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Summary of Contents for LUDLUM 192
- Page 1 LUDLUM MODEL 192 SURVEY METER March 2015 Serial Number 296865 and Succeeding Serial Numbers, And serial Numbers 294894, 294903, 294918...
- Page 2 LUDLUM MODEL 192 SURVEY METER March 2015 Serial Number 296865 and Succeeding Serial Numbers, And serial Numbers 294894, 294903, 294918...
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Page 3: Statement Of Warranty
RETURN OF GOODS TO MANUFACTURER If equipment needs to be returned to Ludlum Measurements, Inc. for repair or calibration, please send to the address below. All shipments should include documentation containing return shipping address, customer name, telephone number, description of service requested, and all other necessary information. -
Page 5: Table Of Contents
Identification of Controls and Functions Safety Considerations Environmental Conditions for Normal Use Warning Markings and Symbols Cleaning and Maintenance Precautions Maintenance Recalibration Batteries Technical Theory of Operation Input Amplifier Discriminator Scale Ranging Digital Analog Converter Audio Meter Drive Ludlum Measurements, Inc. March 2015... - Page 6 Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Fast/Slow Time Constant Low Voltage Supply High Voltage Supply Alarm Reset Recycling Radiation Basics Radiation and Life The Unstable Atom Radioactive Decay Ionizing Radiation Measuring Ionizing Radiation What are the Health Risks from Ionizing Radiation?
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Page 7: Introduction
[NaI(T1)] scintillator, which offers optimum performance in locating and measuring low levels (near background) of gamma radiation. The Model 192 offers two types of alarms for both avid and inexperienced users: (1) a user-adjustable, meter-driven alarm for alarm indication above a particular set point, and (2) a deviation beep alarm, which gives indication to the rise of radiation above background levels. -
Page 8: Getting Started
(batteries, cable, etc.) and ensure that all of the items listed on the packing list are in the carton. Check individual item serial numbers and ensure calibration certificates match. The Model 192 serial number is located on the front panel below the battery compartment. -
Page 9: Battery Test
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 2 Battery Test The batteries should be checked each time the instrument is turned on. Move the range selector switch to the position. Ensure that the meter needle deflects to the battery check portion on the meter scale. If the meter does not respond, check to see if the batteries have been correctly installed. - Page 10 Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 2 Ludlum Measurements, a typical background reading is 6-12 µR/hr (0.06- 0.12 µSv/h). Expose the instrument to a check source with the source oriented with the center of the crystal (identified by the intersection of the indentations on the instrument “can”) and verify that the instrument indicates within 20% of the...
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Page 11: Surveying For Radiation
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 2 Check the meter reset function by depressing the pushbutton and by RESET ensuring the meter needle drops to zero. Proceed to use the instrument. Surveying for Radiation ACKGROUND AND ANMADE ADIATION Naturally occurring background radiation is the main source of radiation exposure for most people. -
Page 12: Range Selector And Actual Measurement
Example: Using this dose limit (no more than 2 mR [0.02 mSv] in any one hour), if the Model 192 reads ˝5˝ while in the ×1000 range, a non-radiation worker would be allowed in the radiation field for no longer than 24 minutes. -
Page 13: False Alarms
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 2 False Alarms Instrument false alarms often occur in the vicinity of those who have undergone some type of nuclear medical treatment. These treatments may include the ingestion or injection of radioactive substances, which may be measurable for several days after treatment. -
Page 14: Specifications
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 3 Section Specifications Detector : 5.1 x 2.5 cm (2 × 1 in.) sodium iodide (NaI)T1 scintillator : typically 650 cpm/µR/hr ( Cs gamma) Sensitivity : reading within 10% of true value. This instrument may... - Page 15 Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 3 : four linear range multipliers of ×1000, ×100, ×10, Operating Range and ×1. Meter scale presentation of 0-5 µR/hr provides an overall range of 0-5000 µR/hr (other meter scales available). Threshold : adjustable from -10 to -30 mV by way of a recessed potentiometer ( );...
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Page 16: Identification Of Controls And Functions
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 4 Section Identification of Controls and Functions Range Selector Switch : a six-position switch marked , ×1000, ×100, ×10, and ×1. When placed in the position, battery charge status is indicated on the meter face. Moving the range selector switch to one of the range multiplier positions (×1000, ×100, ×10, or ×1) - Page 17 : This multi-turn potentiometer is used to vary the detector pulse counting threshold (input sensitivity) from -10 to -30 mV. The discriminator is typically set at -30 mV and requires a Ludlum Model 500 Pulser (pulse generator) or equivalent to check or make adjustment to the input sensitivity.
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Page 18: Safety Considerations
The operator or responsible body is cautioned that the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired if the equipment is used in a manner not specified by Ludlum Measurements, Inc. The Model 192 Survey Meter is marked with the following symbols: The “crossed-out wheelie bin”... -
Page 19: Cleaning And Maintenance Precautions
European Union. Cleaning and Maintenance Precautions The Model 192 may be cleaned externally with a damp cloth, using only water as the wetting agent. Do not immerse the instrument in any liquid. Observe the following precautions when cleaning or performing maintenance on the instrument: 1. -
Page 20: Maintenance
Maintenance nstrument maintenance consists of keeping the instrument clean and periodically checking the batteries and the calibration. The Model 192 instrument may be externally cleaned with a damp cloth (using only water as the wetting agent). Do not immerse the instrument in any liquid. -
Page 21: Batteries
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 6 Batteries The batteries should be removed any time the instrument is placed into storage. Battery leakage may cause corrosion on the battery contacts, which must be scraped off and/or washed using a paste solution made from baking soda and water. -
Page 22: Technical Theory Of Operation
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 7 Section Technical Theory of Operation Input Detector pulses are coupled from the detector through C3 to amplifier U4, U6. CR1 protects U4A from input shorts. R37 couples the detector to the high-voltage supply. -
Page 23: Digital Analog Converter
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 7 Digital Analog Converter Pin 3 and 5 of U5 are coupled as a current mirror. For each pulse of current through R24, an equal current is delivered to C9. This charge is drained off by R25. -
Page 24: High Voltage Supply
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 7 High Voltage Supply High voltage is developed by pulses from the switching regulator U13 to transformer T1. High voltage is multiplied by the ladder network of diodes CR3 through CR7 and capacitors C18 through C27. High voltage is coupled back through R39 to pin 8 of U13. -
Page 25: Recycling
To this end, Ludlum Measurements, Inc. strives to supply the consumer of its goods with information regarding reuse and recycling of the many different types of materials used in its products. With many different agencies –... -
Page 26: Radiation Basics
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 Section Radiation Basics Radiation and Life Adapted from Eric J. Hall’ s book, “Radiation and Life” Radiation is energy traveling through space. Sunshine is one of the most familiar forms of radiation. It delivers light, heat, and suntans. We control its effect on us with sunglasses, shade, air conditioners, hats, clothes, and sunscreen. -
Page 27: The Unstable Atom
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 The Unstable Atom Radiation comes from atoms, the basic building blocks of matter. Most atoms are stable; a carbon-12 atom, for example, remains a carbon-12 atom forever, and an oxygen-16 atom remains an oxygen-16 atom forever, but certain atoms eventually disintegrate into a totally new atom. -
Page 28: Radioactive Decay
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 1 kg (2.2 lb) of uranium ore (Australian, 13.51 X 10 0.3%) 1 kg (2.2 lb) of low-level radioactive waste 27.03 X 10 1 kg (2.2 lb) of coal ash 5.41 X 10 1 kg (2.2 lb) of granite... -
Page 29: Ionizing Radiation
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 Ionizing Radiation Here we are concerned mainly with ionizing radiation from the atomic nucleus. It occurs in two forms – rays and particles – at the high frequency end of the energy spectrum. -
Page 30: Measuring Ionizing Radiation
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 their relatively large size, alpha particles collide readily with matter and lose their energy quickly. They, therefore, have little penetrating power and can be stopped by the first layer of skin or a sheet of paper. -
Page 31: What Are The Health Risks From Ionizing Radiation
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 The amount of ionizing radiation, or 'dose', received by a person is measured in terms of the energy absorbed in the body tissue, and is expressed in RAD. One rad is 0.01 joules deposited per kilogram of mass. -
Page 32: How Much Ionizing Radiation Is Dangerous
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 On the other hand, large doses of radiation directed specifically at a tumor are used in radiation therapy to kill cancerous cells, and thereby often save lives (usually in conjunction with chemotherapy or surgery). Much larger doses are used to kill harmful bacteria in food, and to sterilize bandages and other medical equipment. - Page 33 Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 1 rem/yr is the maximum actual dose rate received by any Australian uranium miner. 300-500 mrem/yr is the typical dose rate (above background) received by uranium miners in Australia and Canada. 300 mrem/yr (approximately) is the typical background radiation from natural sources in North America, including an average of almost 200 mrem/yr from radon in air.
- Page 34 Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 where given a set population, we can estimate that about 20 percent will die from cancer, but we cannot say which individuals will die. Finally, that a conservative estimate of risk from low doses of radiation is thought to be one in which the risk is linear with dose.
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Page 35: Background Radiation
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 You can also use the same approach to looking at risks on the job: Industry Type Est. life expectancy lost All Industries 60 days Agriculture 320 days Construction 227 days Mining and quarrying... -
Page 36: Manmade Radiation
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 up to a couple thousand rem. However, there is no evidence of increased cancers or other health problems arising from these high natural levels. Man-made Radiation Ionizing radiation is also generated in a range of medical, commercial, and industrial activities. -
Page 37: Standards And Regulation
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 9 Standards and Regulation Much of the evidence that has led to today's standards derives from the atomic bomb survivors in 1945, which were exposed to high doses incurred in a very short time. In setting occupational risk estimates, some allowance... -
Page 38: Troubleshooting
Note that the first troubleshooting tip is for determining whether the problem is with the electronics or with the detector. A Ludlum Model 500 Pulser is invaluable at this point, because of its ability to simultaneously check high voltage, input sensitivity or threshold, and the electronics for proper counting. - Page 39 Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 10 SYMPTOM POSSIBLE SOLUTION No power (or meter Check battery contacts. Clean them does not reach with rough sandpaper or use an engraver to clean the tips. TEST BAT OK mark) (continued) Check for loose or broken wires.
- Page 40 Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 10 SYMPTOM POSSIBLE SOLUTION No Response to Substitute a “known good” detector Radiation and/or cable. Has the correct operating voltage been set? Refer to the calibration certificate or detector instruction manual correct operating voltage.
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Page 41: Parts List
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 11 Section Parts List Reference Description Part Number Model 192 UNIT Completely Assembled Survey Meter Model 192 Survey Meter 48-2945 BOARD Completely Assembled Main Board, Circuit Board 5464-253 Drawing 464 x 253 CRYSTAL MICRO XTAL-4.0 MHz... - Page 42 Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 11 Reference Description Part Number MMBT3904LT1G 05-5841 TRANSISTORS MMBT4403LT1G SMT*R 05-5842 Q3-Q5 2N7002LT1G 05-5840 INTEGRATED U1-U3 MAX4542ESA 06-6453 CIRCUITS U4-U5 CMXT3904TRLF 05-5888 CMXT-3906TRLF 05-5890 MAX4541ESA 06-6452 MAX985EUK+T 06-6459 CD74HC4538M96 06-6297 LMC7111BIM5X 06-6410 LT1304CS8-5#TRPBF...
- Page 43 Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 11 Reference Description Part Number R20-R21 100K, 250mW, 1% 12-7834 1M, 250mW, 1% 12-7844 2.49K, 250mW, 1% 12-7999 14.7K, 250mW, 1% 12-7068 200K, 250mW, 1% 12-7992 R26-R27 100K, 250mW, 1% 12-7834 1K, 250 mW, 1%...
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Page 44: Wiring Diagram, Drawing 464 × 541
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 11 Reference Description Part Number INDUCTOR 22uH 21-9808 TRANSFORMER 32377R 21-9925 MISCELLANEOUS 1 EA JACK,-TEST 1128-09-0319 18-8806 1 EA CONTACT, #1434 18-9124 Wiring Diagram, Drawing 464 × 541 Model 44-127-1 Internal Detector 8004-036 Model 12S Detector Coax... -
Page 45: Drawings And Diagrams
Model 192 Survey Meter Technical Manual Section 12 Section Drawings and Diagrams Model Board, Drawing 464 x 253 (4 sheets) Model Board Component Layouts, Drawing 464 x 254 (2 sheets) Wiring Diagram, Drawing 464 × 541 Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 12-1...
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