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GENERALINFORMATIONAND
MAINTENANCE l-9
Fig. 27 A click type or breakaway torque
wrench-note that this one has a pivoting
head
v
WRONG
WRONG
PIVOTED
HANDLE
TOR(IUE
WRENCH
tccS1041
Fig. 28 Torque wrenches with pivoting
heads must be grasped and used properly
to prevent an incorrect reading
Rigid Case (Direct Reading)
# See Figure 29
A rigid case or direct reading torque wrench is
equipped with a dial indicator to show torque values.
One advantage of these wrenches is that they can be
held at any position on the wrench without affecting
accuracy. These wrenches are often preferred be-
cause they tend to be compact, easy to read and have
a great degree of accuracy.
lccs1042
Fig. 29 The rigid case (direct reading)
torque wrench uses a dial indicator to show
torque
TORQUEANGLEMETERS
# See Figure 30
Because the frictional characteristics of each fas-
tener or threaded hole will vary, clamp loads which
are based strictly on torque will vary as well. In most
applications, this variance IS not significant enough
to cause worry. But, in certain applications, a manu-
facturers engineers may determine that more precise
clamp loads are necessary (such is the case with
:ig. 30 Some specifications require the use
rf a torque angle meter (mechanical pro.
ractor)
many aluminum cylinder heads). In these cases, a
torque angle method of installation would be speci-
fied. When installing fasteners which are torque angle
tightened, a predetermined
seating torque and stan-
dard torque wrench are usually used first to remove
any compliance from the joint. The fastener is then
tightened the specified additional portion of a turn
measured in degrees. A torque angle gauge (mechan-
ical protractor) is used for these applications.
) See Figure 31
Throughout this manual, specifications are given to
help you determine the condition of various compo-
nents on your vehicle, or to assist you in their installa-
tion. Some of the most common measurements
in-
clude length (in. or cm/mm), torque (ft. Ibs., inch Ibs.
or Nm) and pressure (psi, in. Hg, kPa or mm Hg). In
most cases, we strive to provide the proper measure-
ment as determined by the manufacturers engineers.
Though, in some cases, that value may not be con-
veniently measured with what is available in your
toolbox. Luckily, many of the measuring devices
CONVERSION
FACTORS
LENGTH-DISTANCE
Inches (I".)
x 25.4
= Millimeters
(mm)
x .0394
= Inches
Feet (ft.)
x ,305
= Meters (m)
x 3.281
= Feet
Miles
x 1.609
= Kilometers
(km)
x .0621
= Miles
VOLUME
Cubic Inches (in3)
x 16.387
= Cubic Centimeters
x .061
= in3
IMP Pints (IMP pt.)
x .568
= Liters (L)
x 1.76
= IMP pt.
IMP Quarts (IMP qt.)
x 1.137
= Liters (L)
x .88
= IMP qt.
IMP Gallons (IMP gal.)
x 4.546
= Liters (L)
7, .22
= IMP gal.
IMP Quarts (IMP qt )
x 1.201
= US Quarts (US qt.)
x ,833
= IMP qt.
IMP Gallons (IMP gal.)
x 1.201
= US Gallons (US gal.)
x ,833
= IMP gal.
Fl. Ounces
x 29.573
= Millihters
x 034
= Ounces
us Pints (Us pt.)
x ,473
= Liters (L)
x 2.113
= Pints
US Quarts (US qt.)
x .946
= Liters (L)
x 1.057
= Quarts
US Gallons (US gal.)
x 3.785
= Liters (L)
x ,264
= Gallons
MASS-WEIGHT
Ounces (oz.)
x 28.35
= Grams (g)
x ,035
= Ounces
Pounds (lb )
x ,454
= Kdograms
(kg)
x 2.205
= Pounds
PRESSURE
'
Pounds Per Sq. In. (psi)
x 6.895
= Kilopascals
(kPa)
x ,145
= psi
Inches of Mercury (Hg)
x .4912
= psi
x 2.036
= Hg
Inches of Mercury (Hg)
x 3.377
= Kilopascals
(kPa)
x .2961
= Hg
Inches of Water (H,O)
x .07355
= Inches of Mercury
x 13 783
= H,O
Inches of Water (H,O)
x .03613
= psi
x 27.684
= Hz0
Inches of Water (H,O)
x ,248
= Kilopascals
(kPa)
x4026
= H,O
TORQUE
Pounds-Force
Inches (in-lb)
x ,113
= Newton
Meters (N.m)
x 8.85
= in-lb
Pounds-Force
Feet (ft-lb)
x 1.356
= Newton
Meters (N*m)
x ,738
= ft-lb
VELOCITY
Miles Per Hour (MPH)
x 1.609
= Kilometers
Per Hour (KPH)
x .621
= MPH
POWER
Horsepower
(Hp)
x ,745
= Kdowatts
x 1.34
= Horsepower
FUEL CONSUMPTION'
Mdes Per Gallon IMP (MPG)
x .354
= Kilometers
Per Liter (Km/L)
Kilometers
Per Liter (Km/L)
x 2.352
= IMP MPG
Miles Per Gallon US (MPG)
x ,425
= Kilometers
Per Liter (Km/L)
Kdometers
Per Liter (Km/L)
x 2.352
= US MPG
*It 1s common to covert from miles per gallon (mpg) to hters/lOO
kilometers
(l/100
km), where mpg (IMP) x l/ID0
km
= 282 and mpg (US) x l/lo0
km = 235.
TEMPERATURE
Degree Fahrenheit
CF)
= ("C x 1.8) + 32
Degree Celsms ('C)
= CF - 32) x 56
tccsio4d
Fig. 31 Standard and metric conversion factors chart
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