Page 1 BAR DATA HANDBOOK AISI/SAE Chemical Compositions and Metallurgical Data 8000 North County Road 225 East | Pittsboro, Indiana 46167 (877) 683-2277 | f: (317) 892-7005 SECOND EDITION...
Page 2: Table Of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SDI OVERVIEW COMPANY HISTORY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND CAPABILITIES STEEL CHEMISTRIES MAJOR STEEL GROUPS AISI-SAE GRADE SERIES OVERVIEW STANDARD CARBON STEELS RESULFURIZED CARBON STEELS REPHOSPHURIZED AND RESULFURIZED CARBON STEELS HIGH MANGANESE CARBON STEELS CARBON AND CARBON-BORON H-STEELS CHEMICAL RANGES AND LIMITS OF CARBON STEELS PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS OF CARBON STEEL STANDARD ALLOY STEELS...
Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ASTM A105 ASTM A350 ASTM A434 ASTM A182 ASTM A193 ASTM A572 ASTM A588 ASTM A615 ESTIMATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL BARS MECHANICAL PROPERTY VARIATIONS WITH CARBON CONENT BAR PROPERTIES COLD DRAWN OR TURNED AND POLISHED TOLERANCES RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS CARBURIZING RATES RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES...
Page 4 STEEL DYNAMICS ENGINEERED BAR PRODUCTS COMPANY OVERVIEW Steel Dynamics Incorporated (SDI) Engineered Bar Products Division is a world class supplier of Special Bar Quality steel. The Engineered Bar Products Division is located in Pittsboro, Indiana, which is just west of Indianapolis.
Page 5: Company History
COMPANY HISTORY SDI purchased the mill in Pittsboro, Indiana, out of bankruptcy from Qualitech LLC in February 2003. Qualitech declared bankruptcy in 1999 and ceased operations in 2001. A significant capital investment was undertaken to bring the existing facility up to SDI standards, which included the following: Completely rebuilding the ladle metallurgy facility and the addition of new ladle cars New carbon and lime system and baghouse upgrades at the...
Page 6: Products And Services
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES SDI produces special bar quality (SBQ) and merchant bar quality (MBQ) steel in rounds ranging in diameter from 1 to 9 inches and round cornered squares (RCS) ranging in diameter from 2-1/2 to 8 inches. The facility also has the ability to produce rebar in sizes 5 through 11. The production and availability of rebar is based on market conditions.
Page 7 The Engineered Bar Products Bar Finishing facility is equipped to perform heat treating operations such as Quench and Temper, Normalizing, and Annealing (LP, Spheroidize, Cold Shear, Stress Relieve). In addition to heat treating, the Bar Finishing facility can provide additional services such as: Straightening Turning and Polishing Cutting to Length...
Page 8: Process Description And Capabilities
PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND CAPABILITIES MELTING AND CASTING SDI is equipped with one Electric Arc Furnace (EAF). The EAF is charged with approximately 115 tons of primarily scrap metal in order to yield an aim tapped heat size of 100 tons. Heats are killed following tap with a Silicon-Manganese addition.
Page 9 HEAT TREATING The Bar Finishing facility is equipped with five Sauder Energy Car Bottom furnaces. There is one high temperature furnace capable of reaching 2100°F, while the others are capable of reaching 1800°F. The furnaces are limited to a maximum bar length of 33 feet. The quench tank has a 30,000 gallon capacity and is capable of providing agitation and temperature control.
Page 10 TURNING AND POLISHING The turning line has a capacity of 1.031 inch to 4.25 inch incoming diameter, and is capable of meeting ASTM A108 tolerances. The line can accommodate bar lengths ranging from 14 to 25 feet. The line is equipped with bar chamfering, facing, and etching capabilities.
Page 11 NOTES...
Page 12: Major Steel Groups
MAJOR STEEL GROUPS Carbon Steel Carbon steel usually contains up to 1.65% manganese, and contains no other added elements to provide any specific alloying effects, except for deoxidation or grain size control. Carbon steels are often classified according to carbon concentration, i.e. low, medium, and high carbon steels.
Page 13 AISI-SAE GRADE DESIGNATIONS The most widely used system for designating carbon and alloy steels was developed by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). In this system, a particular designation implies the same limits and ranges of chemical composition for both an AISI steel and the corresponding SAE steel.
Page 14 manual will be described with the standard AISI-SAE designation instead of the UNS designation. Certain elements are present in small quantities in most steels. They are not intentionally added, but exist in the steel due to the raw materials used during production. These elements are considered residual or incidental as long as they do not exceed specified maximum limits.
Page 15: Aisi-Sae Grade Series Overview
AISI-SAE GRADE SERIES OVERVIEW FOR CARBON & ALLOY STEELS Grade Principal Nominal Weight Percentage of Series Identifying Indentifying Elements Designation Elements 10xx Mn (0.45, 0.65, 0.75, 0.85) – S (0.050 Max) 11xx Mn-S Mn (0.85, 1.15, 1.50) – S (Over 0.050) Mn (0.85, 0.93, 1.00) –...
Page 16: Standard Carbon Steels
STANDARD CARBON STEELS ASTM A 576 – 90b (Reapproved 2006) A,B,C Chemical Composition Limits, Percent Steel Grade P max S max 1008 0.10 max 0.30/0.50 0.040 0.050 1010 0.08/0.13 0.30/0.60 0.040 0.050 1012 0.10/0.15 0.30/0.60 0.040 0.050 1015 0.13/0.18 0.30/0.60 0.040 0.050 1016...
Page 17: Resulfurized Carbon Steels
RESULFURIZED CARBON STEELS ASTM A 576 – 90b (Reapproved 2006) Steel Chemical Composition Limits, Percent Grade P Max 1109 0.08/0.13 0.60/0.90 0.040 0.08/0.13 1110 0.08/0.13 0.30/0.60 0.040 0.08/0.13 1116 0.14/0.20 1.10/1.40 0.040 0.16/0.23 1117 0.14/0.20 1.00/1.30 0.040 0.08/0.13 1118 0.14/0.20 1.30/1.60 0.040 0.08/0.13...
Page 18: High Manganese Carbon Steels
HIGH MANGANESE CARBON STEELS ASTM A 576 – 90b (Reapproved 2006) A,B,C,D Steel Chemical Composition Limits, Percent Grade P max S max 1513 0.10/0.16 1.10/1.40 0.040 0.050 1518 0.15/0.21 1.10/1.40 0.040 0.050 1522 0.18/0.24 1.10/1.40 0.040 0.050 1524 0.19/0.25 1.35/1.65 0.040 0.050 1525...
Page 19: Chemical Ranges And Limits Of Carbon Steels
CHEMCAL RANGES & LIMITS OF HOT ROLLED CARBON STEELS ASTM A 576 – 90b (Reapproved 2006) When Maximum of Chemical Conventional Element Specified Element is: Range Lowest Maximum 0.06 Thru 0.12 Carbon – Over 0.12 thru 0.25 0.05 (When Mn Over 0.25 thru 0.40 0.06 does NOT...
Page 20: Permissible Variations Of Carbon Steel
PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS FOR PRODUCT ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL ASTM A 29/A 29M – 05 Variance Over the Limit, or Maximum of Element Maximum Limit or Under Specified Range (%) the Minimum Limit (%) Thru 0.25 0.02 Carbon Over 0.25 thru 0.55 0.03 Over 0.55 0.04...
Page 21: Standard Alloy Steels
STANDARD ALLOY STEELS (ASTM A 322 – 07) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Other 1330 0.28/0.33 1.60/1.90 1335 0.33/0.38 1.60/1.90 1340 0.38/0.43 1.60/1.90 1345 0.43/0.48 1.60/1.90 4023 0.20/0.25 0.70/0.90 0.20/0.30 4024 0.20/0.25 0.70/0.90 0.20/0.30 S 0.035/0.050 4027 0.25/0.30 0.70/0.90 0.20/0.30...
Page 22: Standard Alloy H-Steels
STANDARD ALLOY STEELS (ASTM A 322 – 07) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Other 4150 0.48/0.53 0.75/1.00 0.80/1.10 0.15/0.25 4161 0.56/0.64 0.75/1.00 0.70/0.90 0.25/0.35 4320 0.17/0.22 0.45/0.65 1.65/2.00 0.40/0.60 0.20/0.30 4340 0.38/0.43 0.60/0.80 1.65/2.00 0.70/0.90 0.20/0.30 E4340 0.38/0.43 0.65/0.85 1.65/2.00...
Page 23 STANDARD ALLOY STEELS (ASTM A 322 – 07) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Other 5140 0.38/0.43 0.70/0.90 0.70/0.90 5150 0.48/0.53 0.70/0.90 0.70/0.90 5155 0.51/0.59 0.70/0.90 0.70/0.90 5160 0.56/0.64 0.75/1.00 0.70/0.90 E51100 0.98/1.10 0.25/0.45 0.90/1.15 E52100 0.98/1.10 0.25/0.45 1.30/1.60 6118 0.16/0.21...
Page 24 STANDARD ALLOY STEELS (ASTM A 322 – 07) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Other 8655 0.51/0.59 0.75/1.00 0.40/0.70 0.40/0.60 0.15/0.25 8720 0.18/0.23 0.70/0.90 0.40/0.70 0.40/0.60 0.20/0.30 8822 0.20/0.25 0.75/1.00 0.40/0.70 0.40/0.60 0.30/0.40 9259 0.56/0.64 0.75/1.00 0.45/0.65 Si 0.70/1.10 9260 0.56/0.64 0.75/1.00...
Page 25 ALLOY STEEL GRADES SUBJECT TO END QUENCH HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS (ASTM A 304 – 05) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade 1330 H 0.27/0.33 1.45/2.05 0.15/0.35 1335 H 0.32/0.38 1.45/2.05 0.15/0.35 1340 H 0.37/0.44 1.45/2.05 0.15/0.35 1345 H 0.42/0.49 1.45/2.05 0.15/0.35 4027 H...
Page 26 ALLOY STEEL GRADES SUBJECT TO END QUENCH HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS (ASTM A 304 – 05) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade 4147 H 0.44/0.51 0.65/1.10 0.15/0.35 0.75/1.20 0.15/0.25 4150 H 0.47/0.54 0.65/1.10 0.15/0.35 0.75/1.20 0.15/0.25 4161 H 0.55/0.65 0.65/1.10 0.15/0.35 0.65/0.95 0.25/0.35...
Page 27 ALLOY STEEL GRADES SUBJECT TO END QUENCH HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS (ASTM A 304 – 05) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade 5046 H 0.43/0.50 0.65/1.10 0.15/0.35 0.13/0.43 50B46 H 0.43/0.50 0.65/1.10 0.15/0.35 0.13/0.43 50B50 H 0.47/0.54 0.65/1.10 0.15/0.35 0.30/0.70 50B60 H 0.55/0.65 0.65/1.10...
Page 28 ALLOY STEEL GRADES SUBJECT TO END QUENCH HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS (ASTM A 304 – 05) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade 81B45 H 0.42/0.49 0.70/1.05 0.15/0.35 0.15/0.45 0.30/0.60 0.08/0.15 8617 H 0.14/0.20 0.60/0.95 0.15/0.35 0.35/0.75 0.35/0.65 0.15/0.25 8620 H 0.17/0.23 0.60/0.95 0.15/0.35...
Page 29 ALLOY STEEL GRADES SUBJECT TO END QUENCH HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS (ASTM A 304 – 05) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade 8740 H 0.37/0.44 0.70/1.05 0.15/0.35 0.35/0.75 0.35/0.65 0.20/0.30 8822 H 0.19/0.25 0.70/1.05 0.15/0.35 0.35/0.75 0.35/0.65 0.30/0.40 9260 H 0.55/0.65 0.65/1.10 1.70/2.20...
Page 30: Standard Alloy Rh-Steels
STEEL GRADES SUBJECT TO RESTRICTED END QUENCH HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS (ASTM A 914/A 914M – 92; Reapproved 2005) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade 15B21 RH 0.17/0.22 0.80/1.10 0.15/0.35 15B35 RH 0.33/0.38 0.80/1.10 0.15/0.35 3310 RH 0.08/0.13 0.40/0.60 0.15/0.35 3.25/3.75 1.40/1.75 4027 RH...
Page 31 STEEL GRADES SUBJECT TO RESTRICTED END QUENCH HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS (ASTM A 914/A 914M – 92; Reapproved 2005) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade 8620 RH 0.18/0.23 0.70/0.90 0.15/0.35 0.40/0.70 0.40/0.60 0.15/0.25 8622 RH 0.20/0.25 0.70/0.90 0.15/0.35 0.40/0.70 0.40/0.60 0.15/0.25 8720 RH 0.18/0.23...
Page 32: Sae Potential Standard Steels
SAE POTENTIAL STANDARD STEELS (SAE J1081 – NOV 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent PS No. Other PS 10 0.19/0.24 0.95/1.25 0.20/0.40 0.25/0.40 0.05/0.10 PS 16 0.20/0.25 0.90/1.20 0.40/0.60 0.13/0.20 PS 17 0.23/0.28 0.90/1.20 0.40/0.60 0.13/0.20 PS 18 0.25/0.30 0.90/1.20 0.40/0.60 0.13/0.20...
Page 33 SAE POTENTIAL STANDARD STEELS (SAE J1081 – NOV 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent PS No. Other PS 55 0.15/0.20 0.70/1.00 1.65/2.00 0.45/0.65 0.65/0.80 PS 56 0.08/0.13 0.70/1.00 1.65/2.00 0.45/0.65 0.65/0.80 PS 57 0.08 max 1.25 max 17.00/19.00 1.75/2.25 S 0.15/0.35, P 0.040 max PS 58 0.16/0.21...
Page 34: Former Sae Ex And Ps Steels
FORMER SAE EX AND PS STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Former Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Aprox SAE Deletion Number Grade Date Other PS 10 0.19/0.24 0.95/1.25 0.20/0.40 0.25/0.40 0.05/0.10 1993 PS 19 0.18/0.23 0.90/1.20 0.40/0.60 0.08/0.15 B 0.0005/0.003 1993 PS 21 0.15/0.20...
Page 35 FORMER SAE EX AND PS STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Former Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Aprox. SAE Deletion Number Grade Date Other PS 64 0.16/0.21 1.00/1.30 0.70/0.90 1993 PS 65 0.21/0.26 1.00/1.30 0.70/0.90 1993 PS 66 0.16/0.21 0.40/0.70 1.65/2.00 0.45/0.75 0.08/0.15...
Page 36 FORMER SAE EX AND PS STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Former Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Aprox. SAE Deletion Number Grade Date Other P & S both 0.025 max, EX 13 0.66/0.75 0.80/1.05 0.20/0.40 0.25/0.40 0.05/0.10 1976 Si 0.050 max EX 14 0.66/0.75 0.80/1.05...
Page 37 FORMER SAE EX AND PS STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Former Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Aprox. SAE Deletion Number Grade Date Other EX 42 8615 0.13/0.18 0.95/1.25 0.20/0.40 0.25/0.40 0.05/0.10 1976 EX 43 0.13/0.18 0.95/1.25 0.20/0.40 0.25/0.40 0.05/0.10 B 0.0005/0.003 1976 EX 44...
Page 38: Former Standard Sae Steels
FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade P max S max Last Date 1009 0.15 max 0.60 max 0.04 0.05 1965 1011 0.09/0.14 0.60/0.90 0.04 0.05 1993 1019 0.15/0.20 0.70/1.00 0.04 0.05 1033 0.30/0.36...
Page 39 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade P max S max Last Date 1108 0.08/0.13 0.50/0.80 0.04 0.08/0.13 1109 0.08/0.13 0.60/0.90 0.04 0.08/0.13 1977 1110 0.08/0.13 0.30/0.60 0.04 0.08/0.13 1993 1111 0.13 max 0.60/0.90 0.07/0.12...
Page 40 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade P max S max Last Date 1513 0.10/0.16 1.10/1.40 0.04 0.05 1993 1518 0.15/0.21 1.10/1.40 0.04 0.05 1977 1525 0.23/0.29 0.80/1.10 0.04 0.05 1977 1533 0.30/0.37 1.10/1.40...
Page 41 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 1320 0.18/0.23 1.60/1.90 Si 0.20/0.35 1956 1330 0.28/0.33 1.60/1.90 1993 1345 0.43/0.48 1.60/1.90 0.15/0.25 2317 0.15/0.20 0.40/0.60 3.25/3.75 Si 0.20/0.35 1956 2330 0.28/0.33 0.60/0.80...
Page 42 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 3140 0.38/0.43 0.70/0.90 1.10/1.40 0.55/0.75 Si 0.20/0.35 1964 3145 0.43/0.48 0.70/0.90 1.10/1.40 0.70/0.90 Si 0.20/0.35 1952 3150 0.48/0.53 0.70/0.90 1.10/1.40 0.70/0.90 Si 0.20/0.35 1952 3215...
Page 43 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 3415 0.10/0.20 0.30/0.60 2.75/3.25 0.60/0.95 Si 0.15/0.30 1941 3435 0.30/0.40 0.30/0.60 2.75/3.25 0.60/0.95 Si 0.15/0.30 1936 3450 0.45/0.55 0.30/0.60 2.75/3.25 0.60/0.95 Si 0.15/0.30 1936 4012...
Page 44 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 4131 0.28/0.23 0.50/0.70 0.90/1.20 0.15/0.25 1993 4135 0.33/0.38 0.70/0.90 0.80/1.10 0.15/0.25 4147 0.45/0.50 0.75/1.00 0.80/1.10 0.15/0.25 1993 4161 0.56/0.64 0.75/1.00 0.70/0.90 0.25/0.35 4317 0.15/0.20...
Page 45 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 4621 0.18/0.23 0.70/0.90 1.65/2.00 0.20/0.30 Si 0.15/0.30 1977 4621 H 0.17/0.23 0.60/1.00 1.55/2.00 0.20/0.30 Si 0.15/0.30 1977 4626 0.24/0.29 0.45/0.65 0.70/1.00 0.15/0.25 4640 0.38/0.43...
Page 46 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 50B50 0.48/0.53 0.75/1.00 0.40/0.60 5060 0.56/0.64 0.75/1.00 0.40/0.60 50B60 0.56/0.64 0.75/1.00 0.40/0.60 5115 0.13/0.18 0.70/0.90 0.40/0.60 5117 0.15/0.20 0.70/0.90 0.70/0.90 5135 0.33/0.38 0.60/0.80 0.80/1.05...
Page 47 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 6118 0.16/0.21 0.50/0.70 0.50/0.70 V 0.10/0.15 6120 0.17/0.22 0.70/0.90 0.70/0.90 V 0.10 min 1961 6125 0.20/0.30 0.60/0.90 0.80/1.10 V 0.15 min 1936 6130 0.25/0.35...
Page 48 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 8641 0.38/0.43 0.75/1.00 0.40/0.70 0.40/0.60 0.15/0.25 S 0.04/0.06 1956 8642 0.40/0.45 0.75/1.00 0.40/0.70 0.40/0.60 0.15/0.25 86B45 0.43/0.48 0.75/1.00 0.40/0.70 0.40/0.60 0.15/0.25 8647 0.45/0.50 0.75/1.00...
Page 49 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 8750 0.48/0.53 0.75/1.00 0.40/0.70 0.40/0.60 0.20/0.30 Si 0.20/0.35 1956 9250 0.45/0.55 0.60/0.90 Si 1.80/2.20 1941 9254 0.51/0.59 0.60/0.80 0.60/0.80 Si 1.20/1.60 9255 0.51/0.59 0.70/0.95...
Page 50 FORMER STANDARD SAE STEELS (SAE J1249 JUN 2000) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Last Date Other 9442 0.40/0.45 0.90/1.20 0.30/0.60 0.30/0.50 0.08/0.15 Si 0.20/0.35 1950 9445 0.43/0.48 0.90/1.20 0.30/0.60 0.30/0.50 0.08/0.15 Si 0.20/0.35 1950 9447 0.45/0.50 0.90/1.20 0.30/0.60 0.30/0.50 0.08/0.15...
Page 51: Bearing Quality Steels
CARBURIZING BEARING QUALITY STEELS (ASTM A 534 – 04) A,B,C,D Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade P (max) S (max) 4118H 0.17/0.23 0.60/1.00 0.025 0.015 0.15/0.35 0.30/0.70 0.08/0.15 4320H 0.17/0.23 0.40/0.70 0.025 0.015 0.15/0.35 0.35/0.65 1.55/2.00 0.20/0.30 4620H 0.17/0.23 0.35/0.75 0.025...
Page 52 CARBURIZING BEARING QUALITY STEELS (ASTM A 534 – 04) A,B,C,D Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade P (max) S (max) 20CrMo4 0.17/0.23 0.60/0.90 0.025 0.015 0.40 max 0.90/1.20 0.15/0.25 20MnCrMo4-2 0.17/0.23 0.65/1.10 0.025 0.015 0.40 max 0.40/0.75 0.10/0.20 20NiCrMo2 0.17/0.23 0.60/0.95...
Page 53 MEDIUM CARBON BEARING QUALITY STEELS (ASTM A 866 – 01) Steel Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Cu (max) O (max) Al (max) Grade 1030 0.28/0.34 0.60/0.90 0.025 0.025 0.15/0.35 … … 0.30 0.0020 0.050 1040 0.37/0.44 0.60/0.90 0.025 0.025 0.15/0.35 …...
Page 54 MEDIUM CARBON BEARING QUALITY STEELS (ASTM A 866 – 01) Steel Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Cu (max) O (max) Al (max) Grade C56E2 0.52/0.60 0.60/0.90 0.025 0.015 0.40 max … … 0.30 0.0020 0.050 56Mn4 0.52/0.60 0.90/1.20 0.025 0.015 0.40 max …...
Page 55 HIGH CARBON BEARING QUALITY STEELS (ASTM A 295/A 295M – 05) A,B,C Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Steel Grade Ni (max) Cu (max) O (max) (max) 52100 0.93/1.05 0.25/0.45 0.025 0.015 1.35/1.60 0.25 0.10 max 0.30 0.0015 0.050 5195 0.90/1.03 0.75/1.00 0.025...
Page 56: Astm A105
CARBON STEEL FORGINGS FOR PIPING APPLICATIONS (ASTM A 105/A 105M – 09) Element Composition, % 0.35 max 0.60/1.05 0.035 max 0.040 max 0.10/0.35 0.40 max 0.40 max 0.30 max 0.12 max 0.08 max C Equivalence 0.47 or 0.48 The sum of C, Ni, Cr, Mo, and V shall not exceed 1.00%. The sum of Cr and Mo shall not exceed 0.32%.
Page 57: Astm A182
ALLOY STEELS FOR HIGH/LOW TEMPERATURE FLANGES (ASTM A 182/A 182M – 09a) Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Symbol Other Elements 0.28 0.60/0.90 0.045 0.045 0.15/0.35 0.44/0.65 0.05/0.21 0.30/0.80 0.030 0.030 0.10/0.60 0.50/0.81 0.44/0.65 0.15 0.30/0.60 0.030 0.030 0.50 0.50 4.0/6.0 0.44/0.65 F 5a 0.25...
Page 58 ALLOY STEELS FOR HIGH/LOW TEMPERATURE FLANGES (ASTM A 182/A 182M – 09a) Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Symbol Other Elements Ti 0.015/0.035, V 0.20/0.30, F 3V 0.05/0.18 0.30/0.60 0.020 0.020 0.10 … 2.80/3.20 0.90/1.10 B 0.001/0.003 Ti 0.015, V 0.20/0.30, Cu 0.25, F 3VCb 0.10/0.15 0.30/0.60...
Page 59: Astm A193
ALLOY STEEL FOR BOLTING APPLICATIONS (ASTM A193/A193M – 09) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Grade Description P (max) S (max) 5% Cr 0.10 min 1.00 max 0.040 0.030 1.00 max 4.00/6.00 0.40/0.65 … B6 and 12% Cr 0.08/0.15 1.00 max 0.040 0.030 1.00 max...
Page 60: Astm A213
FERRITIC ALLOY-STEELS FOR SEAMLESS TUBES (ASTM A 213/A 213M – 09a) Steel Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Other Grade 0.10/0.20 0.30/0.61 0.025 0.025 0.10/0.30 0.50/0.81 0.44/0.65 0.15 0.30/0.60 0.025 0.025 0.50 4.00/6.00 0.45/0.65 0.15 0.30/0.60 0.025 0.025 1.00/2.00 4.00/6.00 0.45/0.65 0.12 0.30/0.60...
Page 61 FERRITIC ALLOY-STEELS FOR SEAMLESS TUBES (ASTM A 213/A 213M – 09a) Steel Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Other Grade Nb 0.015/0.045, N 0.02, 0.10/0.17 0.80/1.20 0.030 0.025 0.25/0.50 1.00/1.30 0.30 0.25/0.50 0.02 Al 0.05, Cu 0.50/0.80 0.07/0.14 0.30/0.60 0.020 0.010 0.20/0.50 0.40...
Page 62: Astm A350
CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEEL FORGINGS, REQUIRING NOTCH TOUGHNESS TESTING FOR PIPING COMPONENTS (ASTM A 350/A 350M – 07) Composition, wt% Element Grade LF1 Grade LF2 Grade LF3 Grade LF5 Grade LF6 Grade LF9 Grade LF787 C, max 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.30 0.22 0.20...
Page 63: Astm A572
HSLA COLUMBIUM-VANADIUM STRUCTURAL STEEL (ASTM A 572/A 572M – 07) Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Grade P max S max Si max 42 [290] 0.21 max 1.35 max 0.040 0.050 0.40 50 [345] 0.23 max 1.35 max 0.040 0.050 0.40 55 [380] 0.25 max 1.35 max...
Page 64: Astm A588
HSLA STRUCTURAL STEEL WITH ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION RESISTANCE (ASTM A 588/A 588M – 05) Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits, Percent Element Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade K 0.19 max 0.20 max 0.15 max 0.17 max 0.80/1.25 0.75/1.35 0.80/1.35 0.50/1.20 0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max...
Page 65: Astm A920
MICROALLOY STEEL GRADES (ASTM A 920/A 920M – 07) Grade Mn % 10V40 0.37/0.44 0.60/0.90 0.040 max 0.050 max 0.02/0.20 10V45 0.43/0.50 0.60/0.90 0.040 max 0.050 max 0.02/0.20 11V37 0.32/0.39 1.35/1.65 0.040 max 0.08/0.13 0.02/0.20 11V41 0.37/0.45 1.35/1.65 0.040 max 0.08/0.13 0.02/0.20 15V24...
Page 66: Chemical Ranges And Limits Of Alloy Steels
HEAT CHEMICAL RANGES AND LIMITS OF ALLOY STEEL BARS (ASTM A 29/A 29M – 05) When Maximum of Specified Chemical Element Element is: Range Thru 0.55 0.05 Over 0.55 thru 0.70 0.07 Carbon Over 0.70 thru 0.80 0.09 Over 0.80 thru 0.95 0.11 Over 0.95 thru 1.35 0.12...
Page 67: Permissible Variations Of Alloy Steels
PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS FOR PRODUCT ANALYSIS OF ALLOY STEEL (ASTM A 29/A 29M – 05) Variation Over the Limit, or Maximum of Element Maximum Limit or Under Specified Range the Minimum Limit Thru 0.30 0.01 Carbon Over 0.30 thru 0.75 0.02 Over 0.75 0.03 Thru 0.90...
Page 68: Select Aerospace Specifications
SELECT AEROSPACE SPECIFICATIONS SAE or Other Chemical Composition and Ranges, Percent Designation Equivalent P (max) S (max) 6260 9310 0.07/0.13 0.40/0.70 0.15/0.35 0.025 0.025 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 0.08/0.15 6263 9315 0.11/0.17 0.40/0.70 0.15/0.35 0.025 0.025 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 0.08/0.15 6264 9317 0.14/0.20 0.40/0.70 0.15/0.35 0.025...
Page 69 SELECT AEROSPACE SPECIFICATIONS SAE or Other Chemical Composition and Ranges, Percent Designation Equivalent P (max) S (max) 6300 4037 0.35/0.40 0.70/0.90 0.15/0.35 0.040 0.040 0.20 max 0.25 max 0.20/0.30 6304 0.40/0.50 0.40/0.70 0.15/0.35 0.025 0.025 0.80/1.10 0.25 max 0.45/0.65 6312 4640 0.38/0.43 0.60/0.80...
Page 70 SELECT AEROSPACE SPECIFICATIONS SAE or Other Chemical Composition and Ranges, Percent Designation Equivalent P (max) S (max) 6414 CV4340 0.38/0.43 0.65/0.90 0.15/0.35 0.015 0.015 0.70/0.90 1.65/2.00 0.20/0.30 E4340 6415 0.38/0.43 0.65/0.85 0.15/0.35 0.025 0.025 0.70/0.90 1.65/2.00 0.20/0.30 MIL S-5000 4625M4 6418 0.23/0.28 1.20/1.50...
Page 71: Select Din Specifications
DIN SPECIFICATION FOR QUENCHED AND TEMPERED SPECIAL STEELS (DIN 10083 – 1:2006) A,B,C Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number Si max P max Cr+Mo+Ni C22E 1.1151 0.035 max 0.40 0.10 0.40 0.17/0.24 0.40 0.40/0.70 0.035 0.63 C22R 1.1149 0.020/0.040 C25E...
Page 72 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR QUENCHED AND TEMPERED SPECIAL STEELS (DIN 10083 – 1:2006) A,B,C Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number Cr+Mo+Ni 28Mn6 1.1170 0.25/0.32 0.40 1.30/1.65 .035 0.035 max 0.40 0.40 0.63 38Cr2 1.7003 0.035 max 0.35/0.42 0.40 0.50/0.80 .035 0.40/0.60...
Page 73 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR QUENCHED AND TEMPERED SPECIAL STEELS (DIN 10083 – 1:2006) A,B,C Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number Cr+Mo+Ni 50CrMo4 1.7228 0.46/0.54 0.40 0.50/0.80 .035 0.035 max 0.90/1.20 .15/.30 … … 36CrNiMo4 1.6511 0.32/0.40 0.40 0.50/0.80 .035 0.035 max 0.90/1.20...
Page 74 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR QUENCHED AND TEMPERED UNALLOYED QUALITY STEELS (DIN 10083 – 2:2006) Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number Cr+Mo+Ni 1.0402 0.17/0.24 0.40 0.40/0.70 0.045 0.045 0.40 0.10 0.40 0.63 1.0406 0.22/0.29 0.40 0.40/0.70 0.045 0.045 0.40 0.10 0.40 0.63...
Page 75: Mechanical Properties
DIN SPECIFICATION FOR QUENCHED AND TEMPERED BORON STEELS (DIN 10083 – 3:2006) Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number 20MnB5 1.5530 0.17/0.23 0.40 1.10/1.40 0.035 0.040 … 0.0008/0.0050 30MnB5 1.5531 0.27/0.33 0.40 1.15/1.45 0.035 0.040 … 0.0008/0.0050 38MnB5 1.5532 0.36/0.42 0.40...
Page 76 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR CASE HARDENING STEELS (EN 10084 – 1998) A,B,C Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number C10E 1.1121 0.035 max 0.07/0.13 0.30/0.60 0.40 0.035 C10R 1.1207 0.020/0.040 C15E 1.1141 0.035 max 0.12/0.18 0.30/0.60 0.40 0.035 C15R 1.1140 0.020/0.040 C16E...
Page 77 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR CASE HARDENING STEELS (EN 10084 – 1998) A,B,C Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number 22CrMoS3-5 1.7333 0.19/0.24 0.70/1.00 0.040 0.035 0.020/0.040 0.70/1.00 .40/.50 … 20MoCr3 1.7320 0.035 max 0.17/0.23 0.60/0.90 0.40 0.035 0.40/0.70 .30/.40 …...
Page 78 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR CASE HARDENING STEELS (EN 10084 – 1998) A,B,C Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number 20NiCrMoS6-4 1.6571 0.16/0.23 0.50/0.90 0.40 0.035 0.020/0.040 0.60/0.90 .25/.35 1.40/1.70 18CrNiMo7-6 1.6587 0.15/0.21 0.50/0.90 0.40 0.035 0.035 max 1.50/1.80 .25/.35 1.40/1.70 14NiCrMo13-4 1.6657...
Page 79 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR NITRIDING STEELS (EN 10085 – 2001) Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number 24CrMo13-6 1.8516 0.20/0.27 0.40/0.70 0.40 … 3.00/3.50 0.50/0.70 … … 31CrMo12 1.8515 0.28/0.35 0.40/0.70 0.40 … 2.80/3.30 0.30/0.50 … … 32CrAlMo7-10 1.8505 0.28/0.35 0.40/0.70 0.40...
Page 80 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR QUENCHED AND TEMPERED SPRINGS (EN 10089 – 2002) A,B,C Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number 38Si7 1.5023 0.35/0.42 0.50/0.80 1.50/1.80 .025 .025 … … … … 46Si7 1.5024 0.42/0.50 0.50/0.80 1.50/2.00 .025 .025 … …...
Page 81 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR QUENCHED AND TEMPERED SPRINGS (EN 10089 – 2002) A,B,C Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number 52CrMoV4 1.7701 0.48/0.56 0.70/1.10 0.40 max .025 .025 0.90/1.20 … .15/.30 0.10/0.20 60CrMo3-1 1.7239 0.56/0.64 0.70/1.00 0.40 max .025 .025 0.70/1.00 …...
Page 82 DIN SPECIFICATION FOR FERRITIC-PEARLITIC STEELS FOR PRECIPITATION HARDENING FROM HOT-WORKING TEMPERATURES (EN 10267 – 1998) Steel Designation Chemical Ranges and Limits, Percent Name Number 19MnVS6 1.1301 0.15/0.22 1.20/1.60 0.15/0.80 0.025 0.020/0.060 0.010/0.020 0.30 0.08 0.08/0.20 30MnVS6 1.1302 0.26/0.33 1.20/1.60 0.15/0.80 0.025 0.020/0.060 0.010/0.020...
Page 83 NOTES...
Page 84 HARDENABILITY EXAMBLES ILLUSTRATING ALTERNATE METHODS OF SPECIFYING HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CARBON AND ALLOY H STEELS 1. The minimum and maximum hardness values at any desired distance, illustrated as points A-A. 2. The minimum and maximum distance at which any hardness value occurs. The method is illustrated as points B-B.
Page 85 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA (ASTM A 304 – 05) Grade “J” Distance (Sixteenths 1038 H 1045 H 1522 H 1524 H of an inch) 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0...
Page 86 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance (Sixteenths 1526 H 1541 H 15B21 H of an inch) 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0...
Page 87 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance (Sixteenths 15B28 H 15B30 H 15B35 H 15B37 H of an inch)
Page 88 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance (Sixteenths 15B41 H 15B48 H 15B62H of an inch)
Page 89 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 1330 H 1335 H 1340 H 1345 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 90 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4027 H/4028 H 4032 H 4037 H 4042 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 91 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4047 H 4118 H 4130 H 4135 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 92 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4137 H 4140 H 4142 H 4145 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 93 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4147 H 4150 H 4161 H 4320 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 94 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4340 H E4340 H 4419 H 4620 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 95 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4621 H 4626 H 4718 H 4720 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 96 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4815 H 4817 H 4820 H 50B40 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 97 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 50B44 H 5046 H 50B46 H 50B50 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 98 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 50B60 H 5120 H 5130 H 5132 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 99 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 5135 H 5140 H 5145 H 5147 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 100 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 5150 H 5155 H 5160 H 51B60 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 101 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 6118 H 6150 H 81B45 H 8617 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 102 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 8620 H 8622 H 8625 H 8627 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 103 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 8630 H 86B30 H 8637 H 8640 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 104 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 8642 H 8645 H 86B45 H 8650 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 105 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 8655 H 8660 H 8720 H 8740 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 106 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 8822 H 9260 H 9310 H 94B15 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 107 END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 94B17 H 94B30 H (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 108 Restricted hardenability (RH) steels are desirable to provide more controlled heat treatment response and dimensional control for critical parts. In general, RH steels will exhibit a hardness range not greater than 5 HRC at the initial position on the end-quench hardenability bar and not greater than 65% of the hardness range for standard H-band steels in the inflection region.
Page 109 RESTRICTED END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 15B21 RH 15B35 RH 3310 RH 4027 RH (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 110 RESTRICTED END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4118 RH 4120 RH 4130 RH 4140 RH (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 111 RESTRICTED END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4145 RH 4161 RH 4320 RH 4620 RH (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 112 RESTRICTED END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 4820 RH 50B40 RH 5130 RH 5140 RH (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 113 RESTRICTED END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 5160 RH 8620 RH 8622 RH 8720 RH (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 114 RESTRICTED END QUENCH HARDENABILITY BAND DATA Grade “J” Distance 8822 RH 9310 RH (Sixteenths of an inch)
Page 115 LIMITING VALUES FOR STEEL GRADES WITH (NORMAL) HARDNESS REQUIRMENTS (+H GRADES) (EN 10083-1:1996) Steel Designation Distance, in mm, from Quenched End, in HRC Name Symbol Limit C35E … C35R … … … … … … … … … … C40E C40R …...
Page 116 LIMITING VALUES FOR STEEL GRADES WITH (NORMAL) HARDNESS REQUIRMENTS (+H GRADES) (EN 10083-1:1996) Steel Designation Distance, in mm, from Quenched End, in HRC Name Symbol Limit 28Mn6 … … … … … … … … … … 38Cr2 38CrS2 … …...
Page 117 LIMITING VALUES FOR STEEL GRADES WITH (NORMAL) HARDNESS REQUIRMENTS (+H GRADES) (EN 10083-1:1996) Steel Designation Distance, in mm, from Quenched End, in HRC Name Symbol Limit 42CrMo4 42CrMoS4 50CrMo4 36CrNiMo4 34CrNiMo6 30CrNiMo8 36NiCrMo16 51CrV4 The hardenability values for the unalloyed steels are provisional and may be reviewed as more information becomes available. If the hardenability scatter for the H grade of the relevant steel of a manufacturer exceeds the limits given above, the manufacturer shall inform the purchaser accordingly at the time of ordering.
Page 118 LIMITING VALUES FOR HIGH MN AND ALLOY STEELS WITH RESTRICTED SCATTERBANDS (EN 10083-1:1996) Steel Designation Distance (mm) from Quenched End Hardness, in HRC Name Symbol Limit … … … … … … … 28Mn6 … … … … … … …...
Page 119 LIMITING VALUES FOR HIGH MN AND ALLOY STEELS WITH RESTRICTED SCATTERBANDS (EN 10083-1:1996) Steel Designation Distance (mm) from Quenched End Hardness, in HRC Name Symbol Limit 37Cr4 37CrS4 … … … 41Cr4 41CrS4 … … … 25CrMo4 25CrMoS4 … … …...
Page 120 LIMITING VALUES FOR HIGH MN AND ALLOY STEELS WITH RESTRICTED SCATTERBANDS (EN 10083-1:1996) Steel Designation Distance (mm) from Quenched End Hardness, in HRC Name Symbol Limit 42CrMo4 42CrMoS4 50CrMo4 36CrNiMo4 34CrNiMo6...
Page 121 LIMITING VALUES FOR HIGH MN AND ALLOY STEELS WITH RESTRICTED SCATTERBANDS (EN 10083-1:1996) Steel Designation Distance (mm) from Quenched End Hardness, in HRC Name Symbol Limit 30CrNiMo8 36NiCrMo16 51CrV4...
Page 122 LIMITING VALUES FOR STEEL GRADES WITH (NORMAL) HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS (EN 10083-3:1995) Steel Designation Hardness (HRC) at a Distance (mm) from Quenched End of Test Piece Name Symbol Limit … … … 20MnB5 … … … … … … … … 30MnB5 …...
Page 123 HARDNESS LIMITS FOR STEEL TYPES WITH SPECIFIED (NORMAL) HARDENABILITY (EN 10084-1998) Steel Designation Hardness (HRC) at a Distance (mm) from Quenched End of Test Piece Name Symbol Limit 17C3 … … … 17CrS3 … … … … … … … …...
Page 124 HARDNESS LIMITS FOR STEEL TYPES WITH SPECIFIED (NORMAL) HARDENABILITY (EN 10084-1998) Steel Designation Hardness (HRC) at a Distance (mm) from Quenched End of Test Piece Name Symbol Limit 20MoCr4 20MoCrS4 … … … … … … … 16NiCr4 16NiCrS4 … …...
Page 125 HARDNESS LIMITS FOR STEEL TYPES WITH SPECIFIED (NORMAL) HARDENABILITY (EN 10084-1998) Steel Designation Hardness (HRC) at a Distance (mm) from Quenched End of Test Piece Name Symbol Limit 20NiCrMoS6-4 … … … 18CrNiMo7-6 14NiCrMo13-4...
Page 126 HARDNESS LIMITS FOR STEEL TYPES WITH RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY SCATTERBANDS (HH AND HL GRADES) (EN 10084-1998) Steel Designation Hardness (HRC) at a Distance (mm) from Quenched End of Test Piece Name Symbol Limit … … … 17Cr3 … … … … …...
Page 127 HARDNESS LIMITS FOR STEEL TYPES WITH RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY SCATTERBANDS (HH AND HL GRADES) (EN 10084-1998) Steel Designation Hardness (HRC) at a Distance (mm) from Quenched End of Test Piece Name Symbol Limit 20MnCr5 20MnCrS5 … … … … … … 18CrMo4 18CrMoS4 …...
Page 128 HARDNESS LIMITS FOR STEEL TYPES WITH RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY SCATTERBANDS (HH AND HL GRADES) (EN 10084-1998) Steel Designation Hardness (HRC) at a Distance (mm) from Quenched End of Test Piece Name Symbol Limit 20MoCr4 … … … … … 20MoCrS4 … …...
Page 129 HARDNESS LIMITS FOR STEEL TYPES WITH RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY SCATTERBANDS (HH AND HL GRADES) (EN 10084-1998) Steel Designation Hardness (HRC) at a Distance (mm) from Quenched End of Test Piece Name Symbol Limit 17CrNi6-6 15NiCr13 20NiCrMo2-2 … … … … … 20NiCrMoS2-2 …...
Page 130 HARDNESS LIMITS FOR STEEL TYPES WITH RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY SCATTERBANDS (HH AND HL GRADES) (EN 10084-1998) Steel Designation Hardness (HRC) at a Distance (mm) from Quenched End of Test Piece Name Symbol Limit 20NiCrMoS6-4 … … … 18CrNiMo7-6 14NiCrMo13-4...
Page 131 NOTES...
Page 132: Astm A105
CARBON STEEL FORGINGS FOR PIPING APPLICATIONS (ASTM A 105/A 105M – 09) Property Value Tensile Strength, min, ksi [MPa] 70 [485] Yield Strength, min, ksi [MPa] 36 [250] Elongation in 2 in. [50mm], min, % Reduction of Area, min, % Hardness, HBN, max Determined by either the 0.2% offset method or 0.5% extension-under-load method.
Page 133: Astm A434
HOT ROLLED OR COLD FINISHED QUENCHED AND TEMPERED BARS (ASTM A 434 – 06) Tensile Elongation in 2 Reduction Yield Strength, Representative Class Diameter, in. [mm] Strength, in. or 50 mm, of Area, min, ksi [MPa] Grade min, ksi [MPa] min, % min, % 1-1/2 [38.1] and under...
Page 134: Astm A182
ALLOY STEELS FOR HIGH/LOW TEMPERATURE FLANGES (ASTM A 182/A 182M – 09a) Identification Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, Elongation in 2 in. Reduction of Brinnell Hardness Symbol min, ksi [MPa] min, ksi [MPa] [50 mm] or 4D, min, % Area, min, % Number 70 [485] 40 [275]...
Page 135 ALLOY STEELS FOR HIGH/LOW TEMPERATURE FLANGES (ASTM A 182/A 182M – 09a) Identification Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, Elongation in 2 in. Reduction of Area, Brinnell Hardness Symbol min, ksi [MPa] min, ksi [MPa] [50 mm] or 4D, min, % min, % Number F22 Class 1 60 [415]...
Page 136: Astm A193
ALLOY STEEL FOR BOLTING APPLICATIONS (ASTM A193/A193M – 09) Minimum Tensile Yield Reduction Elongation, Hardness, Grade Diameter (in) Tempering Strength, Strength, of Area, min min (%) Temperature (°F) min (ksi) min (ksi) up to 4, incl 1100 … up to 4, incl 1100 …...
Page 137: Astm A572
HSLA COLUMBIUM-VANADIUM STRUCTURAL STEEL (ASTM A 572/A 572M – 07) Tensile Strength, Minimum Yield Point, min Elongation, % Grade in 8 in. in 2 in. [MPa] [MPa] [200mm] [50mm] 42 [290] 50 [345] 55 [380] 60 [415] 65 [450] HSLA STRUCTURAL STEEL WITH ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION RESISTANCE (ASTM A 588/A 588M –...
Page 138 REINFORCING BAR (REBAR) REQUIRMENTS (ASTM A615/A615M – 09a) Nominal Dimensions Deformation Requirements, in. [mm] Nominal Maximum Gap Bar Designation Maximum Minimum Weight, lb/ft Diameter, Cross-Sectional Perimeter, (Chord of 12.5% Average Average [kg/m] in. [mm] Area, in in. [mm] of Nominal Spacing Height Perimeter)
Page 139: Astm A615
REINFORCING BAR (REBAR) REQUIRMENTS (ASTM A615/A615M – 09a) MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS Grade 40 Grade 60 Grade 75 Grade 80 Tensile strength, min, ksi [MPa] 60 [420] 90 [620] 100 [690] 150 [725] Yield strength, min, 40 [280] 60 [420] 75 [520] 80 [550] ksi [MPa] Bar Designation...
Page 140: Estimated Mechanical Properties Of Steel Bars
ESTIMATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MACHINABILITY RATINGS OF STEEL BARS (SAE J1397 MAY92) Scope: The following information is intended to provide a guide to mechanical and machinability characteristics of some SAE steel grades. The ratings and properties shown are provided as general information and not as requirements for specifications unless each instance is approved by the source of supply. The data is based on resources which may no longer be totally accurate.
Page 141 TABLE 1: NONRESULFURIZED CARBON STEEL BARS, MANGANESE 1.00% MAXIMUM Elongation Tensile Tensile Yield Yield Reduction Average Steel Type of in 2 in. Brinnel Strength Strength Strength Strength in Area Machinability Rating Grade Processing [50mm] Hardness (Cold Drawn) Hot Rolled 27.5 1015 Cold Drawn Hot Rolled...
Page 142 TABLE 1: NONRESULFURIZED CARBON STEEL BARS, MANGANESE 1.00% MAXIMUM Tensile Tensile Yield Yield Elongation Reduction Average Steel Type of Brinnel Strength Strength Strength Strength in 2 in. [50mm] in Area Machinability Rating Grade Processing Hardness (Cold Drawn) Hot Rolled 37.5 1030 Cold Drawn Hot Rolled...
Page 143 TABLE 1: NONRESULFURIZED CARBON STEEL BARS, MANGANESE 1.00% MAXIMUM Tensile Tensile Yield Yield Elongation Reduction Average Steel Type of Brinnel Strength Strength Strength Strength in 2 in. [50mm] in Area Machinability Rating Grade Processing Hardness (Cold Drawn) Hot Rolled 1046 Cold Drawn Hot Rolled 1049...
Page 144 TABLE 1: NONRESULFURIZED CARBON STEEL BARS, MANGANESE 1.00% MAXIMUM Tensile Tensile Yield Yield Elongation Reduction Average Steel Type of Brinnel Strength Strength Strength Strength in 2 in. [50mm] in Area Machinability Rating Grade Processing Hardness (Cold Drawn) Hot Rolled 1078 SACD 72.5 Hot Rolled...
Page 145 TABLE 2: RESULFURIZED CARBON STEEL BARS Tensile Tensile Yield Yield Elongation Reduction Average Steel Type of Brinnel Strength Strength Strength Strength in 2 in [50mm] in Area Machinability Rating Grade Processing Hardness (Cold Drawn) Hot Rolled 1117 Cold Drawn Hot Rolled 45.5 1132 Cold Drawn...
Page 146 TABLE 3: NONRESULFURIZED CARBON STEEL BARS, MANGANESE MAXIMUM OVER 1.00% Tensile Tensile Yield Yield Elongation Reduction Average Steel Type of Brinnel Strength Strength Strength Strength in 2 in [50mm] in Area Machinability Rating Grade Processing Hardness (Cold Drawn) Hot Rolled 1524 Cold Drawn Hot Rolled...
Page 147 Alloy Steel: Hardness and machinability ratings for cold drawn alloy steel bars are listed in Table 4 with the appropriate microstructure. The microstructure listed for alloy steels in Table 4 is identified as follows: Type A: Predominantly lamellar pearlite and ferrite. Type B: Predominantly spheroidized.
Page 148 TABLE 4: MACHINABIILTY OF ALLOY STEEL Steel Grade Machinability Rating Condition Range of Typical Hardness (HB) Microstructure Type 4135 Annealed and Cold Drawn 187/229 4137 Annealed and Cold Drawn 187/229 4140 Annealed and Cold Drawn 187/229 4142 Annealed and Cold Drawn 187/229 4145 Annealed and Cold Drawn...
Page 149 TABLE 4: MACHINABIILTY OF ALLOY STEEL Steel Grade Machinability Rating Condition Range of Typical Hardness (HB) Microstructure Type 50B44 Annealed and Cold Drawn 174/223 5046 Annealed and Cold Drawn 174/223 50B46 Annealed and Cold Drawn 174/223 50B50 Annealed and Cold Drawn 183/235 5060 Spheroidized Annealed and Cold Drawn...
Page 150 TABLE 4: MACHINABIILTY OF ALLOY STEEL Steel Grade Machinability Rating Condition Range of Typical Hardness (HB) Microstructure Type 8615 Cold Drawn 179/235 8617 Cold Drawn 179/235 8620 Cold Drawn 179/235 8622 Cold Drawn 179/235 8625 Annealed and Cold Drawn 179/223 8627 Annealed and Cold Drawn 179/223...
Page 151: Mechanical Property Variations With Carbon Conent
AVERAGE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES VS CARBON CONTENT Figure 1: Variations in average mechanical properties of as-rolled 1 inch (25 mm) diameter bars of plain carbon steels, as a function of carbon content. (Carbon and Alloy Steels. ASM International, 1996, pg 12)
Page 152: Cold Drawn Or Turned And Polished Tolerances
TOLERANCES FOR LEVEL ONE COLD FINSIHED BARS COLD DRAWN OR TURNED AND POLISHED (ASTM A108-07) Maximum of Maximum of Maximum of Carbon Range to Maximum of Carbon Range over 0.55% or All Size (in.) Carbon Range Carbon Range over 0.55% incl., Stress Relieved or Grades Quenched and Tempered or Normalized 0.28% or less 0.28% to 0.55% incl.
Page 153: Recommended Cold Shearing Limitations
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR HOT-ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BARS AND BILLETS (STANDARD AND FORMERLY STANDARD AISI AND SAE GRADES) Maximum Dimension of Square Section (in)* When Maximum of Specified Percent Carbon Range Is: Grade Series Designation Over 0.20 Over 0.25 Over 0.33 Over 0.44...
Page 154 RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR HOT-ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BARS AND BILLETS (STANDARD AND FORMERLY STANDARD AISI AND SAE GRADES) Maximum Dimension of Square Section (in)* When Maximum of Specified Percent Carbon Range Is: Grade Series Designation Over 0.20 Over 0.25 Over 0.33 Over 0.44...
Page 155 RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY HOT ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BARS AND BILLETS (STANDARD AND FORMERLY STANDARD AISI AND SAE GRADES) Maximum Dimension of Square Section (in.)* When Maximum of Specified Percent Carbon Range Is: Grade Series Designation Over 0.20 Over 0.25 Over 0.33...
Page 156 RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY HOT ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BARS AND BILLETS (STANDARD AND FORMERLY STANDARD AISI AND SAE GRADES) Maximum Dimension of Square Section (in.)* When Maximum of Specified Percent Carbon Range Is: Grade Series Designation Over 0.20 Over 0.25 Over 0.33...
Page 157: Carburizing Rates
CARBURIZING RATES OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS For 0.10% Carbon (approx.) Alloy Carburizing Steels Effective Case Depth @ 0.40% Carbon Carburizing Time, Carburizing Temperature (°F) (Hours) 1600 1650 1700 1750 .011” .013” .016” .019” .015” .019” .023” .027” .019” .023” .028”...
Page 158: Recommended Maximum Hot Working Temperatures
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES Steel Grade Maximum Temperature (°F) 1008 2250 1010 2250 1015 2250 1040 2200 1050 2200 1117 2250 1141 2200 1144 2200 4023 2250 4037 2200 4047 2200 4130 2200 4140 2200 4150 2200 4320 2200 4340 2200 4620...
Page 159: Critical Transformation Temperatures
CRITICAL TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURES (Approximate) On Heating 50F/hr On Cooling 50F/hr On Quenching Grade Ac1 (°F) Ac3 (°F) Ar3 (°F) Ar1 (°F) Ms (°F) 1010 1335 1610 1560 1260 1015 1335 1580 1525 1260 1020 1335 1555 1500 1260 1025 1340 1545 1440 1265...
Page 160 CRITICAL TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURES (Approximate) On Heating 50F/hr On Cooling 50F/hr On Quenching Grade Ac1 (°F) Ac3 (°F) Ar3 (°F) Ar1 (°F) Ms (°F) 5120 1410 1540 1470 1290 5130 1370 1490 1370 1280 5140 1360 1450 1340 1280 5150 1330 1420 1330 1290...
Page 161: Permissible Varations In Hot Rolled Bar Cross Sections
PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN HOT-ROLLED BAR CROSS SECTION (ASTM A29/A29M-05) Variation from Out-of-Round or Specified Size (in) Specified Size (in) Out-of-Square Section (in) Over Under Thru 5/16 0.005 0.005 0.008 Over 5/16 thru 7/16, incl. 0.006 0.006 0.009 Over 7/16 thru 5/8, incl. 0.007 0.007 0.010...
Page 162: Permissible Variations In Hot Rolled Length
PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN LENGTH FOR HOT-ROLLED ROUNDS AND SQUARES (ASTM A29/A29M-05) Specified Size of Permissible Variations Over Specified Length (in) Rounds/Squares (in) 5 to 10 ft, excl 10 to 20 ft, excl 20 to 30 ft, excl 30 to 40 ft excl 40 to 60 ft, excl Mill Shearing To 1, incl...
Page 163 EQUIVALENT CROSS SECTIONS BY BAR SIZE AND SHAPE Equivalent** Round Square Dimension (in.) Cross Sectional Area (in. Dimension (in.) 10 2/16 81.00 8-3/4 9 14/16 76.56 8-1/2 9 9/16 72.25 8-1/4 9 5/16 68.06 64.00 7-3/4 8 12/16 60.06 7-1/2 8 7/16 56.25 7-1/4...
Page 164: Equivalent Cross Section By Bar Size And Shape
EQUIVALENT CROSS SECTIONS BY BAR SIZE AND SHAPE Equivalent** Round Square Dimension (in.) Cross Sectional Area (in. Dimension (in.) 2 15/16 3 5/16 8.63 2 7/8 3 4/16 8.27 2 13/16 3 3/16 7.91 2 3/4 3 2/16 7.56 2 11/16 3 1/16 7.22 2 5/8...
Page 165: Hot Rolled Bar Weights
HOT ROLLED BAR WEIGHTS Bar Weight (lb/ft) Nominal Thickness or Round Cornered Diameter (in.) Rounds Squares 1/32 0.0026 0.0033 1/16 0.0104 0.0133 3/32 0.0234 0.0298 0.0417 0.0531 5/32 0.0651 0.0829 3/16 0.0938 0.1194 7/32 0.1276 0.1625 0.1667 0.2123 9/32 0.2110 0.2686 5/16 0.2605...
Page 166 HOT ROLLED BAR WEIGHTS Bar Weight (lb/ft) Nominal Thickness or Round Cornered Diameter (in.) Rounds Squares 2 1/16 11.35 14.45 2 1/8 12.04 15.34 2 3/16 12.76 16.25 2 1/4 13.50 17.19 2 5/16 14.26 18.16 2 3/8 15.04 19.16 2 7/16 15.85 20.18...
Page 167 HOT ROLLED BAR WEIGHTS Bar Weight (lb/ft) Nominal Thickness or Round Cornered Diameter (in.) Rounds Squares 6 1/4 104.2 132.7 6 1/2 112.7 143.5 6 3/4 121.5 154.7 130.7 166.4 7 1/4 140.2 178.5 7 1/2 150.0 191.0 7 3/4 160.2 204.0 170.7...
Page 168: Hot Rolled Bar Reduction Ratios At Sdi
HOT ROLLED BAR REDUCTION RATIOS AT STEEL DYNAMICS Reduction ratio compares the cross-sectional area of the as-cast bloom or billet with the cross-sectional area of the hot rolled product. Reduction Ratio (from 10.3 x 14.1 blooms) Hot Rolled Size (in) Hot Rolled Shape Fractional Decimal...
Page 169 HOT ROLLED BAR REDUCTION RATIOS AT STEEL DYNAMICS Reduction Ratio (from 10.3 x 14.1 blooms) Hot Rolled Size (in) Hot Rolled Shape Fractional Decimal Round 5.0000 4 7/8 4.8750 4 3/4 4.7500 4 5/8 4.6250 4 1/2 4.5000 4 3/8 4.3750 4 1/4 4.2500...
Page 170 HOT ROLLED BAR REDUCTION RATIOS AT STEEL DYNAMICS Reduction Ratio (from 10.3 x 14.1 blooms) Hot Rolled Size (in) Hot Rolled Shape Fractional Decimal Round 3 1/8 3.1250 18.6 14.9 3 1/16 3.0625 19.4 15.5 3.0000 20.2 16.2 2 15/16 2.9375 21.1 16.8...
Page 171 HOT ROLLED BAR REDUCTION RATIOS AT STEEL DYNAMICS Reduction Ratio (from 10.3 x 14.1 blooms) Hot Rolled Size (in) Hot Rolled Shape Fractional Decimal Round 2 1/16 2.06250 42.8 34.1 2.00000 46.2 36.3 1 15/16 1.93750 49.2 38.7 1 7/8 1.87500 52.5 41.3...
Page 172: Grain Size
GRAIN SIZE As Rolled Grain Size As rolled grain size is sometimes referred to as ferritic grain size, ferrite pearlite grain size, or room temperature gain size. As rolled grain size refers to the ASTM E 112 grain size number, which is given to the size of the ferrite and pearlite grains in the microstructure of the steel as measured after cooling from hot rolling.
Page 173: Effects Of Alloying Elements On Steel Properties
EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF STEEL Negative Element Percentage Positive Attributes Attributes Strength Ductility Carbon Hardness Weldability Hardenability Surface Quality 0.30/1.15 (favoring MnS to FeS inclusions) Machinability Manganese and Weldability Strength 1.20/1.65 Surface Quality Over 1.65 Hardenability Ductility and 0.040 max No special benefits...
Page 174 EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF STEEL Negative Element Percentage Positive Attributes Attributes Strength 0.01/0.25 (microalloy) 0.30/0.80 Hardenability Abrasion Chromium Resistance Machinability (carbide Approx. formation) 1.00/2.00 High Temperature Strength Hardenability Hardenability Creep Strength Machinability Molybdenum 0.08/0.60 High Temperature Weldability Strength Strength...
Page 175 NOTES...
Page 176: Glossary Of Metallurgical Terms
GLOSSARY OF METALLURGICAL TERMS STEEL TERMINOLOGY Strand Casting (Continuous Casting) A direct solidification process used to cast molten steel into blooms or billets, thereby bypassing the ingot solidification and reheat stages of steel production. In strand casting, a steel “melt” is tapped into a ladle in the conventional manner. The liquid steel is them teemed (poured) into a tundish, which acts as s reservoir to provide for a controlled casting rate.
Page 177: Roles Of Alloying Elements In Steel
ROLES OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN STEEL Aluminum (Al) Is used to deoxidize steel and control grain size. Grain size is controlled by enabling aluminum to combine with nitrogen and oxygen to form a fine dispersion of particles which restrict austenite grain growth. Aluminum is also an extremely effective nitride former in nitriding steels.
Page 178 Chromium (Cr) Used in low alloy steels to increase (1) resistance to corrosion and oxidation, (2) high temperature strength (3) hardenability and (4) abrasion resistance in high carbon alloys. Of the common alloying elements, chromium is surpassed only by manganese and molybdenum in its affect on hardenability. Chromium forms the most stable carbide of any of the more common alloying elements, thereby imparting exceptional wear resistance to high-carbon chromium steels.
Page 179 Manganese (continued) Manganese is also important because it deoxidizes the molten steel, and shows fewer tendencies to segregate during solidification than do most other alloying elements. Its presence in steel is highly beneficial to surface quality because it tends to combine with sulfur, thereby minimizing the formation of iron sulfide (the leading cause of hot shortness, or susceptibility to cracking and tearing at hot rolling temperatures).
Page 180 Silicon (Si) Is one of the principle deoxidizers of molten steel, and normally is present in amounts up to 0.35%. It slightly increases the strength of ferrite without a serious loss of ductility. It is used in greater amounts in some steels, such as the silico- manganese steels, where its effects tend to complement those of manganese to produce unusually high strength combined with good ductility and shock resistance in the quenched and tempered condition.
Page 181: Heat Treating Terms
HEAT TREATING TERMS Transformation Temperature the temperature at which a change in solid phase occurs. The heat treatment of steel deals with those ranges of temperature which austenite forms upon heating and transforms to ferrite (or to ferrite plus cementite) during cooling. The two ranges are distinct (sometimes overlapping), but never coinciding.
Page 182 2. Full Annealing (Also known as Lamellar Pearlite – or so-called “LP” – Annealing) consists of heating steel above its upper critical (Ac3) temperature, and holding at that temperature for an extended period of time, then followed by a controlled rate of cooling to below the critical range.
Page 183 Hardenability (Response to Heat Treatment) the physical property of steel which determines the depth of martensitic hardness that can be induced by quenching from temperatures over 1330°F. The chemical composition and austenitic grain size of the steel completely determine it hardenability, with almost all of the elements making varying degrees of contribution.
Page 184: Mechanical Property Terms
MECHANICAL PROPERTY TERMS The following four mechanical properties are determined from a single uniaxial test specimen pulled in tension to the point of fracture: Ultimate Tensile Strength (also abbreviated as “Tensile Strength”) Ultimate tensile strength is expressed as the ratio of the maximum applied load to the original cross sectional area.
Page 185 Hardness a measure of a metal’s ability to resist plastic deformation, usually by indentation. Hardness is an indirect measure of the relative ultimate tensile strength of steel. The two most common hardness tests in general use are the Brinell hardness test and the family of Rockwel hardness tests.
Page 186: Microstructural Terms
MICROSTRUCTURAL TERMS Microstructure Microstructure refers to the quantity, size, shape and distribution of various phases in the steel. It depends totally on the chemistry, hardenability, heat treatment, and cooling rates employed. Ferrite, the purest form of iron in steel, is the softest and lowest strength constituent with highest ductility.
Page 187 Segregation (Also known as Chemical Segregation or Alloy Segregation) A centerline condition in which the local chemical composition of the steel departs from the average composition. The chemical segregation (expressed in weight percent) along the centerline of a hot rolled bar is either “positive” (greater) or “negative (smaller) compared to the bar’s average chemical composition.
Page 188: Steel Defect Terms
STEEL DEFECT TERMS Seam Longitudinal surface crevices the contain scales and decarburization, usually oriented perpendicular to the bar’s surface. Seams can vary in length from a few inches to several feet, and generally are randomly found along the length and around the circumference of a bar.
Page 189 Flakes (Also known as Hydrogen Flakes) Short, discontinuous internal fissures in steel attributed to stresses produced by localized transformation and decreased solubility of hydrogen during cooling after hot working. In a fracture surface, flakes appear as bright silvery areas; viewed on edge along an etched micro specimen, flakes appear as short, discontinuous cracks.
Page 190: Hardness Conversion Table
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE (Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel and approximate relationship between hardness number and Ultimate Tensile Strength for steel.) Rockwell Hardness Number Brinell B-Scale Hardness Ultimate Brinell 100kg Number Tensile A-Scale C-Scale Indentation Load 3000kg load Strength 60kg Load 150kg Diameter 1/16...
Page 191 HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE (Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel and approximate relationship between hardness number and Ultimate Tensile Strength for steel.) Rockwell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness B-Scale Brinell Ultimate Tensile Number A-Scale 100kg C-Scale Indentation Strength 3000kg load 60kg Load Load 150kg Load Diameter...
Page 192: Common Coversion Factors
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS To Convert To → Multiplier ← To Convert To Length Length Inch (in) 25.4 0.0394 Millimeter (mm) Foot (ft) 30.48 0.0328 Centimeter (cm) Yard (yd) 0.914 1.0936 Meter (m) Mile (mi) 1.609 0.6214 Kilometer (km) Area Area Square Inch 645.2 0.00155...
Page 193 NOTES...
Page 194 BAR DATA HANDBOOK | AISI/SAE | Chemical Compositions and Metallurgical Data 8000 North County Road 225 East | Pittsboro, Indiana 46167 | (877) 683-2277 | f: (317) 892-7005 SECOND EDITION...

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