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Manuals and User Guides for Honeywell AUTOMATIC CONTROL. We have
1
Honeywell AUTOMATIC CONTROL manual available for free PDF download: Engineering Manual
Honeywell AUTOMATIC CONTROL Engineering Manual (518 pages)
for COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Brand:
Honeywell
| Category:
Controller
| Size: 8.02 MB
Table of Contents
7
Table of Contents
5
Preface
7
Table of Contents
11
Control System Fundamentals
13
Control Fundamentals
15
Introduction
15
Definitions
18
HVAC System Characteristics
18
General
19
Heating
19
General
20
Heating Equipment
21
Cooling
21
General
22
Cooling Equipment
22
Dehumidification
23
Humidification
23
Ventilation
24
Filtration
25
Control System Characteristics
25
Controlled Variables
25
Control Loop
26
Control Methods
26
General
26
Analog and Digital Control
27
Control Modes
27
Two-Position Control
27
General
27
Basic Two-Position Control
28
Timed Two-Position Control
29
Step Control
30
Floating Control
31
Proportional Control
31
General
32
Compensation Control
33
Proportional-Integral (Pi) Control
35
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (Pid) Control
35
Enhanced Proportional-Integral-Derivative (Epid) Control
36
Adaptive Control
36
Process Characteristics
36
Load
37
Lag
37
General
37
Measurement Lag
38
Capacitance
39
Resistance
39
Dead Time
39
Control Application Guidelines
40
Control System Components
40
Sensing Elements
40
Temperature Sensing Elements
41
Pressure Sensing Elements
42
Flow Sensors
42
Moisture Sensing Elements
43
Actuators
43
Controllers
43
Proof-Of-Operation Sensors
43
Transducers
44
Auxiliary Equipment
45
Characteristics and Attributes of Control Methods
47
Psychrometric Chart Fundamentals
48
Introduction
48
Definitions
49
Description of the Psychrometric Chart
50
The Abridged Psychrometric Chart
52
Examples of Air Mixing Process
53
Air Conditioning Processes
53
Heating Process
54
Humidifying Process
54
Cooling Process
60
Vaporizing Humidifier
61
Cooling and Dehumidification
62
Dehumidification and Reheat
63
ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart
67
Pneumatic Control Fundamentals
68
Table of Contents
69
Definitions
69
Introduction
70
Abbreviations
71
Basic Pneumatic Control System
72
Pilot Bleed System
72
Nozzle-Flapper Assembly
73
Signal Amplifier
73
Feed and Bleed System
74
Throttling Range Adjustment
71
Symbols
75
Air Supply Equipment
76
Air Drying Techniques
78
Pressure Reducing Valve Station
79
Thermostats
80
Controllers
80
General
81
Temperature Controllers
81
Humidity Controllers
81
Pressure Controllers
82
Sensor-Controller Systems
82
Pneumatic Controllers
82
Proportional-Integral (PI) Controllers
82
Controller Adjustments
83
Pneumatic Sensors
83
Velocity Sensor-Controller
84
Actuators and Final Control Elements
84
Actuators
84
General
84
Spring Ranges
85
Control Valves
86
Dampers
87
Relays and Switches
87
Switching Relay
88
Snap Acting Relay
88
Lockout Relay
89
High-Pressure Selector Relay
89
Low-Pressure Selector Relay
89
Load Analyzer Relay
90
Capacity Relay
90
Reversing Relay
90
Averaging Relay
90
Positive-Positioning Relay
91
Ratio Relay
91
Pneumatic Potentiometer
92
Hesitation Relay
92
Electrical Interlocking Relays
92
Electric-Pneumatic Relay
92
Pneumatic-Electric Relay
93
Electronic-Pneumatic Transducer
93
Pneumatic Switch
94
Pneumatic Control Combinations
94
Manual Positioning Switch
94
General
95
Sequence Control
95
Limit Control
96
Manual Switch Control
97
Changeover Control for Two-Pressure Supply System
97
Compensated Control System
97
Electric-Pneumatic Relay Control
98
Pneumatic-Electric Relay Control
98
Pneumatic Recycling Control
99
Pneumatic Centeralization
99
Pneumatic Centralization
100
Pneumatic Control System Example
100
Start-Stop Control Sequence
102
Supply Fan Control Sequence
102
Return Fan Control Sequence
102
Warm-Up/Heating Coil Control Sequence
103
Mixing Damper Control Sequence
104
Discharge Air Temperature Control Sequence
104
Off/Failure Mode Control Sequence
105
Electric Control Fundamentals
107
Definitions
109
How Electric Control Circuits Classified
107
Introduction
109
How Electric Control Circuits Are Classified
110
Series 40 Control Circuits
110
Application
110
Equipment
110
Controllers
110
Relays
110
Actuators
111
Operation
111
Control Combinations
111
Unit Heater Control
111
High-Limit Control
112
Series 80 Control Circuits
112
Low-Limit Control
112
Application
112
Equipment
112
Controllers
112
Relays and Actuators
113
Series 60 Two-Position Control Circuits
113
Control Combinations
113
High-Limit Control
113
Low-Limit Control
113
Application
113
Equipment
114
Operation
115
Control Combinations
115
Two-Position Control of Steam Valve
115
Summer/Winter Changeover Control of Athree-Way Diverting Valve
115
Open-Closed Control of Damper
116
Series 60 Floating Control Circuits
116
Application
116
Equipment
116
Controllers
116
Actuators
116
Operation
117
Series 90 Control Circuits
117
Application
117
Equipment
117
Controllers
117
Actuators
118
Operation
118
General
118
Bridge Circuit Theory
118
Basic Bridge Circuit
118
Bridge Circuit in Balanced Condition
118
Bridge Circuit On Increase in Controlled Variable
119
Bridge Circuit On Decrease in Controlled Variable
119
Bridge Circuit with Limit Controls
120
Bridge Circuit with Low-Limit Control
120
Bridge Circuit with High-Limit Control
121
Control Combinations
121
Low-Limit Control
121
High-Limit Control
122
Two-Position Limit Control
122
Manual and Automatic Switching
122
Closing the Actuator with a Manual Switch
122
Transferring Actuator Control From One Thermostat to Another
122
Reversing for Heating and Cooling Control
123
Transferring Controller From One Actuator to Another
123
Unison Control
123
Manual Minimum Positioning of Outdoor Air Damper
124
Motor Control Circuits
124
Step Controllers
124
Application
124
Equipment
124
Starters
124
Contactors and Relays
125
Operation
125
Momentary Start-Stop Circuit
125
Hand-Off-Auto Start-Stop Circuit
126
Momentary Fast-Slow-Off Start-Stop Circuit
127
Control Combinations
129
Electronic Control Fundamentals
130
Introduction
130
Definitions
132
Typical System
132
Components
133
Electronic Control Fundamentals
137
Pressure Sensors
138
Output Devices
139
Electtonic Controller Fundamentals
139
Electronic Controller Fundamentals
140
Typical System Application
141
Microprocessor-Based/ DDC Fundamentals
141
Microprocessor-Based/DDC Fundamentals
143
Definitions
143
Introduction
144
Advantages
144
Computer Based Control
144
Direct Digital Control
144
Lower Cost Per Function
144
Background
145
Controller Configuration
145
Application Flexibility
145
Coordinated Multifunction Capability
145
Precise and Accurate Control
145
Reliability
146
Types of Controllers
146
Zone-Level Controller
146
System-Level Controller
147
Controller Software
147
Operating Software
147
Application Software
147
Direct Digital Control Software
148
Energy Management Software
148
Optimum Start
148
Optimum Stop
149
Night Cycle
149
Night Purge
149
Enthalpy
149
Load Reset
151
Zero Energy Band
152
Controller Programming
152
Distributed Power Demand
152
Building Management Software
152
General
153
Programming Categories
153
Configuration Programming
153
System Initialization Programming
153
Data File Programming
153
Custom Control Programming
154
Analyze Control Application
154
Partition Into Control Loops
154
Determine Inputs and Outputs
155
Typical Applications
155
Design, Write, and Compile Program
155
Debug, Install, Enter Data Files, and Test
155
Zone-Level Controller
155
Example 1. VAV Cooling Only
155
Example 2. VAV Cooling with Sequenced Electric Reheat
156
System-Level Controller
159
Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
161
Definitions
161
Introduction
163
Abbreviations
164
Indoor Air Quality Concerns
164
Air Contaminants
164
Contaminant Sources
164
Outdoor Contaminant Sources
165
Indoor Contaminant Sources
165
General
165
Building Materials and Furnishings
166
Occupancy and Process Related Contaminant Sources
166
Residential Occupancy
166
Office Building Occupancy
167
Health Care Occupancy
167
Industrial Occupancy
167
Occupant Related Contaminant Sources
167
Contaminant Types
167
Particulate Contaminants
168
Gas and Vapor Contaminants
168
Radionuclide Contaminants
168
Indoor Air Contaminant Indicators
168
Human Responses to Contaminants
168
Building Responses to Contaminants
168
Design Considerations
169
Remediating Contaminant Levels
169
Particulate Contaminant Remediation
169
Gas Contaminant Remediation
169
Effects of Temperature
170
Effects of Humidity
170
Design Procedures
170
General
171
Ventilation Rate Design Procedure
171
Indoor Air Quality Design Procedure
172
Recirculation Requirements
172
Ventilation Optimization
172
Codes and Standards
173
Acceptance Testing
173
General
174
Indoor Air Quality Control Applications
174
ASHRAE Guideline 1-1989
174
General
175
Flow Tracking Control System
176
Flow Tracking System with Mixing Box Static Pressure Control
177
Rooftop Unit Control System
177
Operator Interface
178
Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
178
Graphic Displays
180
Bibliography
180
Referenced Publications
180
Related Publications
181
Smoke Management Fundamentals
182
Definitions
182
Introduction
183
Design Considerations
183
General
184
Layout of System
184
Codes and Standards
183
Objectives
185
Design Principles
185
Causes of Smoke Movement
185
Stack Effect
185
Buoyancy
186
Expansion
186
Wind Velocity
187
Hvac
187
Control of Smoke
187
Pressurization
188
Control Applications
188
Airflow
188
Purging
189
Zone Pressurization Control
190
Stairwell Pressurization Control
191
Acceptance Testing
191
Leakage Rated Dampers
191
Control of Malls, Atria, and Large Areas
192
Bibliography
192
Referenced Publications
192
Additional Related Publications
193
Building Management System Fundamentals
193
Definitions
193
Introduction
194
Definitions
194
Introduction
195
Definitions
196
System Configurations
195
Introduction
195
Background
196
Background
196
Energy Management
196
Facilities Management Systems
197
System Configurations
197
Hardware Configuration
197
Zone-Level Controllers
198
System-Level Controllers
198
Operations-Level Processors
198
Management-Level Processors
198
Communications Protocol
199
System Functions
199
Peer Communications Protocol
199
Communications Media
199
Twisted Copper Pair
199
Fiber Optic
199
Phone Lines
203
Operation
204
Specifying Graphics (I/O Summaries)
205
Building Management System Fundamentals
206
Control Graphics
206
Data Penetration
200
System Functions
200
General
200
Operations-Level Functions
200
Hardware
201
Communications Software
201
Server
201
Security
201
Alarm Processing
201
Reports
202
System Text
202
System Graphics
203
Controller Support
200
System-Level Controller Functions
200
Zone-Level Controller Functions
207
Integration of Other Systems
207
General
207
Surface Integration
207
In-Depth Integration
209
Control System Applications
211
Air Handling System Control Applications
213
Abbreviations
213
Introduction
214
Requirements for Effective Control
216
Applications-General
217
Valve and Damper Selection
218
Symbols
219
Ventilation Control Processes
219
Fan System Start-Stop Control
221
Fixed Quantity of Outdoor Air Control
222
Outdoor Air Fan Control for Multiple Ahu's
223
Mixed Air Control
225
Economizer Cycle Decision
225
Economizer Cycle Decision-Outdoor Air Dry Bulb Control
226
Economizer Cycle Decision-Outdoor Air Enthalpy Control
228
Economizer Cycle Decision-Outdoor Air/Return Air Enthalpy Comparison
229
Economizer Cycle Decision-Outdoor Air/Return Air Dry Bulb Temperature Comparison
230
Mixed Air Control with Economizer Cycle (Ventilation System Only)
231
Psychrometric Aspects
232
Economizer Cycle Control of Space Temperature with Supply Air Temperature Setpoint Reset
233
Heating Control Processes
233
Control From Supply Air
234
Control From Space with Supply Temperature Reset
235
Outdoor Air Temperature Reset of Supply Air Temperature
236
Space Temperature Control of Zone Mixing Dampers and Reset of Hot Deck Temperature
238
Preheat Control Processes
238
Preheat Control with Face and Bypass Dampers
240
Control From Preheat Leaving Air
241
Multiple Coil Control From Outdoor and Supply Air
243
Year-Round Heat Recovery Preheat System Control
245
Control of Modulating Humidifier
245
Humidification Control Process
246
Cooling Control Processes
246
Control of Modulating Chilled Water Coil Three-Way Valve
247
Two-Position Control of Direct Expansion Coil System
249
Two-Position Control of Direct Expansion Coil System-Modulating Face and Bypass Damper
251
Cold Deck System with Zone Damper Control
253
Dehumidification Control Processes
253
Direct Expansion or Water Coil System Control
254
Water Coil Face and Bypass System Control
256
Heating System Control Process
258
Year-Round System Control Processes
256
Space Control of Heating, Free Cooling, and Humidification
258
Heating, Cooling, and Economizer
260
Multizone Unit
262
Heating, Cooling, Humidification, and Dehumidification Control
262
Without Deadbands
265
VAV AHU, Water-Side Economizer, OA Airflow Control
268
VAV AHU with Return Fan and Flow Tracking Control
271
ASHRAE Psychrometric Charts
273
Building Airflow System Control Applications
275
Definitions
275
Introduction
277
Airflow Control Fundamentals
277
Need for Airflow Control
277
What Is Airflow Control
277
Types of Airflow Systems
277
Variable Air Volume
278
Constant Air Volume
279
Variable Versus Constant Air Volume
279
Ventilation
280
Pressurization
280
Building Pressure Balance
281
Containment Pressurization
281
Wind Pressure Effects
281
Stack Effect
282
Characteristics of Fans and Fan Laws
282
General
282
Fan Types
283
Fan Performance Terms
283
Fan Laws
283
Fan Horsepower
284
Duct System Curves
284
Fan Curve and System Curve Comparison
284
Characteristics of Airflow in Ducts
284
General
284
Pressure Changes Within a Duct
286
Effects of Fittings
287
Effects of Dampers
287
Effects of Air Terminal Units
287
Measurement of Airflow in Ducts
287
General
287
Pressure Sensors
289
Pitot Tube Sensors
289
Total and Static Pressure Sensors
290
Airflow Measuring Devices
291
Airflow Control Applications
291
Central Fan System Control
291
Supply Fan Control for VAV Systems
291
General
292
Duct Static High-Limit Control
293
Return Fan Control for VAV Systems
293
Open Loop Control
293
Direct Building Static Control
294
Airflow Tracking Control
294
Duct Static Control
294
Relief Fan Control for VAV Systems
295
Return Damper Control for VAV Systems
296
Sequencing Fan Control
296
Other Control Modes
296
Warm-Up Control
296
Smoke Control
296
Night Purge Control
296
Zone Airflow Control
297
Exhaust System Control
298
Multiple Fan Systems
298
Types
298
Fume Hoods
300
Laboratory Pressurization
302
References
303
Chiller, Boiler and Distribution System Control Applications
303
Chiller, Boiler, and Distribution System Control Applications
307
Abbreviations
307
Definitions
307
Introduction
308
Symbols
309
Chiller System Control
309
Introduction
309
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
309
Vapor-Compression Cycle
310
Centrifugal Compressor
311
Reciprocating Compressor
311
Screw Compressor
311
Absorption Refrigeration
311
Absorption Cycle
312
Absorption Chiller
313
Chiller Control Requirements
313
Basic Chiller Control
313
System Controls Which Influence the Chiller
313
Safety Controls
313
Chiller/Bmcs Interface
314
Chilled Water Systems
314
Central Cooling Plants
314
Single Centrifugal Chiller Control
315
Single Centrifugal Chiller Control Application
318
Multiple Chiller System Control Applications
319
Dual Centrifugal Chillers Control Application
321
Similar Multiple Centrifugal Chillers Control Applications
321
Equal Sized Centrifugal Chillers Control
323
Multiple Centrifugal Chiller Sequencing
325
Dissimilar Multiple Centrifugal Chillers Control
325
Alternative Multiple Decoupled Chiller Control
325
Combination Absorption and Centrifugal Chiller System Control
326
Chiller Pump Optimization
327
Thermal Storage Control
327
General
327
Control Modes
328
Cooling Tower and Condenser Water Control
328
Cooling Tower Performance Characteristics
328
Cooling Tower Capacity Control
329
On-Off Cooling Tower Fan Control
329
Two-Speed Cooling Tower Fan Control
330
Variable Speed Cooling Tower Fan Control
330
Single Cooling Tower Variable Speed Fan Control
332
Dual Cooling Tower Variable Speed Fan Control
335
Chiller Heat Recovery System
335
Free Cooling-Tower Cooling
337
Tower Free Cooling, Dual Chillers
339
Boiler System Control
339
Boiler Types
339
Cast Iron and Steel Boilers
339
Modular Boilers
340
Electric Boilers
339
Introduction
340
Boiler Ratings and Efficiency
341
Combustion in Boilers
341
Principles of Combustion
341
Flue Gas Analysis
341
Oil Burners
341
Gas Burners
342
Boiler Controls
342
Boiler Output Control
342
Combustion Control
342
Flame Safeguard Control
343
Flame Safeguard Instrumentation
343
Application of Boiler Controls
344
Multiple Boiler Systems
344
General
345
Dual Boiler Plant Control
347
Modular Boilers
347
Hot and Chilled Water Distr I Bution Systems Contr Ol
347
Introduction
347
Classification of Water Distribution Systems
347
Typical Water Distribution System
348
Control Requirements for Water Distribution Systems
348
Centrifugal Pumps Used in Hot and Chilled Water Systems
349
Pump Performance
350
Pump Power Requirements
350
Pump Performance Curves
350
Pump Efficiency
351
Pump Affinity Laws
352
Matching Pumps to Water Distribution Systems
352
System Curves
352
Plotting a System Curve
352
Combining System and Pump Curves
354
Variable Speed Pumps
355
Pumps Applied to Open Systems
355
Multiple Pumps
356
Operation
357
Dual Pump Curves
357
Distribution System Fundamentals
358
Direct Vs Reverse Return Piping Systems
359
Coupled Vs Decoupled Piping Systems
360
Methods of Controlling Distribution Systems
360
Three-Way Coil Bypass and Two-Way Valve Control
360
Valve Selection Factors
360
Flow and Pressure Control Solutions
361
Single Pump, Pressure Bypass, Direct Return
361
Valve Location and Sizing
361
Differential Pressure Sensor Location
362
Single Pump, Pressure Bypass, Reverse Return
364
Dual Pumps, Dual Chillers, Pressure Bypass
364
90 Percent Chiller Flow, Direct Return
364
AHU Valve High Differential Pressure Control
365
Variable Speed Pump Control
365
Decoupled Variable Speed Pump Control, Direct Return
367
Pump Speed Valve Position Load Reset
369
Balancing Valve Considerations
369
Balancing Valve Effects
369
Balancing Valve Elimination
369
Differential Pressure Sensor Location Summary
369
Pump Minimum Flow Control
370
Decoupled Variable Speed Pump Control, Reverse Return
370
Hot Water Distribution Systems
370
General
370
Hot Water Converters
371
Hot Water Piping Arrangements
371
General
372
Primary-Secondary Pumping
372
Control of Hot Water Systems
372
General
372
Modulating Flow Control
373
Supply Hot Water Temperature Control
373
Supply Hot Water Temperature Control with Flow Control
373
Hot Water Reset
373
Hot Water Converter
376
Three-Way Valve
376
Coordinating Valve Selection and System Design
376
Hot Water Control Method Selection
376
Chilled Water Distribution Systems
376
General
377
System Objectives
377
Control of Terminal Units
377
Dual Temperature Systems
377
Changeover Precautions
377
Multiple-Zone Dual-Temperature Systems
378
Properties of Steam
379
Steam System Heat Characteristics
379
Steam Pressure, Temperature, and Density
379
Steam Quality
378
Steam Distribution Systems and Control
378
Introduction
378
Advantages of Steam Systems Vs Hot Water Systems
378
Steam System Objectives
380
Steam Distribution Systems
380
Steam Piping Mains
380
Steam Traps
381
Pressure Reducing Valve Station
382
Types of Low Pressure Steam Distribution Systems
382
One-Pipe Steam Systems
382
Two-Pipe Steam Systems
382
Types of Condensate Return Systems
383
Variable Vacuum Return Systems
384
Control Principles for Steam Heating Devices
384
General
384
Modulating Steam Coil Performance
384
Oversized Valve
385
Correctly Sized Valve
385
Supply and Return Main Pressures
385
System Design Considerations for Steam Coils
386
Low Temperature Protection for Steam Coils
386
High Temperature Water Heating System Control
386
Introduction
386
High Temperature Water (HTW) Heating
387
High Temperature Water Safety
387
HTW Control Selection
387
HTW Valve Selection
388
Valve Style
388
Valve Body Materials
388
Valve Trim
388
Valve Packing
388
Valve Flow Characteristics
388
Actuators
389
Instantaneous Converter Control
390
HTW Coils
390
HTW Space Heating Units
390
Storage Converters
391
Multizone Space-Heating HTW Water Converters
391
HTW Steam Generators
392
District Heating Applications
392
Introduction
392
Heat Sources
392
The Distribution Network
393
The Substation
393
Abbreviations
394
Definitions
394
Symbols
395
System Configuration
395
Heat Generation
395
Heat Distribution Network
395
Hot Water System Control
395
Steam System Vs Hot Water System
395
Hot Water Pipeline System
396
Pressure Reducing Stations
396
Mixing Station
396
Key Points
396
Heat Transfer Substations
396
Direct Heat Transfer Substations
398
Indirect Heat Transfer Substations
399
Hybrid Heat Transfer Substations
400
Control Applications
400
DDC Control of High Performance Substation
402
DDC Control of a Small House Substation
403
Control of Apartment Building Substations with Domestic Hot Water
406
Hybrid Building Substation
409
Individual Room Control Applications
411
Introduction
412
Graphic Symbols
413
Abbreviations
413
Air Terminal Unit Control
413
Variable Air Volume ATU
413
Pressure-Dependent and Pressure-Independent ATU
414
Single-Duct VAV ATU
414
System Configuration
414
Throttling VAV ATU
415
Variable Air Volume ATU
416
Variable Air Volume ATU with Electric Reheat
416
Constant Air Volume Atus
416
Induction VAV ATU
418
Parallel Fan ATU
418
Series Fan ATU
420
Dual-Duct ATU
420
Dual Duct Pressure Independent VAV ATU
421
Dual Duct Pressure Independent Constant Volume ATU
422
Unitary Equipment Control
422
General
422
Natural Convection Units
423
Radiant Panels
423
Unit Heaters
423
General
424
Control
424
Two-Position Control
424
Down-Blow Unit Heater
424
Modulating Control
425
Gas- or Oil-Fired Unit Heater
425
Unit Ventilators
425
General
426
Control
426
ASHRAE Control Cycles
426
Standby/Warm-Up Stage
427
Cycle I-Fixed Maximum Percentage of Outdoor Air
427
Cycle II-Fixed Minimum Percentage of Outdoor Air
428
Cycle III-Variable Outdoor Air
428
Day/Night Setback Control
429
Digital Unit Ventilator Control
432
Precautions and Conditions for Successful Operation
432
Blocked Airflow
432
Power Failure
432
Coil Freeze-Up
432
Fan Coil Units
432
General
433
Two-Pipe Heating/Cooling
433
Two-Pipe Heating/Cooling, Single Coil
434
Four-Pipe Heating/Cooling, Split Coil
434
Four-Pipe Heating/Cooling, Single Coil
435
Heat Pumps
435
General
435
Operation
436
Control Loops
437
Individual Room Control Automation
438
Hot Water Plant Considerations
441
Valve Selection and Sizing
442
Definitions
442
Valve Components
442
Valve Flow Characteristics
443
Valve Flow Terms
443
Valve Ratings
444
Valve Types
446
Valve Material and Media
442
Introduction
446
Valve Selection
447
Globe Valve
447
Ball Valve
447
Butterfly Valve
448
Two-Way Valve
448
Quick-Opening Valve
449
Linear Valve
449
Equal Percentage Valve
450
Three-Way Valves
450
Mixing Valve
451
Diverting Valve
451
Valve Sizing
451
Water Valves
452
Quantity of Water
453
Water Valve Pressure Drop
453
Water Valve Sizing Examples
455
Steam Valves
455
Quantity of Steam
457
Steam Valve Pressure Drop
457
Proportional Applications
457
Two-Position Applications
457
Steam Valve Sizing Examples
461
Damper Selection and Sizing
463
Definitions
463
Introduction
464
Damper Selection
464
Damper Types
464
Parallel and Opposed Blade Dampers
464
Round Dampers
464
Low Leakage Dampers
466
Smoke Dampers
466
Fire Dampers
467
Multiple Section Dampers
467
Baffles
468
Typical Damper Construction
468
Performance Data
468
Leakage Ratings
469
Damper Selection and Sizing
470
Torque Requirements
470
Velocity Ratings
470
Temperature Ratings
470
Pressure Ratings
470
UL Classification (Fire/Smoke)
470
Application Environment
471
Static Pressure
471
Temperature
471
Corrosion
471
Turbulence
471
Nuclear/Seismic Applications
471
Actuators and Linkages
472
Actuator Mounting Alternatives
472
Positive Positioners
472
Multiple Actuators
473
Jackshafts
473
Actuator Selection
473
Damper Sizing
473
System Characteristics
474
Damper Characteristics
474
Inherent Characteristic
474
Installed Characteristic
475
Determining Damper Size
477
Other Damper Sizing Considerations
477
Two-Position Control
477
Modulating Control
477
Oversized Damper Characteristics
477
Damper Performance
477
Control System Sensitivity
478
Damper Pressure Drop
479
Mixed Air Control
479
Damper Applications
480
Face and Bypass Control
480
Throttling Control
481
General Engineering Data
482
Introduction
482
Degree Days
482
Weather Data
483
Heating Data
484
Cooling Data
485
Conversion Formulas and Tables
485
General
485
Metric Prefixes
485
Pressure
486
Area
486
Length
486
Weight/Mass
487
Mass Per Unit Volume of Water
487
Specific Heat
487
Temperature
488
General Engineering Data
487
Volume
489
Flow
489
Heat Transfer
489
Velocity
490
Power
490
Work/Energy
491
Density
492
Electrical Data
491
Enthalpy
491
Force
491
Torque
492
Electrical Distribution Systems
492
General
492
Single-Phase System
493
Three-Phase Three-Wire Wye System
493
Three-Phase Four-Wire Wye System
493
Three-Phase Delta System
494
Electrical Conductors
495
Conduit Size and Fill
495
Electric Motors
497
Voltage Conversion
498
Properties of Saturated Steam Data
499
Airflow Data
499
Fan Ratings
500
Velocity Pressure
501
Moisture Content of Air Data
501
Moisture in Compressed Air
503
Relative Humidity
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