF CONTENTS PRECAUTIONS AND SAFETY MEASURES ............... 3     1.1.  Preliminary instructions ..................... 3  1.2.  During use ......................... 4  1.3.  After use ..........................4  1.4.  Definition of measurement (overvoltage) category ............4  GENERAL DESCRIPTION ................... 5  ...
  • Page 3 Gx Series 6.5.  SEQ: Phase sequence and phase concordance test ............66  6.5.1. Anomalous situations ......................69     6.6.  LEAKAGE: Leakage current measurement ..............70  6.7.  EARTH: Measurement of earth resistance ..............72  6.7.1. 3-wire or 2-wire earth measurement and 4-wire ground resistivity ........72  ...

  • Page 4: Precautions And Safety Measures

    Gx Series 1. PRECAUTIONS AND SAFETY MEASURES The models of the Gx Series have been designed in compliance with Directives IEC/EN61557 and IEC/EN61010, relevant to electronic measuring instruments. Before and after carrying out the measurements, carefully observe the following instructions: ...

  • Page 5: During Use

    Gx Series 1.2. DURING USE Please carefully read the following recommendations and instructions: CAUTION Failure to comply with the caution notes and/or instructions may damage the instrument and/or its components or be a source of danger for the operator.  Before changing function, disconnect the test leads from the circuit under test. ...

  • Page 6: General Description

    Gx Series 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2.1. FOREWORD This user manual is referred to the following models MACROEVTEST, MACROTESTG3, MACROTESTG2, MACROTESTG1, COMBIG2, COMBITEST425, COMBITEST425EV, SUPERCOMBI, COMBIG2PLUS, MT-300 and COMBIG3. The model MT-300 is the same of MACROEVTEST. The models COMBITEST425EV and COMBIG2PLUS are the same of COMBIG2.

  • Page 7: Instrument Functions

    Gx Series 2.2. INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS The instrument is equipped with a TFT color LCD display, with capacitive "touch-screen" that can be handled simply with the touch of a finger by the user and is structured with an icon-based menu allowing the direct selection of measurement functions for quick and intuitive use.

  • Page 8: Preparation For Use

    Gx Series 3. PREPARATION FOR USE 3.1. INITIAL CHECKS Before shipping, the instrument has been checked from an electric as well as mechanical point of view. All possible precautions have been taken so that the instrument is delivered undamaged. However, we recommend checking it to detect any damage possibly suffered during transport.

  • Page 9: Nomenclature

    Gx Series 4. NOMENCLATURE 4.1. INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION CAPTION: 1. Inputs 2. LCD Touch screen display 3. Function keys F1, F2, F3, F4 4. ,, ,  / ENTER keys 5. Compartment of the connector for optical cable/USB port 6. ESC key 7.

  • Page 10: Keyboard Description

    4.5. INITIAL SCREEN When switching on the instrument, the initial screen appears for a few seconds. It shows:  The HT manufacturer's logo  The instrument model  The Firmware version of the two instrument's internal microprocessors (LCD and CPU) ...

  • Page 11: General Menu

    Gx Series 5. GENERAL MENU Pressing the ENTER key in any condition of the instrument allows to go back to the general menu in which internal parameters may be set, the saved measures can be displayed and the desired measuring function may be selected. Fig.

  • Page 12: Reference Country

    Gx Series 5.1.2. Reference country Touch the icon to select the reference country. This choice have influence on the LOOP, NoTrip and EARTH measurements. The screen to the side appears on the display. Select the desired country, confirm the choice and return to the previous screen.

  • Page 13: System Date/Time Setting

    Gx Series 5.1.6. System date/time setting Touch the icon to set the system date/time. The screen to the side appears on the display. Touch the "EU" icon for the European date/time system in the format "DD/MM/YY hh:mm" or the "US" icon for the American system in the format "MM/DD/YY hh:mm AM/PM".

  • Page 14: Operating Instructions

    Gx Series 6. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 6.1. RPE: CONTINUITY OF PROTECTIVE CONDUCTORS This function is performed in compliance with standards IEC/EN61557-4, BS7671 17th edition, AS/NZS 3000, AS/NZS 3017 and allows measuring the resistance of protective and equipotential conductors. CAUTION  The instrument can be used for measurements on installations with overvoltage category CAT IV 300V to earth and max 415V between inputs ...
  • Page 15 Gx Series Touch the icon. The screen to the side appears on the display. The instrument automatically carries out the test for the presence of voltage between the inputs (shown on the display) and blocks the test in case of voltage higher than 10V.
  • Page 16 Gx Series Touch the icon to activate the measurement. After a few seconds, the instrument provides the screen to the side if the operation is successful (Rcables  5); the indication of the value is shown in the "Rcal" field and the icon is shown on the display.
  • Page 17 Gx Series At the end of the test in the AUTO function if the value of the measured resistance is higher than the set limit, the screen to the side is shown on the display. The value is shown in red and the symbol indicates the negative result of the measurement.

  • Page 18: Anomalous Situations

    Gx Series 6.1.1. Anomalous situations In AUTO or " " modes if the instrument detects a resistance lower than the set limit value but for which is it not able to generate a current of 200mA, the screen to the side is displayed. symbol is shown on the display and the values of the real test current are indicated in red.

  • Page 19: M: Measurement Of Insulation Resistance

    Gx Series 6.2. M: MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE This function is performed in compliance with standards IEC/EN61557-2, BS7671 17th edition, AS/NZS 3000, AS/NZS 3017 and allows measuring the insulation resistance between the active conductors and between each active conductor and the earth. CAUTION ...
  • Page 20 Gx Series Fig. 9: Insulation test between L-PE by means of shuko plug Fig. 10: Insulation test between L-PE and N-PE by means of single cables and remote lead Fig. 11: Insulation test between L-PE and N-PE by means of shuko plug EN - 19...

  • Page 21: Auto Or L-Pe Timer Mode

    Gx Series 6.2.1. AUTO or L-PE Timer mode Touch the icon. The screen to the side appears on the display. The instrument automatically carries out the test for the presence of voltage between the inputs (shown on the display) and blocks the test in case of voltage higher than 10V Touch the “AUTO L-PE”...
  • Page 22 Gx Series CAUTION  Disconnect any cable not strictly involved in measurement and especially check that no cable is connected to In1 input.  Before connecting the test leads, make sure that there is no voltage at the ends of the conductors to be tested. Connect the alligator clips and/or test leads and/or remote lead to the ends of the conductors to be tested as in Fig.

  • Page 23: Auto L/N-Pe Mode

    Gx Series 6.2.2. AUTO L/N-PE mode Touch the icon. The screen to the side appears on the display. The instrument automatically carries out the test for the presence of voltage between the inputs (shown on the display) and blocks the test in case of voltage higher than 10V Touch the “AUTO L/N-PE”...
  • Page 24 Gx Series 6. Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on the remote lead. The instrument will start the insulation measurement in sequence before between L-PE and then between N-PE CAUTION During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the conductor under test.

  • Page 25: Anomalous Situations

    Gx Series 6.2.3. Anomalous situations In the L-PE test if the instrument measures a resistance higher than the set limit value but for which it is not able to generate the rated voltage, the screen to the side is displayed. symbol is shown on the display and the values of the real test voltage are indicated in red.

  • Page 26: Rcd: Test On Differential Switches

    Gx Series 6.3. RCD: TEST ON DIFFERENTIAL SWITCHES This function is performed in compliance with standard IEC/EN61557-6, BS7671 17th edition, AS/NZS 3000, AS/NZS 3017 and allows measuring the tripping time and current of molded case differential switches of type A ( ), AC ( ) and B ( ), being General (G),...
  • Page 27 Gx Series Fig. 14: Connection for a 400V + N + PE three-phase system by means of single cables and remote lead Fig. 15: Connection for a 400V + N (no PE) three-phase system by means of single cables and remote lead Fig.
  • Page 28 Gx Series Touch the icon. The screen to the side appears on the display. Touch the icon to the left to set the RCD operating mode. The following screen appears on the display: Move the slide bar reference by selecting the desired operating mode between the options: G (General), S (Selective), (Delayed).
  • Page 29 Gx Series Touch the third icon at the bottom of display and select the desired type of test among the options::  x ½  Manual with multiplier ½ Idn  x 1  Manual with multiplier 1Idn  x 2  Manual with multiplier 2Idn ...

  • Page 30: Auto Mode

    Gx Series 6.3.1. AUTO mode 9. Press the GO/STOP key for few seconds on the instrument or the START key on the remote lead. The instrument will start the measurement. The screen to the side is shown on the display when the hourglass icon indicates the performance of the test.

  • Page 31: Auto+ Mode

    Gx Series 6.3.2. AUTO+ mode 9. Press the GO/STOP key for few seconds on the instrument or the START key on the remote lead. The instrument will start the measurement. The screen to the side is shown on the display when the hourglass icon indicates the performance of the test.

  • Page 32: X1, X2, X5 Modes

    Gx Series 6.3.3. x½, x1, x2, x5 modes 9. Press the GO/STOP key for few seconds on the instrument or the START key on the remote lead. The instrument will start the measurement. The screen to the side (concerning multiplier x1) is shown on the display when the hourglass icon indicates the performance of the test.

  • Page 33: Mode

    Gx Series 6.3.5. Mode The standard defines, for molded case type STD, the tripping times for RCDs at nominal current. The mode is used to detect the minimum tripping current (which could also be lower than the nominal voltage). 9. Press the GO/STOP key for few seconds on the instrument or the START key on the remote lead.

  • Page 34: Test On Earth Leakage Relay Rcd

    Gx Series 6.3.6. Test on earth leakage relay RCD The instrument allows performing tests on earth leakage relay RCD with currents up to 10A (with optional accessory RCDX10) 8. Connect the instrument and the optional accessory RCDX10 to the installation (see Fig. 17).

  • Page 35: Anomalous Situations

    Gx Series 6.3.7. Anomalous situations 1. If the voltage between inputs B1 and B4 and inputs B1 and B3 is higher than 265V, the instrument provides the warning screen shown to the side and blocks the execution of the tests. 2.
  • Page 36 Gx Series 6. If the instrument detects that the phase and neutral leads are inverted, it does not carry out the test and a screen similar to the one reported to the side is displayed. Rotate the shuko plug or check the connection of measuring cables.
  • Page 37 Gx Series 11 If the instrument detects a voltage Vn-pe > 50V (or the analogue Vn-pe >25V) it provides the warning screen shown to the side and blocks the test for safety reasons. Check the PE conductor and earth plant efficiency 12 If the instrument detects in the input terminals a too high external impedance such that it can not provides...

  • Page 38: Loop: Line Impedance/Loop And Overall Earth Resistance

    Gx Series 6.4. LOOP: LINE IMPEDANCE/LOOP AND OVERALL EARTH RESISTANCE This function is performed in compliance with standard IEC/EN61557-3, BS7671 17th edition, AS/NZS 3000, AS/NZS 3017 and allows measuring the line impedance, the fault loop impedance and the prospective short-circuit current. CAUTION Depending on the selected electrical system (TT, TN or IT) some kind of connection and function modes are disabled by the instruments (see Table 2 )
  • Page 39 Gx Series Fig. 20: P-N/P-PE measurement for 400V+N+PE three-phase systems by means of single cables and remote lead Fig. 21: P-P measurement for 400V+N+PE three-phase systems Fig. 22: P-PE/P-N measurement for 400V + PE (no N) systems by means of single cables and remote lead Fig.

  • Page 40: Test Types

    Gx Series 6.4.1. Test types The protection of electrical lines is the essential part of a project so as to guarantee the correct functionality and avoid damages to persons or property. To this purpose, the safety guidelines impose on electrical designers also to design the electrical installation in order to reach: 1.
  • Page 41 Gx Series The following table summarizes the possible measures executable depending on the type of system (TT, TN and IT), of selected modes and the relationships that define limit values Mode Condition x OK outcome Condition x OK outcome Condition x OK outcome No outcome No outcome No outcome...

  • Page 42: Test Leads Calibration (Zeroloop)

    Gx Series 6.4.2 Test leads calibration (ZEROLOOP) In order to obtain better results, it is strongly recommended to perform the preliminary calibration of the test cables or the cable with Shuko plug by using the ZEROLOOP accessory before performing the test. In this way the instrument automatically subtracts the resistance of the test cables, providing the effective result on the display.
  • Page 43 Gx Series 4. Touch the icon to start the calibration. In the field the resistance of test leads is shown. This valie will be automatically subtracted by the instrument at the end of Loop measurement The instrument displays the symbol to indicate the positive outcome of teast leads calibration (Rcal <1) and the screen to the side appears on the display...

  • Page 44: Std Mode - Generic Test

    Gx Series 6.4.3 STD Mode – Generic test This mode performs the impedance measurement and the calculation of prospective short circuit current without applying any evaluation. Therefore, at the end of the test, no outcome is given by the instrument. 1.

  • Page 45: Mode Ka - Verify Of Breaking Capacity Of Protection Device

    Gx Series 6.4.4. Mode kA – Verify of breaking capacity of protection device 1. Select the options “TN, TT or “IT”, “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). Touch the icon.
  • Page 46 Gx Series 5. Press the GO/STOP key for few seconds or the START key on the remote lead. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the measuring leads of the instrument from the system under test. In case of positive outcome, the screen to the side is shown by the instrument.

  • Page 47: Mode I 2 T - Verify Of Protection Against Short-Circuit

    Gx Series 6.4.5. Mode I t – Verify of protection against short-circuit CAUTION The verify of conductor protection against the thermic effect of short-circuit is performed under the following conditions:  Ambient temperature of 25°C  Presence of external insulation (not live conductor) ...
  • Page 48 Gx Series 4. Touch the icon to zero the value in the In field and use the virtual keyboard to set the value of the RCD rated current within the values allowed by the instrument. The following selections are available on the instrument ...
  • Page 49 Gx Series 6. If possible, disconnect all loads connected downstream of the measured point, as the impedance of these users could distort the test results. Perform the preliminary calibration of the test leads as described in § 6.4.2 Connect the shuko plug, the alligator clips or the remote lead to the electrical mains according to Fig.

  • Page 50: Mode - Verify Of Protection Coordination

    Gx Series 6.4.6. Mode - Verify of protection coordination 1. Select the reference country (see § 5.1.2), the options “TN, TT or “IT”, “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). NOTE: for “USA” country the TT and IT systems are not available Touch the icon.
  • Page 51 Gx Series 5. Move the slide bar reference by selecting the protection tripping time between the options: 0.1s, 0.2s, 0.4s, 1s, 5s (all countries except AUS/NZ and UK), 0.4s, 5s (option L-PE, Fuse protection for AUS/NZ and UK) and 0.4s (option L-PE, MCB protection for AUS/NZ). Confirm the choice by going back to the initial measurement screen.

  • Page 52: Mode - Verify Of Protection Coordination - Norvay Country

    Gx Series 6.4.7. Mode - Verify of protection coordination – Norvay country 1. Select the “Norvay” country (see § 5.1.2), the options “TN, or “IT”, “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see §...
  • Page 53 Gx Series 5. Move the slide bar reference by selecting the protection tripping time between the options: 0.1s, 0.2s, 0.4s,1s, 5s. Confirm the choice by going back to the initial measurement screen. Touch the “k Isc” field to set the calculation coefficient of the short circuit current Isc.

  • Page 54: Verify Of Protection Against Indirect Contacts (Tn System)

    Gx Series 6.4.8. Verify of protection against indirect contacts (TN system) 1. Select the options "TN", “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). Touch the icon. The screen to the side appears on the display.
  • Page 55 Gx Series 6. If possible, disconnect all loads connected downstream of the measured point, as the impedance of these users could distort the test results. Perform the preliminary calibration of the test leads as described in § 6.4.2 Connect the alligator clips or the remote lead to the electrical mains according to Fig.

  • Page 56: Verify Of Protection Against Indirect Contacts (Notrip Test)

    Gx Series 6.4.9. Verify of protection against indirect contacts (NoTrip test) 1. Select the options "TN", “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). Touch the icon. The screen to the side appears on the display.
  • Page 57 Gx Series 6. If possible, disconnect all loads connected downstream of the measured point, as the impedance of these users could distort the test results. Perform the preliminary calibration of the test leads as described in § 6.4.2 Connect the alligator clips or the remote lead to the electrical mains according to Fig.

  • Page 58: Verify Of Protection Against Indirect Contacts (No Trip Test - Uk Country)

    Gx Series 6.4.10. Verify of protection against indirect contacts (No Trip test – UK Country) 1. Select the “UK” country (see § 5.1.2) , options "TN", “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). Touch the icon.
  • Page 59 Gx Series 6. If possible, disconnect all loads connected downstream of the measured point, as the impedance of these users could distort the test results. Perform the preliminary calibration of the test leads as described in § 6.4.2 Connect the alligator clips or the remote lead to the electrical mains according to Fig.

  • Page 60: Verify Of Protection Against Indirect Contacts (It Systems)

    Gx Series 6.4.11. Verify of protection against indirect contacts (IT systems) 1. Select the options "IT", “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). Touch the icon. The screen to the side appears on the display.

  • Page 61: Verify Of Protection Against Indirect Contacts (Tt Systems)

    Gx Series 6.4.12. Verify of protection against indirect contacts (TT systems) 1. Select the options "TT", “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). Touch the icon. The screen to the side appears on the display.
  • Page 62 Gx Series 5. Press the GO/STOP key for few seconds or the START key on the remote lead. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the measuring leads of the instrument from the system under test. In case of positive result (overall earth resistance lower than the ratio between limit contact voltage and RCD tripping current), the screen to the side is displayed by the instrument, which contains the contact voltage...

  • Page 63: Impedance Measurement By Means Of The Accessory Imp57

    Gx Series 6.4.13. Impedance measurement by means of the accessory IMP57 Impedance measurements performed with the optional accessory IMP57 involve its connection to the Master unit via optical connector through the optical cable/RS-232 C2001 supplied with same accessory. The IMP57 must be directly powered by the mains on which measurements are performed. For detailed information, please refer to the user manual of the accessory IMP57.
  • Page 64 Gx Series 4. The symbol indicates the correct connection and recognition of the IMP57 by the instrument. Check the green STATUS LED lighting on the IMP57. The value of the voltage between the measurement points is shown in the upper part of the display. Press the GO/STOP key for few seconds on the instrument to start the test.

  • Page 65: Anomalous Situations

    Gx Series 6.4.14. Anomalous situations 1. If the instrument detects an L-N or L-PE voltage higher than the maximum limit (265V), it does not carry out the test and displays a screen like the one to the side. Check the connection of measuring cables. 2.
  • Page 66 Gx Series 6. If the instrument detects that the phase and neutral leads are inverted, it does not carry out the test and a screen similar to the one reported to the side is displayed. Rotate the shuko plug or check the connection of measuring cables.

  • Page 67: Seq: Phase Sequence And Phase Concordance Test

    Gx Series 6.5. SEQ: PHASE SEQUENCE AND PHASE CONCORDANCE TEST This function is performed in compliance with standards IEC/EN61557-7 and allows testing the phase sequence and concordance by direct contact with live parts (not on cables with insulating sheath). The following operating modes are available: one lead measurement two leads measurement.
  • Page 68 Gx Series 3. Insert the blue and black connectors of the single cables in the corresponding input terminals of the instrument B4, B1 (2T measurement). Insert in the free end of the cables the corresponding alligator clips or tips. It is also possible to use the remote lead by inserting its multipolar connector into the input lead B1.
  • Page 69 Gx Series 8. At the end of the test, if the detected phase sequence is correct, the instrument displays a screen like the one shown to the side (result "1-2-3"). Press the SAVE button or touch the icon to save the measurement (see §...

  • Page 70: Anomalous Situations

    Gx Series 6.5.1. Anomalous situations 1. If between the test start and the acquisition of the first voltage or between the acquisition of the first and second voltage, a time longer than around 10s has elapsed, the instrument displays a screen like the one to the side. 2.

  • Page 71: Leakage: Leakage Current Measurement

    Gx Series 6.6. LEAKAGE: LEAKAGE CURRENT MEASUREMENT Using an external clamp, this function allows measuring the leakage current (by means of the optional accessory HT96U). Fig. 26: Indirect measurement of leakage current in three-phase systems Fig. 27: Direct measurement of leakage current in three-phase systems Touch the icon.
  • Page 72 Gx Series 5. The value of the measured leakage current appears in real time on the display as shown in the screen to the side. Press the SAVE button or touch the icon to save the measurement (see § 7.1). EN - 71...

  • Page 73: Earth: Measurement Of Earth Resistance

    Gx Series 6.7. EARTH: MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE The instrument allows performing the measurement of earth resistance of an installation in the following ways:  Measurement of earth resistance with 3-wire or 2-wire voltammetric method  Measurement of ground resistivity () with Wenner 4-wire method ...
  • Page 74 Gx Series Fig. 29: Two-wire earth resistance measurement using an auxiliary rod Fig. 30: Two-wire earth resistance measurement from the panel board Fig. 31: Ground resistivity measurement EN - 73...
  • Page 75 Gx Series 1. Select the options “TN, TT or “IT”, “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). Touch the icon. The screen to the side (TT and IT systems) is shown on the display.
  • Page 76 Gx Series Touch the icon to zero the value in the "A" field and use the virtual keyboard to set the value of fault current (declared by the Energy distribution board) between 1A and 9999A. Confirm the choice by going back to the initial measurement screen.
  • Page 77 Gx Series 11Drive the auxiliary rods into the ground keeping to the distance instructions provided by the standards (see § 0). 12Connect the alligator clips to the auxiliary rods and to the installation under test according to Fig. 28, Fig. 29, Fig. 30 or Fig. 31. 13 Press the GO/STOP key.
  • Page 78 Gx Series 16 For earth resistance measurement in TN systems, in case of positive result (see § 13.12), the screen to the side is displayed by the instrument. It contains the value of contact voltage in the secondary display, the value of contact resistance of the voltage probe (Rs) and the value of contact resistance of the current probe (Rh).

  • Page 79: 3-Wire Or 2-Wire Earth Measure - Usa, Extra Europe And Germany Countries

    Gx Series 6.7.2. 3-wire or 2-wire earth measure – USA, Extra Europe and Germany countries 1. Select the “USA”, “Extra Europe” or “Germany” reference countries (see § 5.1.2). Select the options “TN”, “TT” (measurement not available for USA country) or “IT” (measurement not available for USA country), “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz”...
  • Page 80 Gx Series Touch the icon to zero the value in the "" field and use the virtual keyboard to set the value of limit earth resistance between 1 and 999. Confirm the choice by going back to the initial measurement screen. Connect the instrument to the installation as indicated in the points 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the §...
  • Page 81 Gx Series 9. For earth resistance measurement in TN systems, in case of positive result (measured value LOWER than set limit value), the screen to the side is displayed by the instrument. It contains also the value of contact resistance of the voltage probe (Rs) and the value of contact resistance of the current probe (Rh).

  • Page 82: Earth Measurement With Optional Clamp T2100

    Gx Series 6.7.3. Earth measurement with optional clamp T2100 This measurement allows evaluating the partial resistances of the single earth rods of complex ring networks without disconnecting them and performs the calculation of the corresponden parallel resistance. Please refer to the user manual of clamp T2100 for specific details.
  • Page 83 Gx Series 1. Select the options “TN, TT or “IT”, “25 or 50V”, “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). Touch the icon, touch the first icon in the lower left corner and set the measurement mode (see §...
  • Page 84 Gx Series 5. After the insertion of the value of the first rod it will be not possible to transfer the eventually measrements saved inside the T2100 by means the key. Perform the same procedure for each rod of the network in question. At the end of the measurements, press the GO/STOP key on the instrument.

  • Page 85: Anomalous Situations In 3-Wire And 2-Wire Earth Measurements

    Gx Series 6.7.4. Anomalous situations in 3-wire and 2-wire earth measurements 1. When starting a measurement, if the instrument detects an interfering voltage higher than 10V at the volt and ampere circuits input, it does not perform the test and displays the screen to the side.

  • Page 86: Aux: Measure Of Ambient Parameters Via External Probes

    Gx Series 6.8. AUX: MEASURE OF AMBIENT PARAMETERS VIA EXTERNAL PROBES By means of external transducers, this function allows measuring the following environmental parameters: °C air temperature in °C by means of thermometric transducer °F air temperature in °F by means of thermometric transducer Lux(20) illuminance of white light sources and LED sources by means of luxmetric transducer with a 20Lux capacity Lux(2k) illuminance of white light sources and LED sources by means of luxmetric...
  • Page 87 Gx Series If the HT53L probe is used, select the color of the LED source under test from the options: STD (standard white light source), White, Red, Yellow, Green, Blue and Purple as shown in the screen to the side Confirm the choices by going back to the initial measurement screen 4.

  • Page 88: V%: Voltage Drop Of Main Lines

    Gx Series 6.9. ΔV%: VOLTAGE DROP OF MAIN LINES This feature allows to evaluating the percentage value of voltage drop between two points of a main line in which a protection device is installed and comparing this value to possible limit value specified by guidelines.
  • Page 89 Gx Series 1. Select the option “50Hz or 60Hz” and the reference Phase-Neutral or Phase-Phase voltage in the general settings of the instrument (see § 5.1.4). Touch the icon. The screen to the side appears on the display. Touch the lower left icon to set the type of measurement.
  • Page 90 Gx Series Touch the icon to zero the value in the “%” field and use the virtual keyboard to set the value of V% in the range 1% to 99%. Confirm the selection and go back to the previous screen 6.
  • Page 91 Gx Series 10 Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument to measure the Z2 impedance and complete the V% voltage drop measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the measuring leads of the instrument from the system being tested In case of positive result (maximum percentage value of calculated voltage drop according to §...

  • Page 92: Anomalous Situations

    Gx Series 6.9.1. Anomalous situations 1. If the instrument detects an L-N or L-PE voltage higher than the maximum limit (265V), it does not carry out the test and displays a screen like the one to the side. Check the connection of measuring cables 2.
  • Page 93 Gx Series 6. If the instrument detects that the phase and neutral leads are inverted, it does not carry out the test and a screen similar to the one reported to the side is displayed. Rotate the shuko plug or check the connection of measuring cables 7.

  • Page 94: Auto Test: Automatic Test Sequence (Notrip , Rcd, M)

    Gx Series 6.10. AUTO TEST: AUTOMATIC TEST SEQUENCE (NOTRIP , RCD, M) This function allows to perform in automatic sequence the following measurements:  Overall earth resistance without causing the RCD tripping (NoTrip )  Tripping time and tripping current of General RCD type A ( ), AC ( ) or B ( ...

  • Page 95: Autotest In Tt Systems

    Gx Series 4. Insert the green, blue and black connectors of the three-pin shuko plug into the relevant instrument input terminals B3, B4, B1. As an alternative, use the single cables and apply the relevant alligator clips to the free ends of the cables. It is also possible to use the remote lead by inserting its multipolar connector into the input lead B1.
  • Page 96 Gx Series 9. In case of positive result of the three test sequentially performed as NoTrip (see § 13.8), RCD (see § 13.4) and M L/N-PE the symbol is shown and the screen to the side is displayed by the instrument. Press the SAVE button or touch the icon to save the measurement (see §...

  • Page 97: Autotest In Tn Systems

    Gx Series 14 In case of negative result of the M N-PE, the auto test is automatically blocked, the symbol is shown the screen to the side is displayed. Note red value (lower than minimum set trhreshold) of the N-PE insulation resistance Press the SAVE button or touch the icon to save...
  • Page 98 Gx Series 10 In case of negative result of the NoTrip (Z and/or >199), the auto test is automatically blocked, the L-PE symbol is shown and the screen to the side is displayed. Note red value of the relative Loop impedance Press the SAVE button or touch the icon to save...

  • Page 99: Anomalous Situations

    Gx Series 6.10.3. Anomalous situations 1. If the instrument detects an L-N or L-PE voltage higher than the maximum limit (265V), it does not carry out the test and displays a screen like the one to the side. Check the connection of measuring cables 2.
  • Page 100 Gx Series 6. If the instrument detects that the phase and neutral leads are inverted, it does not carry out the test and a screen similar to the one reported to the side is displayed. Rotate the shuko plug or check the connection of measuring cables 7.
  • Page 101 Gx Series 11 If the instrument detects a voltage value higher than 10V at its terminals, it does not carry out the L/N-PE insulation test, gives out a long sound and the screen reported here to the side is displayed EN - 100...

  • Page 102: Pqa: Real Time Measurement Of Main Parameters

    Gx Series 6.11. PQA: REAL TIME MEASUREMENT OF MAIN PARAMETERS This feature allows to performing real time measurements of voltage, current (with optional transducer clamp), powers, power factors and harmonic analysis on Single phase and Three phase balanced systems. Fig. 36: Connection for measurement on Single phase installations Fig.
  • Page 103 Gx Series Touch the icon to zero the value into the “FS” field and use the virtual keyboard to set the full scale of the used transducer clamp. This value is within the range: 1A  3000A Touch the right bottom icon to set the type of measurement.
  • Page 104 Gx Series 7. Touch the icon “ ”to display the parameters of harmonic analysis. The display shows the screen on the right (relative to a Single phase plant. The display shows the histogram graphic of the percentage amplitude relative to the fundamental and the voltage harmonic V1N (Single phase) or VL1-L2 (Three phase balanced) and the fundamental and the current harmonics from 1...

  • Page 105: Evse: Safety Test For Electric Car Charging Stations

    Gx Series 6.12. EVSE: SAFETY TEST FOR ELECTRIC CAR CHARGING STATIONS This function allows to perform a complete electrical safety test on the charging stations of electric cars (EVSE - Electrical Vehicle Supply Equipment) systems in connection with the optional adapter EV-TEST100 capable of simulating the presence of an electric vehicle, measuring the output voltage signals and simulate fault conditions in accordance with the reference IEC/EN61851-1 and IEC/EN60364-7-722 guidelines.
  • Page 106 Gx Series Fig. 38: Connection of the EV-TEST100 adapter to the instrument and the EVSE system Test 1  Continuity test of PE protective conductor of the EVSE system Press GO/STOP button to start the test sequence. The screen to the side is shown on the display. Connect the instrument to the adapter as shown in the diagram on the display (input B4 on input E and input B1 to the main earth collector of the system).
  • Page 107 Gx Series 7. The value of the result is shown in the upper part of the screen while the partial values of the tests with inverted polarity of the test source in addition to the actual test currents are shown in the fields "R +" and "R-" The symbol indicates the correct result of the measurement.
  • Page 108 Gx Series Test 2  Insulation measurement of EVSE system Connect the instrument to the adapter as shown in the screen on the display (input B4 on input N, input B3 on input E and input B1 on input L1) Act on the three adapter selectors by setting the followed positions as shown by the instrument by flashing red/blue...
  • Page 109 Gx Series 14 Connect the input B1 on the input L2 of adapter shown in the screen to the side Press the icon to continue with the test or press the icon to exit the test and return to the initial screen The measurement result of the L2PE test is shown in the screen to the side.
  • Page 110 Gx Series 18 At the end of the test, if the value of the measured resistance in one or both test should be lower than the set limit, the screen to the side is shown on the display. The value is shown in red and the symbol indicates the negative result of the measurement Press again the GO/STOP key to repeat the test...
  • Page 111 Gx Series Test 3  Check states of the EVSE system The purpose of this test (consisting of 6 steps) is to check all the internal states of the EVSE system in accordance with the prescriptions of the reference standards by performing simulations with the EV-TEST100 accessory connected.
  • Page 112 Gx Series Connect the instrument to the adapter as shown in the diagram on the display (input B4 on input N, input B3 on input E and input B1 on input L1). Act on the three adapter selectors by setting the followed positions as shown by the instrument by flashing red/blue indications:...
  • Page 113 Gx Series Act on the three adapter selectors by setting the following positions as shown by the instrument with flashing red/blue indications:  PP State  13A,20A,32A or 63A  CP State  B  Fault  OK Try to remove the connection plug of the EV-TEST100 adapter in order to check if the EVSE system performs the correct locking as indicated in the screen to the side...
  • Page 114 Gx Series If the test fails, the screen like the one on the side is shown on the display. The incorrect value of the parameter is shown in red and the symbol indicates the non-ok result of the measurement. Press again the GO/STOP key to repeat the test Press the SAVE key or touch the icon for the partial saving of the test and to end the test sequence.
  • Page 115 Gx Series If the test fails, the screen like the one on the side is shown on the display. The incorrect value of the parameter is shown in red and the symbol indicates the non-ok result of the measurement. Press again the GO/STOP key to repeat the test Press the SAVE key or touch the icon for the partial saving of the test and to end the test sequence.
  • Page 116 Gx Series If the test fails, the screen like the one on the side is shown on the display. The incorrect value of the parameter is shown in red and the symbol indicates the non-ok result of the measurement. Press again the GO/STOP key to repeat the test Press the SAVE key or touch the icon for the partial saving of the test and to end the test sequence.
  • Page 117 Gx Series If the test fails, the screen like the one on the side is shown on the display. The incorrect value of the parameter is shown in red and the symbol indicates the non-ok result of the measurement. Press again the GO/STOP key to repeat the test Press the SAVE key or touch the icon for the partial saving of the test and to end the test sequence.
  • Page 118 Gx Series If the test fails, the screen like the one on the side is shown on the display. The incorrect value of the parameter is shown in red and the symbol indicates the non-ok result of the measurement. Press again the GO/STOP key to repeat the test Press the SAVE key or touch the icon for the partial saving of the test and to end the test sequence.
  • Page 119 Gx Series During this whole phase, do not disconnect the measuring terminals of the instrument from the system on test. In case of positive outcome (global earth resistance lower than the ratio between the limit contact voltage and the RCD tripping current - see § 13.8), the screen to the side is shown by the instrument in which the contact voltage value is indicated on the secondary display.
  • Page 120 Gx Series During this whole phase, do not disconnect the measuring terminals of the instrument from the system. In case of positive result (Z or Z LOWER or L-PE EQUAL to limit impedance relative to protection device within the specified time – see § 13.7), the screen to the side is displayed by the instrument.
  • Page 121 Gx Series Test 5  Test of RCD type A of EVSE system Connect the instrument to the adapter as shown in the diagram on the display (input B4 on input N, input B3 on input E and input B1 on input L1).
  • Page 122 Gx Series During this whole phase, do not disconnect the measuring terminals of the instrument from the system At the end of the test, if the tripping current is within the values of the table in the relevant § 11.1 the instrument displays the symbol to indicate the positive outcome of the test and displays a screen like the one...
  • Page 123 Gx Series Test 6  Test of RCD type B of EVSE system Connect the instrument to the adapter as shown in the diagram on the display (input B4 on input N, input B3 on input E and input B1 on input L1).
  • Page 124 Gx Series During this whole phase, do not disconnect the measuring terminals of the instrument from the system. At the end of the test, if the tripping current is within the values of the table in the relevant § 11.1 the instrument displays the symbol to indicate the positive outcome of the test and displays a screen like the one...

  • Page 125: Operations With The Memory

    Gx Series 7. OPERATIONS WITH THE MEMORY 7.1. SAVING MEASUREMENTS The structure of the memory area (999 locations), of "tree" type with the possibility to expand/hide the nodes, allows the division up to 3 markers nested so as to finalize the precise locations of the measuring points with the insertion of test results.

  • Page 126: Recalling Measurements And Deleting The Memory

    Gx Series 7.2. RECALLING MEASUREMENTS AND DELETING THE MEMORY Touch the icon in the general menu. The screen to the side appears on the display. Each measurement is identified by the icons (test with positive result) (test with negative result). Touch the desired measurement to select it on the display.

  • Page 127: Anomalous Situations

    Gx Series 7.2.1. Anomalous situations 1. In case there is no measure saved and the instrument memory is accessed, a screen similar to the one reported here to the side is displayed. 2. In case tries to define a new sub-node over the 3rd level the instrument provides the warning screen shown to the side and blocks the operation 3.

  • Page 128: Connecting The Instrument To A Pc Or Mobile Devices

    Gx Series 8. CONNECTING THE INSTRUMENT TO A PC OR MOBILE DEVICES The connection between a PC and the instrument can be done via a serial port (see Fig. 3) by means of an optical cable/USB C2006 or by means a WiFi connection. Before making the connection in USB mode, it is necessary to install on the PC the C2006 cable drivers present in the supplied CD-ROM in addition to the management software.

  • Page 129: Use Of Strap Set

    Gx Series 9. USE OF STRAP SET It is possible to use a strap set (SP-0500 optional accessory) which allows the operator to carry the instrument on his shoulder. The strap set (see Fig.38) is composed of the following parts: CAPTION 1.
  • Page 130 Gx Series Fig. 41: Mounting hooks to fix straps 3. The instrument with the fitted half-shells and hooks must be as shown in Fig. 41 Fig. 42: Instrument with fitted half-shells and hooks EN - 129...
  • Page 131 Gx Series 4. Connect the snap-hooks of the shoulder strap (see Fig. 38 - part 3) to the two hooks on the top of the instrument, adjusting the inner part which surrounds the operator's neck (see Fig. 42) Fig. 43: Complete mounting of set strap 5.

  • Page 132: Maintenance

    Gx Series MAINTENANCE 10.1. GENERAL INFORMATION  While using and storing the instrument, carefully observe the recommendations listed in this manual in order to prevent possible damage or danger during use.  Do not use the instrument in environments with high humidity levels or high temperatures.

  • Page 133: Technical Specifications

    Gx Series TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Accuracy is calculated as: ±[%reading + (no. of digits) * resolution] at 23°C, <80%RH. Refer to the Table 1 for the correspondence between models and availbale features 11.1. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS AC TRMS voltage Range [V] Resolution [V] Accuracy 15 ...
  • Page 134 Gx Series Test on RCD protection (Molded case type) Differential protection type (RCD): AC ( ), A ( ), B( ) – General (G), Selective (S) and Delayed ( ) Voltage range Phase-Earth, Phase-Neutral: 100V 265V RCD type AC and A, 190V 265V RCD type B Rated tripping currents (IN): 6mA,10mA, 30mA, 100mA, 300mA, 500mA, 650mA, 1000mA 50/60Hz ...
  • Page 135 Gx Series Test on RCD without integral current breaking device (with accessory RCDX10) Differential protection type (RCD): AC ( ), A ( ), B( ) – Generali (G), Selettivi (S) e Ritardati ( ) 100V 265V RCD type AC and A, 190V 265V RCD type B Voltage range Phase-Earth, Phase-Neutral: 0.3A ...
  • Page 136 Gx Series Contact voltage (measured during RCD and NoTrip test) Range [V] Resolution [V] Accuracy   Ut LIM -0%, +(5.0 rdg + 3V) Contact voltage (EARTH test – TT systems) Range [V] Resolution [V] Accuracy 0  99.9 -0%, +(5.0 lettura + 3V) Contact voltage (EARTH test –...
  • Page 137 Gx Series MEASUREMENT OF NETWORK PARAMETERS AND HARMONICS Voltage Range [V] Resolution [V] Accuracy 15.0  459.9 (1.0rdg + 1dgt) 0.1V  1,5 ; Frequency: 42.5  69.0 Hz Crest factor Frequency Range [Hz] Resolution [Hz] Accuracy 42.5  69.0 (2.0rdg + 2dgt) 0.01 Allowed voltage: 15.0 ...

  • Page 138: Reference Guidelines

    Gx Series 11.2. REFERENCE GUIDELINES Safety: IEC/EN61010-1, IEC/EN61557-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -10 EMC : IEC/EN61326-1 Technical documentation: IEC/EN61187 Safety of measuring accessories: IEC/EN61010-031, IEC/EN61010-2-032 Insulation: double insulation Pollution level: Max operating altitude: 2000m (6562ft) Measurement category: CAT IV 300V to earth, maximum 415V between inputs LOW...

  • Page 139: Service

    Gx Series SERVICE 12.1. WARRANTY CONDITIONS This instrument is warranted against any material or manufacturing defect, in compliance with the general sales conditions. During the warranty period, defective parts may be replaced. However, the manufacturer reserves the right to repair or replace the product. Should the instrument be returned to the After-sales Service or to a Dealer, transport will be at the Customers charge.

  • Page 140: Theoretical

    Gx Series THEORETICAL APPENDIXES 13.1. CONTINUITY OF PROTECTIVE CONDUCTORS Purpose of the test Check the continuity of:  Protective conductors (PE), main equalizing potential conductors (EQP), secondary equalizing potential conductors (EQS) in TT and TN-S systems  Neutral conductors having functions of protective conductors (PEN) in TN-C system. This test is to be preceded by a visual check verifying the existence of yellow-green protective and equalizing potential conductors as well as compliance of the sections used with the standards requirements.

  • Page 141: Insulation Resistance

    Gx Series 13.2. INSULATION RESISTANCE Purpose of the test Check that the insulation resistance of the installation complies with the requirements of the applicable guidelines. This test has to be performed with the circuit being tested not powered and with the possible loads it supplies disconnected. Parts of the system to be checked Check that the insulation resistance between: ...

  • Page 142: Checking Circuit Separation

    Gx Series 13.3. CHECKING CIRCUIT SEPARATION Definitions A SELV system is a zero-category system or safety extra low voltage system characterized by power supply from an independent (e.g. batteries, small generator set) or safety source (e.g. safety transformer), protective separation from other electrical systems (double or reinforced insulation or earthed metal screen) and absence of earthed points (insulated from the earth).
  • Page 143 Gx Series EXAMPLE OF SEPARATION TEST BETWEEN ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS Insulation or safety transformer separating the circuits TEST BETWEEN ACTIVE PARTS Connect an instrument probe to one of the two conductors of the separated circuit and the other to one of the conductors of a non- separated circuit.

  • Page 144: Test On Differential Switches (Rcd)

    Gx Series 13.4. TEST ON DIFFERENTIAL SWITCHES (RCD) Purpose of the test Checking that the General (G) and Selective (S) and Delayed ( ) differential protection devices have been correctly installed and adjusted and that they maintain their characteristics over time. The check must make sure that the differential switch trips at a current not higher than its nominal operating current IdN and that the tripping time meets the following conditions, according to the case: ...

  • Page 145: Verify Of The Breaking Capacity Of Protection Devices

    Gx Series Measurement of tripping current for protection differential switches  This test aims at checking the real tripping current of general differential switches (it does not apply to selective differential switches).  In the presence of differential switches with selectable tripping current, it is useful to perform this test in order to check the real tripping current of the differential switch.

  • Page 146: Verify Of Protection Against Indirect Contacts In Tn Systems

    Gx Series 13.6. VERIFY OF PROTECTION AGAINST INDIRECT CONTACTS IN TN SYSTEMS Purpose of the test The protection against indirect contacts in the TN systems must be guarantee by means a protection device against the overcurrents (typically MCB or fuse) which swich off the power supply of the circuit or the electrical equipment in case of fault between an active part and a ground mass or a protection conductor within a interval not exceeding at 5s, sufficient for the equipments, or in compliance with the times declared in the following...
  • Page 147 Gx Series Depending on the set values of phase-phase, phase-neutral or phase-PE voltage (see § 5.1.4) and the measured value of fault loop impedance, the instrument calculates the minimum value of the assumed short-circuit current to be interrupted by the protection device.

  • Page 148: No Trip Test In Tn Systems

    Gx Series 13.7. NO TRIP TEST IN TN SYSTEMS The protection against indirect contacts in the TN systems must be guarantee by means a protection device against the overcurrents (typically MCB or fuse) which swich off the power supply of the circuit or the electrical equipment in case of fault between an active part and a ground mass or a protection conductor within a interval not exceeding at 5s, sufficient for the equipments.

  • Page 149: Verify Of Protection Against Indirect Contacts In Tt Systems

    Gx Series 13.8. VERIFY OF PROTECTION AGAINST INDIRECT CONTACTS IN TT SYSTEMS Purpose of the test Checking that the protection device is coordinated with the value of earth resistance. We cannot assume a priori a reference limit value for earth resistance as a reference when checking the measurements result.

  • Page 150: Verify Of Protection Against Indirect Contacts In It Systems

    Gx Series 13.9. VERIFY OF PROTECTION AGAINST INDIRECT CONTACTS IN IT SYSTEMS In IT systems the active parts must be isolated from the ground or be connected to earth through an impedance of sufficiently high value. In the case of a single earth fault current of the first fault is weak and therefore it is not necessary to interrupt the circuit.

  • Page 151: Verify Of Protection Coordination L-L, L-N And L-Pe

    Gx Series 13.10. VERIFY OF PROTECTION COORDINATION L-L, L-N AND L-PE Purpose of the test Test the coordination of protective devices (typically MCB or fuse) present in a Single- phase or Three-phase installation as a function of the limit time of fault extinction by the protection set by the user and the calculated value of the short-circuit current.
  • Page 152 Gx Series CAUTION The instrument must be used to measure fault loop impedance values at least 10 times higher than the resolution value of the instrument in order to minimize errors. Depending on the set values of nominal voltage (see § 5.1.4) and the measured value of fault loop impedance, the instrument calculates the minimum value of the assumed short- circuit current to be interrupted by the protection device.

  • Page 153: Verify Of The Protection Against Short Circuits - Test I2T

    Gx Series 13.11. VERIFY OF THE PROTECTION AGAINST SHORT CIRCUITS – TEST I2T The I t parameter represents the specific energy (expressed in A s) let through by the protective device in short-circuit condition. The I t energy must be able to be supported both by the cables and by the distribution bars.

  • Page 154: Verification Of Voltage Drop On Main Lines

    Gx Series 13.12. VERIFICATION OF VOLTAGE DROP ON MAIN LINES Measurement voltage drop as a result of current flow through a main line or a part of it can be very important if it is necessary:  Verify the capability of an existing main line to supply a load ...

  • Page 155: Measurement Of Earth Resistance In Tn Systems

    Gx Series 13.13. MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE IN TN SYSTEMS Purpose of the test Check that the measured value of earth resistance is lower than the maximum limit calculated on the basis of the maximum allowable contact voltage Utp for the system. In accordance with the requirements of standard EN50522 (for USA, Germany and Extra Europe countries refer to the respective guidelines) the maximum allowable contact voltage is dependent on the time duration of the fault according to the following Table 9...
  • Page 156 Gx Series Measurement of earth impedance by voltammetric method Creating cables extensions If the length of the cables supplied with the instrument is not enough, you can create your own extensions to carry out the measurements in the system without influencing the instrument accuracy and, by the nature of the voltammetric method, without the need to perform any compensation of measuring cable resistance.
  • Page 157 Gx Series Big-sized earth networks This technique is always based on the voltammetric method and is used where it is difficult to position the auxiliary earth current rod at a distance equal to 5 times the diagonal of the area of the ground system by reducing this distance to once the diagonal of the ground system (see Fig.
  • Page 158 Gx Series Ground resistivity measurement This test aims at analyzing the resistivity value of the ground in order to define the type of rods to be used when designing the installation. For the measurement of resistivity, there are no correct or incorrect values. The various values obtained using distances between increasing "d"...
  • Page 159 Gx Series Approximate evaluation of intentional rods' contribution The resistance of an Rd rod can be calculated with the following formulas (  r = average resistivity of the ground). a) resistance of a vertical rod Rd =  / L where L = length of the element touching the ground b) resistance of a horizontal rod Rd = 2 ...

  • Page 160: Voltage And Current Harmonics

    Gx Series 13.14. VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS Any periodical non-sine wave can be represented as a sum of sinusoidal waves having each a frequency that corresponds to an entire multiple of the fundamental, according to the relation:    ...

  • Page 161: Presence Of Harmonics: Causes

    Gx Series Odd harmonics Even harmonics Not multiple of 3 Multiple of 3 Relative voltage % Order h Relative voltage Relative voltage Order h Order h % Max % Max 6..24 Table 10 Limits for the harmonic voltages the supplier may introduce into the network These limits, theoretically applicable only for the supplier of electric energy, provide however a series of reference values within which the harmonics introduced into the network by the users must be contained.

  • Page 162: Presence Of Harmonics: Consequences

    Gx Series 13.14.2. Presence of harmonics: consequences In general, even harmonics, i.e. the 2 etc., do not cause problems. Triple harmonics, odd multiples of three, are added on the neutral (instead of cancelling each other) thus creating a condition of overheating of the wire which is extremely dangerous. Designers should take into consideration the three issues given below when designing a power distribution system that will contain harmonic current: ...

  • Page 163: Calculation Of Powers And Power Factors

    Gx Series 13.15. CALCULATION OF POWERS AND POWER FACTORS Single phase mode The instrument measures the values of RMS Voltage and RMS Current and calculates the average Power values for each period. The formulas for power calculation are:   ...
  • Page 164 Fax: +55 19 9979.11325 eMail: info@htinstruments.es eMail: ht@htitalia.it eMail: vendas@ht-instruments.com.br Web: www.htinstruments.es Web: www.ht-instruments.com Web: www.ht-instruments.com.br HT INSTRUMENTS USA LLC HT INSTRUMENTS GMBH HT ITALIA CHINA OFFICE 3145 Bordentown Avenue W3 Am Waldfriedhof 1b 意大利 HT 中国办事处 08859 Parlin - NJ - USA...

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