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Combustion Management Systems MM APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES 18.12.2019 Technical Manual...
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MM Application Possibilities 18 December 2019 This manual and all the information contained herein is copyright of Autoflame Engineering Ltd. It may not be copied in the whole or part without the consent of the Managing Director. Autoflame Engineering Ltd’s policy is one of continuous improvement in both design and manufacture.
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Autoflame product range, i.e. combustion, electrical and control. The sale of Autoflame’s systems and equipment referred to in this Manual assume that the dealer, purchaser and installer has the necessary skills at his disposal. i.e. A high degree of combustion engineering experience, and a thorough understanding of the local electrical codes of practice concerning boilers, burners and their ancillary systems and equipment.
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Contents SENSORS ............................1 Gas Pressure Sensor ......................1 1.1.1 Mk8 MM Valve Proving Schematics ..................4 1.1.2 Mini Mk8 MM Valve Proving Schematics ................9 1.1.3 Calculating Proving Time and Pressure Change .............. 15 Oil Pressure Sensor ......................18 Air Pressure Sensor ......................
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2.8.1 Single Servomotor with VSD ..................... 61 2.8.2 Digital Fan Adapter......................63 2.8.3 No Air Servomotor ......................64 Mk8 MM External 4-20mA Servomotor ................. 65 2.9.1 Overview ........................... 65 2.9.2 External 4-20mA Servomotor Requirements ..............65 2.9.3 Wiring ..........................66 2.9.4 Settings ..........................
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6.2.5 Single Point Change in Multi-Burner Operation ..............86 Multi-Burner Operation ......................87 6.3.1 Fully Linked Operation ...................... 87 6.3.2 Independent on Fault ......................88 Multi-Burner with Water Level Control .................. 89 Multi-Burner with EGA ......................89 6.4.1 Multi-Burner with Single EGA .................... 89 6.4.2 Multi-Burner with individual EGAs ..................
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Sensors SENSORS Gas Pressure Sensor Socket Gas Sensor Mk8 MM Mini Mk8 MM Brown Purple Blue Connect screen at one end only Quick connection screened flying lead (1.5m) Plug Circuit board Plug Pressure switching unit Sealing O-rings 1/8” NSP Nylon ¼”...
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Sensors Gas Pressure Sensor MM Application Possibilities Page | 2...
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Sensors Mk8 MM If the Valve Proving System (VPS) facility is to be used then specific options/parameters must be set. Option/Parameter Mk8 MM Fuel pressure sensor mode – fuel 1 Fuel pressure sensor mode – fuel 2 Fuel pressure sensor mode – fuel 3 Fuel pressure sensor mode –...
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1.1.1 Mk8 MM Valve Proving Schematics VPS and High/low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (3 valves) Option/ parameter 125 (126, 127, or 128 if fuel 2, 3 or 4) to 1 Option/ parameter 130 to 1 or 2...
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Sensors VPS and High/Low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (2 valves) Option/ parameter 125 (126, 127, or 128 if fuel 2, 3 or 4) to 1 Option/ parameter 130 to 0 High/Low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (2 valves)
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Sensors VPS and High/Low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (3 valves, single valve pilot) Option/ parameter 125 (126, 127, or 128 if fuel 2, 3 or 4) to 1 Option/ parameter 130 to 4 or 5 High/Low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (3 valves, single valve pilot)
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Sensors VPS and High/Low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (2 valves, single valve pilot) Option/ parameter 125 (126, 127, or 128 if fuel 2, 3 or 4) to 1 Option/ parameter 130 to 3 High/Low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (2 valves, single valve pilot)
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Sensors External VPS Option / parameter 125 (126, 127, or 128 if fuel 2, 3 or 4) to 3 Note: Please refer to page 3 for full list of VPS options/parameters. MM Application Possibilities Page | 8...
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Sensors 1.1.2 Mini Mk8 MM Valve Proving Schematics VPS and High/Low Pressure limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (3 valves) Option/ parameter 125 (126 if fuel 2) to 1 Option/ parameter 128 to 1 Option/ parameter 130 to 1 or 2...
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Sensors VPS and High/Low Pressure limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (2 valves) Option/ parameter 125 (126 if fuel 2) to 1 Option/ parameter 128 to 1 Option/ parameter 130 to 0 High/Low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (2 valves)
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Sensors VPS and High/Low Pressure limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (3 valves, single valve pilot) Option/ parameter 125 (126 if fuel 2) to 1 Option/ parameter 128 to 1 Option/ parameter 130 to 4 or 5 High/Low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (3 valves, single valve pilot)
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Sensors VPS and High/Low Pressure limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (2 valves, single valve pilot) Option/ parameter 125 (126 if fuel 2) to 1 Option/ parameter 128 to 1 Option/ parameter 130 to 3 High/Low Pressure Limits using Autoflame Gas Pressure Sensor (2 valves, single valve pilot)
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Sensors VPS using a Low Pressure Switch Option/ parameter 125 (126 if fuel 2) to 1 Option/ parameter 128 to 0 Option/ parameter 156 to 1 Note: Please refer to page 3 for full list of VPS options/parameters. Note: During VPS, the input on terminal 82 should be on during the VPS air proving and gas proving phases, and at all other VPS phases, the input to terminal 82 should be off.
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Sensors External VPS Option/ parameter 125 (126 if fuel 2) to 3 Note: Please refer to page 3 for full list of VPS options/parameters. MM Application Possibilities Page | 14...
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Sensors 1.1.3 Calculating Proving Time and Pressure Change The following formulae may be used for calculating the proving time and pressure change allowed. They are based on DVGW requirements of a leakage rate of 0.1% of the maximum volume flow. Valve Proving Time: ...
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Sensors Figure 1.1.3.i Mk8 MM Gas Valve Proving Diagram Figure 1.1.3.i shows the sequence for the Mk8 MM gas valve proving and high/low pressure limits using an Autoflame gas sensor. MM Application Possibilities Page | 16...
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Sensors Figure 1.1.3.ii Mini Mk8 MM Valve Proving Diagram Figure 1.1.3.ii shows the valve proving operation in the Mini Mk8 MM. The tests have been designed on the Mini Mk8 MM used with block valves; a pressure drop is seen when the valves close after the ‘void to air’...
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Sensors Oil Pressure Sensor Oil Sensor Mk8 MM Green (2) Blue (3) Red (1) 19mm (¾”) across flats ¼” NPT Drawing No. 9002 NEMA Torque setting Max 25Nm O-Ring material Viton Storage Temperature -25 to 85 C (-13 to 185 Operating Temperature -25 to 85 C (-13 to 185...
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Sensors Oil Pressure Sensor Note: Flying lead supplied length is 1.5m (PMA 1m). Mk8 MM If the oil pressure sensor is being used, the following options/parameters need to be set. Option/Parameter Mk8 MM Fuel pressure sensor mode – fuel 1 Fuel pressure sensor mode –...
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Sensors Air Pressure Sensor Air Sensor Mk8 MM Mini Mk8 MM Brown Purple Blue Socket Connect screen at only one end. Quick connection screened flying lead (1.5m) Plug Plug Circuit board Pressure switching unit Sealing O-rings ¼” Tapered male nipple 1/8”...
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Sensors Air Pressure Sensor MM Application Possibilities Page | 21...
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Sensors Mk8 MM If the air pressure sensor is being used, the following options/parameters need to be set. Option/Parameter Mk8 MM Air proving pressure threshold for purge Air pressure error window Air pressure sensor type Air proving pressure threshold Parameter 43 Air pressure sensor units Mini Mk8 MM If the air pressure sensor is being used, the following options/parameters need to be set.
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Sensors 1.3.1 Air Pressure Proving Pressure sensors are dual channel and self-check. Note: 1. Position 2 must be 0.25”wg (0.62mBar) higher than position 1. 2. Minimum pressure in normal run mode must be higher than position 2. 3. Position 8 must be set equal to position 2 or higher. 4.
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1.3.2 Air Pressure Tapped Fitting The Autoflame Air Pressure Sensor is supplied with a negative pressure port. This can be removed and installed as shown below, to measure a differential pressure. This is only necessary where the air pressure at low fire is below 0.4" w.g. or 1 mbar or when it is a local code requirement.
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Sensors Steam Pressure Sensor Steam Pressure Sensor Blue (3) White (2) Brown (1) For correct operation the detector must be installed with a pressure siphon loop. Do not install an isolation valve between the detector and the pressure vessel. PG 7 Cable Entry 27mm (1 1/16”) across flats 1/4”...
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Sensors Outside Temperature Sensor Sensor Mk8 MM Blue I.P. RATING NEMA Housing Aluminium Power Consumption Powered by MM Mounting Any Orientation 2 Core Screen Cable (2m length) Plastic Water Tight Conduit (1m length) Conduit Gland Aluminium Body (101mm length) Fixing Holes Drawing No.
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Sensors Outside Temperature Sensor MM Application Possibilities Page | 30...
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Sensors Outside Temperature Module MM Application Possibilities Page | 31...
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Sensors Outside Temperature Module – Wiring MM Application Possibilities Page | 32...
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Sensors Outside Temperature Compensation Outside Temperature Compensation (OTC) is a function which allows the boiler’s required setpoint to be automatically adjusted according to the outside air temperature. As the ambient air temperature increases the required setpoint will be decreased, and vice versa. To use OTC on a Mk8 MM, an outside temperature sensor is required, part number MM60007.
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Sensors Figure 1.6.ii Outside Temperature Compensation Screen – Mini Mk8 MM 1.6.1 Night Setback Night setback function can be used to reduce the setpoint by the night setback offset. On the Mk8 MM and Mini Mk8 MM, the night setback function does not require outside temperature compensation to be enabled.
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Flame Safeguard FLAME SAFEGUARD Burner Control Sequence Diagrams The time to achieve safety shutdown where a fault is detected is within 4 seconds. The resulting safety shutdown state is defined by the shut-off valve terminals being de-energised. The maximum flame failure response time is 1 second. Diagram Notes If VPS is not optioned on the fuel selected, the VPS phases are bypassed.
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Flame Safeguard 2.1.1 Interrupted Pilot – Gas MM Application Possibilities Page | 36...
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Flame Safeguard 2.1.2 Interrupted Pilot – Oil MM Application Possibilities Page | 37...
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Flame Safeguard 2.1.3 Intermittent Pilot – Gas with Post VPS MM Application Possibilities Page | 38...
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Flame Safeguard Flame Scanner Types IR Scanner Mk8 MM and Mini Mk8 MM 2.2.1 IR End View Scanner Yellow (29) Green (30) Part Number: MM 70017 Blue (37) Maximum Operating Temperature: 60°C / 140°F Red (39) Connect screen at one end only. Perspex window Serial 15v 0v...
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Flame Safeguard IR End View Scanner MM Application Possibilities Page | 40...
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Flame Safeguard 2.2.2 Self-Check End View UV Scanner – High Sensitivity UV Scanner Part Number: MM60003/HS Blue Maximum Operating Temperature: 50°C / 122°F Yellow Green Perspex window Connect screen at one end only. Gasket Paddle UV cell Stepper motor housing PG11 to ½”...
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Flame Safeguard Self-Check End View UV Scanner – High Sensitivity MM Application Possibilities Page | 42...
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Flame Safeguard 2.2.3 Self-Check Side View UV Scanner – High Sensitivity Part numbers: MM60003/HS/SV Maximum operating temperature: 50°C / 122°F UV Scanner Blue Yellow Perspex window Green Gasket Connect screen at one end only. UV sensor PG11 to 1/2” conduit adaptor O-ring Viewing tube...
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Flame Safeguard Self-Check Side View UV Scanner – High Sensitivity MM Application Possibilities Page | 44...
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Flame Safeguard 2.2.4 Mk8 Series Side View UV Scanner UV Scanner Part Number: MM80004 Maximum Operating Temperature: 60°C / 140°F Blue Screen Perspex window UV cell PG11 Gland Screened flying lead (1.5m) NEMA Housing Aluminium Power Consumption Powered by MM Mounting Any orientation so that photo tube faces the flame MM Application Possibilities...
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Flame Safeguard 2.2.4 Standard European Side Viewing UV Scanner Part number: MM60004 UV Scanner Maximum Operating Temperature: 60°C / 140°F Blue Perspex window Connect screen at one end only. Gasket Two red LEDs show UV detection UV cell Note: If wired incorrectly, a PG11 to ½...
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Flame Safeguard Standard European Side Viewing UV Scanner MM Application Possibilities Page | 47...
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Flame Safeguard 2.2.6 Standard North American UV Scanner – End Viewing UV Scanner Part number: MM60004/U Maximum operating temperature: 60°C / 140°F Blue Connect screen at one end only. Perspex window Gasket UV cell Two red LEDs show UV detection PG11 to1/2”...
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Flame Safeguard Standard North American End Viewing UV Scanner MM Application Possibilities Page | 49...
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Flame Safeguard 2.2.7 Standard North American UV Scanner – End Viewing High Sensitivity UV Scanner Part number: MM60004/HSU Maximum operating temperature: 60°C / 140°F Blue Connect screen at one end only. Perspex window Gasket High Sensitivity UV cell Two red LEDs show UV detection PG11 to1/2”...
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Flame Safeguard 2.2.8 Swivel Mount Assembly Dimensions: mm (inches) Part Swivel mount 1” 100 (3.94) 50 (1.97) 85 (3.35) 104 (4.09) 36 (1.42) 33 (1.30) UVM60003 Swivel mount 0.5” 100 (3.94) 50 (1.97) 85 (3.35) 86 (3.37) 36 (1.42) 26 (0.99) UVM60004 MM Application Possibilities Page | 51...
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Flame Safeguard Selection Of UV Scanner Types Normal Sensitivity If the distance from the UV scanner to the flame is no greater than 500mm (20 inches), the normal sensitivity UV scanner types may be used. MM 60004 Standard Side View MM 60004/U Standard End View MM80004...
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Flame Safeguard 2.3.1 UV Installation The distance between the UV scanner and the flame depends on the shape (width) of the flame. Figure 2.3.1.i shows the variation of the maximum allowed distance with the shape of the flame for a standard UV scanner.
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Flame Safeguard 2.3.2 UV Self Adaptive Pulse Width Modulation Figure 2.3.2.i UV Timing Diagram Figure 2.3.2.i shows a timing diagram for the UV signal. After first safety time, voltage is reduced by 5 volts every 500ms. This is providing the flame signal is above the UV setpoint. If below the UV threshold, voltage will remain at 330 volts.
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Flame Safeguard 2.3.3 Dual Flame Scanner Operation Dual flame scanner operation is designed to give extra safety to the flame detection system by adding a second scanner to verify that the other scanner is working correctly and is detecting the flame correctly in addition to the self-diagnostics built into the MM.
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Flame Safeguard Mk8 MM Flame Detection Using An External Flame Switch To configure operation with a flame switch, option/parameter 122 must be set to 1. The operation of Terminals 85 and 86 must be as follows: When the flame switch indicates no flame, the voltage on Terminal 85 must be 0Vac, and the voltage on Terminal 86 must be mains voltage (110/230Vac).
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Flame Safeguard No Pre-Purge It is possible to minimise the burner start-up time by bypassing the pre-purge. The major advantage of this control means that the overall boiler efficiency is increased by minimising the heat loss to the stack during a purge cycle. This means the burner starts-up quicker therefore reaching setpoint in a reduced time.
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Flame Safeguard Continuous Pilot The Mk8 MM has a continuous pilot (pilot relight) feature. If continuous pilot is enabled, when the burner goes above its off differential of the required setpoint, the burner will continue to fire with only the pilot valves energised. To enable continuous pilot, set option/ parameter 111 to either 3 or 4 interrupted continuous pilot or intermittent continuous pilot.
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Flame Safeguard 2.7.1 Continuous Pilot with Interrupted Pilot Sequence Start Move to low fire Continuous T53 Circuit Pilot offset Pilot Valves On Made? breached? Main Valves Off Stat Circuit Made? Continuous Move to Golden start Purge Pilot timer (if commissioned) expired? Ignition On Continuous Pilot...
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Flame Safeguard 2.7.2 Continuous Pilot with Intermittent Pilot Sequence Start Move to low fire Continuous T53 Circuit Pilot offset Made? breached? Stat Circuit Main Valves Off Made? Continuous Move to Golden start Purge Pilot timer (if commissioned) expired? Ignition On Continuous Pilot Pilot Valves On Stat Circuit...
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Flame Safeguard Mini Mk8 MM Single Servomotor 2.8.1 Single Servomotor with VSD For applications where only the VSD controls the air going into the burner and no air servomotor is required, the Mini Mk8 MM can be set for single servomotor with VSD. The MM will make changes to the fuel servomotor and VSD in synchronisation as the firing rate modulates up and down.
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Flame Safeguard Figure 2.8.1.i Single Servomotor with VSD The commissioning procedure remains the same, however only the channel 1 gas servomotor position and channel 4 VSD position needs be entered for each point. In Run mode the system will show the servomotor position and VSD input and output signals. MM Application Possibilities Page | 62...
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Before purchasing this item please contact Autoflame Engineering. Options 90 to 99 must be set according to the VSD settings.
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The commission procedure follows the normal steps but with channel 1 servomotor only. For more information on using the Mini Mk8 MM on an atmospheric burner or pre-mix burner and what limit switches or purge delay is required, please contact Autoflame Engineering Ltd. MM Application Possibilities...
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The Mk8 MM channels which can be controlled using an external 4-20mA servomotor include channels 1 – 4 and 7. Any or all of the 5 servomotor channels available on the Mk8 MM can be independently configured to use an externa 4-20mA servomotor or the Autoflame servomotor. Servomotor channel on Mk8 MM IO Module Analogue Input/ Output 2.9.2...
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It is possible to use a combination of external 4-20mA servomotors and Autoflame servomotor, for example, channel 1 can be set as an Autoflame servomotor and channel 2 can be set as an external 4-20mA servomotor. The degree of accuracy when using an external 4-20mA servomotor via a Universal IO module is 0.5...
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Hand, Low Flame Hold and Auto HAND, LOW FLAME HOLD AND AUTO Hand Operation Hand operation enables the firing rate positions to be set to a specific position, in the range of low to high fire, when the burner is firing. Fuel flow metering must be entered. Sequencing will not operate correctly if the MM is in hand mode.
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PID Control PID CONTROL The standard control algorithm used by Autoflame to control the fuel/air ratio is PID control; Proportional-Integral-Derivative control. The control algorithm compares the actual measured temperature or pressure and compares it to the user specified setpoint temperature or pressure.
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PID Control Integral Control The Integral term is specified in option 7, where the “Integral time”, also known as “Reset time”, is set. Within a threshold of the P-Band, the integral term has the effect of increasing or decreasing the burner firing rate by a specific amount every “n”...
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PID Control Derivative Control The Derivative term of the control system analyses the rate of change in the difference between the measured and set point temperature or pressure. Derivative specific options are set in option 37, 38 and 39. The time interval over which the compared and measured temperature or pressure values are taken is set in option 37, the derivative dead-band or margin above and below the required set point in which no derivative action occurs is set in option 38, and the response sensitivity as a percentage of firing rate increase or decrease is defined in option 39.
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Intelligent Boiler Sequencing INTELLIGENT BOILER SEQUENCING The objective of Intelligent Boiler Sequencing (IBS) is to ensure that the minimum number of boiler/ burner units are in operation at any one time to satisfy the heat or steam requirement imposed upon the boiler plant, in the case of multi-boiler installations.
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Intelligent Boiler Sequencing 5.1.3 Hot Water Example MM Application Possibilities Page | 75...
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Intelligent Boiler Sequencing 5.1.4 Single/ Multi-Burner Examples Boiler 1 Boiler 2 Boiler 3 Note: Multi-burner operation is not available on the Mini Mk8 MM MM Application Possibilities Page | 76...
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Options and Parameters must only be changed by factory trained technicians who have a thorough appreciation of the Autoflame combustion systems and the combustion process in general. Any person changing Options and Parameters who does not have the correct factory training and understanding of these settings may place themselves and others in a potentially dangerous situation.
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Intelligent Boiler Sequencing Hot Water Sequencing 5.3.1 Implementing Hot Water Sequencing For hot water sequencing, a temperature detector must be fitted to all the MMs (only Master MMs in Multi-Burner operation if option 14 is set to 1 – Mk8 MM only) and option 1 must be set to 0 or 5. As sequencing is based on firing rate, the MMs must have fuel flow metering entered, see option 57.
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Intelligent Boiler Sequencing For example, if the change up threshold in parameter 87 is set at 90%, then if the last firing MM in the sequence is above 90% firing rate, then upon the elapse of the next scan time, the next lag MM will be brought online.
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Intelligent Boiler Sequencing Steam Sequencing 5.4.1 Warming Steam Boilers The difference between steam pressure sequencing is the warming periods; the IBS settings explained in section 5.3.1 are the same (see section 5.4.2 for options 40, 41 and 53). By keeping the lag boilers at low fire when they are in standby/ warming, when they are requested by the lead MM to come online and contribute to the load, they will not be started from cold.
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Intelligent Boiler Sequencing As well the options/parameters given in section 5.3.1, the following also need to be set for steam sequencing: • Option 41 – Sets whether all the lag boiler states, either the first lag is kept in standby state with the second lag in warming and the remaining lag MMs off, or all the lag boilers after the first lag boiler are kept in warming state and there are no boilers offline.
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(black connected to the negative leg of the LED). If the MM is communicating, the LED will flash intermittently. If the LED does not flash, check the polarity is correct on the LED. If the LED still does not flash, please contact Autoflame Sales Department. Do this for all the MMs in the sequence. MM Application Possibilities...
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Multi-Burner Operation – Mk8 MM MULTI-BURNER OPERATION – MK8 MM Multi-Burner Overview Some special applications such as dual furnace fire tube boilers, multi-burner water tube boilers and other application may require Multi-Burner operation. This feature can be used where two or more independent burners require controlling simultaneously.
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Multi-Burner Operation – Mk8 MM Configuring Multi-Burner Operation 6.2.1 Wiring Terminals 23 and 24 on the Mk8 MM are used for Multi-Burner communications, a screen must be connected at one end. The connection must be made as per the diagram below: Mk8 MM –...
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Options and Parameters must only be changed by factory trained technicians who have a thorough appreciation of the Autoflame combustion systems and the combustion process in general. Any person changing Options and Parameters who does not have the correct factory training and understanding of these settings may place themselves and others in a potentially dangerous situation.
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Multi-Burner Operation – Mk8 MM Multi-Burner Operation Multi-Burner function can be configured in 2 different ways as set in option 43; fully linked or independent on fault. 6.3.1 Fully Linked Operation This operation mode is most common in multi-burner fire-tube boiler applications. Fully linked operation can be selected by setting option 43 to 1, in this case all MMs will fire simultaneously, the Slave MM(s) will always take the firing rate from the Master MM, including when the master has been put in low flame hold or hand mode.
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Multi-Burner Operation – Mk8 MM 6.3.2 Independent on Fault This operation mode is most suitable for water-tube boiler with multi-burners and can be selected by setting option 43 to 2; all MMs can fire simultaneously and independently. The Slave MMs will always take their firing rate from the Master MM, including when the Master MM has been put in low flame hold or hand mode, apart from when the master is not firing or is in a lockout state.
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In order to meet BS EN 12953, the minimum requirements for safe water level control are to have an independent high integrity self-monitoring low water cut off, in addition to the water level control. When using the Autoflame water level control, an auxiliary 2nd low probe must be fitted to meet these requirements in the EU.
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Multi-Burner Operation – Mk8 MM 6.4.2 Multi-Burner with individual EGAs If the Master and Slave MMs fire into individual combustion chambers, individual EGAs can be used for each MM, by mounting the sampling probes in the individual flue or in the first pass, before the flues join to meet a common stack.
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Multi-Burner Operation – Mk8 MM Multi-Burner External Modulation Multi-Burner can be used with both permanent external modulation and switched external modulation. Only the Master MM needs to be wired for external modulation, please see the Mk8 MM Installation and Commissioning Guide for full details. 6.5.1 Permanent External Modulation With option 45 set to 1 or 2 and option 55 set to 0 for permanent external modulation the following...
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Technical Manual MM Application Possibilities 18 December 2019 AUTOFLAME ENGINEERING LTD Unit 1-2, Concorde Business Centre Airport Industrial Estate, Wireless Road Biggin Hill, Kent TN16 3YN United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1959 578 820 Email: technicalsupport@autoflame.com Website: www.autoflame.com Combustion Management Systems...
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