BK Precision 4040 Manual Book
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BK Precision 4040 Manual Book

Guidebook to function generators
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B&K PRECISION'S
GUIDEBOOK
TO
FUNCTION
GENERATORS

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Summary of Contents for BK Precision 4040

  • Page 1 B&K PRECISION’S GUIDEBOOK FUNCTION GENERATORS...

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......1 Using a Function Generator as a Bias and Signal Source .

  • Page 3: Introduction

    GUIDEBOOK FUNCTION GENERATORS • Government repair facilities Function Generators are one of the most quency sweep, AM and FM operation, and important and versatile pieces of test equip- gated burst mode. • Electronic hobbyists ment that a Technician or Engineer can use. In both design and troubleshooting, the circuit in Although applications for function gener- In order to use a function generator to its...

  • Page 4: Common Function Generator Terms

    COMMON FUNCTION GENERATOR TERMS Pulse Repetition Rate - Frequency of a pulse Fall Time - A measurement of how long it Note: the following terms are defined in the train, usually expressed in pulses per second takes a square wave to descend from 90% to context of function generators.
  • Page 5 COMMON FUNCTION GENERATOR TERMS Sweep - A repetitive variation of the output Triangle Wave - A waveform that varies allows adjustment of output symmetry from frequency of a function generator between periodically between a minimum and maxi- very high to very low duty cycle. This con- two end values usually known as the start and mum value, in similar fashion to a sine wave.

  • Page 6: Basic Function Generator Controls

    BASIC FUNCTION GENERATOR CONTROLS Fig. 1 depicts a hypothetical function jack. Output level can be decreased by 21. RUN/SET Switch. Selects sweep set or generator whose front panel includes most of approximately 20 dB with this control. sweep run operation. In the SETposition, the typical jacks and controls found on mod- the starting or ending sweep frequency is ern function generators, although names of...
  • Page 7 BASIC FUNCTION GENERATOR CONTROLS Fig. 1 Typical function generator front panel. 31. Hz and KHz LED. Indicates whether the 33. M O D U L ATION ON/OFF S w i t c h . 35. M O D U L ATION FM/AM Switch.

  • Page 8: Function Generator Basics

    FUNCTION GENERATOR BASICS Fig. 2 Block diagram of typical function generator circuitry. the control. This signal is then combined with refer to it as a single component for simplici- The following discussion deals with the other inputs, such as the instantaneous volt- fundamentals of function generator operation ages from the VCF (voltage-controlled fre- on a block diagram level.

  • Page 9: Function Selection

    FUNCTION GENERATOR BASICS each of the same value, “I”. The diode switching arrangement, which usually con- sists of a four-diode bridge, is represented figuratively by a double-pole, double-throw switch controlled by the flip-flop output. In the position shown, “AD”, the flip-flop is in the low state, and it sinks all current from the positive source.

  • Page 10: Gated Burst Circuit

    FUNCTION GENERATOR BASICS The zero crossover detector monitors the triangle voltage on timing capacitor C T and causes the burst interval to start and stop at the zero point. This insures that the gated out- put consists of integral whole- or half-cycles, depending on the particular generator.

  • Page 11: Applications

    APPLICATIONS FIG. 6. Possible signal tracing points in a simple amplifier. INTRODUCTION produce undesired clipping in later stages. The signal amplitude should simulate the Also, there is usually no DC offset present, normal signal levels used in the circuit where Because of the wide range of function although, as shown in the figure, most ampli- signal is being injected.

  • Page 12: Amplifier Overload Characteristics

    APPLICATIONS AMPLIFIER OVERLOAD CHARACTERISTICS The overload point for some amplifiers is difficult to determine using a sine wave input. The triangle waveform is ideal for this type of test because any departure from absolute lin- earity is readily detectable. Using the triangle output, the peak overload condition for an amplifier can be easily determined.

  • Page 13: Frequency Response Measurements, Linear/Log Display

    APPLICATIONS mark the location of the dot on the screen for all frequencies of interest within the sweep, as shown in the figure. 6. Turn on the sweep and adjust the sweep width and starting controls for a trace which encompasses all of the desired markers on the screen.
  • Page 14 APPLICATIONS NOTE Some generators have separate start frequen- cy and stop frequency controls, which facili- tate setting of sweep endpoints. However, the procedure of steps 3, 5, and 6 is still advis- able. Moreover, on some units, these controls are uncalibrated during logarithmic sweeps. In that case, the procedure is still necessary.

  • Page 15: Frequency Response Using A Digital Storage Oscilloscope

    APPLICATIONS 13. Connect the output of the generator to the input of the device under test. Use a ter- mination, if necessary, to match the input impedance of the device to the output impedance of the generator. 14. Set the scope to display both channels simultaneously.

  • Page 16: Testing Speakers And Impedance Networks

    APPLICATIONS 3. If the oscilloscope method is used, use sweep operation for frequency response measurement. 4. In speaker testing, a pronounced increase of voltage will occur at some low fre- quency. This is the resonant frequency of the speaker system (Fig. 14c). The speak- er enclosure will modify the results obtained from the same speaker without an enclosure.

  • Page 17: Am Receiver Alignment

    APPLICATIONS suppressed carrier. When a signal is ampli- tude-modulated, two “sidebands” are created on either side of the carrier frequency. Each of these sidebands contains all of the modu- lating information; consequently, either the carrier alone or the carrier and one sideband can be suppressed for reduced power con- sumption by the radio transmitter.

  • Page 18: Fm Communications Receiver Alignment

    APPLICATIONS always correct for injection into TTL circuits without adjustment of offset or amplitude. The standard square wave output of the generator can also be useful in determining logic thresholds for a particular TTL circuit. The user can start by applying a TTL-level signal, with proper DC offset, and then grad- ually decrease the amplitude until marginal operation is produced by the circuit under...

  • Page 19: Digitalfrequencyselection

    APPLICATIONS 5. With the frequency selector switch in the F1 position, adjust R1 for the desired fre- quency as observed on the counter. Repeat this for the other frequencies desired. 6. After the initial set-up, whenever this cir- cuit is used for automatic frequency selection, the frequency dial on the gen- erator must be placed at the same end of rotation for repeatability.

  • Page 20: Testing Modulation Limiters And Compression Amplifiers

    APPLICATIONS T E S T I N G M O D U L ATION LIMITERS AND COMPRESSION AMPLIFIERS Compression amplifiers are often used in communications equipment to provide better audibility over a wide range of input condi- tions. One very common application is mod- ulation limiting in CB radio transmitters.

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