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This manual is published by Ericsson AB, without any warranty. Improvements and changes to this manual necessitated by typographical errors, inaccuracies of current information, or improvements to programs and/or equipment, may be made by Ericsson AB at any time and without notice. Such changes will, however, be incorporated into new editions of this manual. All rights reserved.
Assigning Static IP Information to your PCs Getting Started with the Configuration Manager Accessing the Configuration Manager Commonly Used Buttons and Icons Committing Changes to Permanent Storage 4.3.1 Rebooting the HM210dp/di using the Configuration Manager Quick Configuration Basic Configuration Bridge Mode 5.1.1 Configuring the HM210dp/di 5.1.2...
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HM210dp/di DHCP Modes Configuring DHCP Server 7.2.1 Creating IP Address Pools 7.2.2 Enabling DHCP Server Mode 7.2.3 Configuring Your PCs as DHCP Clients 7.2.4 Modifying IP Address Pools 7.2.5 Viewing Current DHCP Address Assignments Configuring DHCP Relay 7.3.1 Defining the DHCP Relay Interface(s) 7.3.2...
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12.3 Image Upgrade 12.4 Diagnostics 12.5 Port Settings 12.6 View System Alarms View DSL Parameters Troubleshooting 14.1 LEDs 14.2 Internet Access 14.3 Configuration Manager Program Important Information 15.1 Product Care and Maintenance 15.2 Regulatory Information 15.2.1 EU Directives 15.2.2 Safety Approvals 15.2.3 EMC Approvals 15.2.4 Telecom Approval 15.2.5 Caution...
The ADSL Modem HM210 comes in two versions: HM210dp and HM210di. Both products offer the same features, but they rely on different types of telephone line in order to provide the ADSL service. HM210dp offers ADSL service over POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) lines, while HM210di uses ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) lines to provide the ADSL service.
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Introduction One or more computers each containing an Ethernet 10Base-T/100Base-T network interface card (NIC). An Ethernet hub/switch, if you are connecting the device to more than one computer. For system configuration using the built-in Configuration Manager program: a web browser such as Internet Explorer v5.0 or later, or Netscape v5.0 or later. EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 7 (98) April 2003...
Hardware Description and Connection Hardware Description and Connection Front Panel and LED Indicators The front panel of the HM210dp/di contains five control lamps (LEDs) that indicate the status of the modem: Figure 1: Front Panel of HM210dp/di Label Color Function green ON: Unit is powered on.
Power socket for connecting the HM210dp/di to a power outlet by using the supplied power adapter. Placement The HM210dp/di should be placed on a flat surface. Be sure to choose a location that enables you to see the LEDs, is close to a power outlet, ADSL outlet, and the PC. Note: Proper ventilation is necessary to prevent the product from over-heating.
LAN port on the HM210dp/di. To a hub/switch’s uplink port: - Use a “straight-through”cable to connect it to the uplink port and the other end to the LAN port on the HM210dp/di. Attach the power connector.
DHCP pool 192.168.1.3 - 34 The following instructions assume that your PC meets the following prerequisites: Already is connected to the LAN port on the HM210dp/di through its network interface card (NIC). Has the appropriate Ethernet adapter software. Has the TCP/IP protocol installed. If not, refer to Microsoft documentations to install the TCP/IP protocol.
Local PC Configuration In the Internet protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click the radio button labeled Obtain an IP address automatically. Also click the radio button labeled Obtain DNS server address automatically. Click OK twice to confirm and save your changes, and then close the Control Panel.
Accessing the Configuration Manager You can access the Configuration Manager from any computer connected to the HM210dp/di. At any PC connected to the HM210dp/di, open a web browser, type the following URL in the web address (or location) box, and press <Enter>: http://192.168.1.1 When the login screen appears, enter your User Name and Password, and then click OK.
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Getting Started with the Configuration Manager After a successful login, the System View page appears. Figure 4: System View The System View table provides a snapshot of your system configuration. You can click on the provided links that enable you to configure each setting (if available). Refer to the appropriate chapters in this document for more information.
Getting Started with the Configuration Manager Commonly Used Buttons and Icons Button / Symbol Function Stores in temporary system memory any changes you have made on the current page. Redisplays the current page with updated statistics. When accumulated statistics are displaying, this button resets the statistics to their initial values.
Getting Started with the Configuration Manager Committing Changes to Permanent Storage Whenever you change system settings, the changes are initially placed in a temporary storage (called random access memory or RAM). Your changes are made effective when you submit them, but will be lost if the device is reset or turned off. Follow these steps to commit changes to permanent storage.
Getting Started with the Configuration Manager 4.3.1 Rebooting the HM210dp/di using the Configuration Manager If, after rebooting the device, you find that it does not operate properly with the new configuration, you can reboot using options that reactivate a previous configuration or the factory default configuration.
Getting Started with the Configuration Manager Quick Configuration The Quick Configuration page allows you to quickly configure your HM210dp/di for Internet connection. Your ISP should provide you with necessary information to complete the quick setup. To quickly configure the system, go to Home > Quick Configuration. The Quick...
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Click Enable to turn on the DNS forwarding service, which forwards to your LAN PCs the DNS server addresses that your PPP connection learns from your ISP. This option can only be used when the HM210dp/di acts as a DHCP server for your LAN. Primary/Secondary You may just keep the default 0.0.0.0.
This chapter provides basic configuration instructions to get your HM210dp/di run and have your network connected to the Internet. The instructions assume that the HM210dp/di is not predefined with any ATM VC, PPP and IPoA settings. For each connection method, example parameters are given for your better understanding.
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Basic Configuration Field Description VC Interface Select a VC interface from the available interfaces, e.g. aal5-0 . VPI and VCI Enter the VPI/VCI values given by your ISP, e.g. 0/33 Mux Type Select LLC or VC as required by your ISP. Max Proto per AAL5 Keep the default 2.
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Select the ATM VC interface you created in Step 1, e.g. aal5-0 . 0.0.0.0 / 0.0.0.0 Config. IP Address/Net Mask To use the HM210dp/di as a bridge, you don't need to set the IP address and subnet mask. Just keep the default. Use DHCP Disable...
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Basic Configuration Figure 11: RFC1483/Ethernet over ATM(EoA) Config Enable Bridging function: Select Bridging > Bridging page to display the Bridge Configuration page. Select eth-0 from the list and click Add. Select the EOA interface to be used (e.g. eoa-0 ) from the drop-down list, and then click Add.
Internet now but will lose the local connection to the device's LAN port. If you want to configure the HM210dp/di via the Configuration Manager again, you should re-configure the PC to 192.168.1.x to be in the same subnet of the device's LAN port.
Just keep your PC's setting as a DHCP client and execute the PPPoE software to make the connection. PPP Connection Mode 5.2.1 Configuring the HM210dp/di Creating an ATM VC interface: Select Routing > ATM VC > Add. The ATM VC - Add page appears: Figure 14: ATM VC - Add...
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Basic Configuration Figure 15: ATM VC Configuration Creating a PPP interface: Select Routing > PPP > Add to add a new PPP interface: Figure 16: PPP Interface - Add Enter the provided fields as below: 26 (98) EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 April 2003...
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Status Select Start or StartOnData Start - To establish connection whenever you turn on the HM210dp/di. StartOnData - To establish a connection whenever the device gets a request to connect to the Internet, such as when you open a browser requesting for web pages.
Keep your PC's setting as a DHCP client. No further configuration is required. Router Connection Mode This section describes both RFC1577 and RFC1483 Router connection methods. 5.3.1 Configuring the HM210dp/di Creating an ATM VC interface: Select Bridging > ATM VC > Add. The ATM VC - Add page appears: 28 (98)
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Basic Configuration Figure 19: ATM VC - Add Enter the provided fields as below: Field Description VC Interface Select a VC interfacce from the available interfaces, e.g. aal5-0 . VPI/VCI Enter the VPI/VCI values given by your ISP, e.g. 0/34 Mux Type Select LLC or VC as required by your ISP.
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Basic Configuration Figure 21: IPoA Interface - Add Enter the provided fields as below: Field Description IPoA Interface Select an IPoA interface from the available interfaces, e.g. ipoa-0 . Conf. IP address Enter the IP address given by your ISP, e.g. 10.100.17.89 Interface Sec Type Select Public, Private or DMZ Netmask...
Basic Configuration Figure 22: IPoA Configuration Mapping IPoA interface to a lower interface: In the IPoA Configuration table, locate the new IPoA entry and click Map in the "Action" column. Figure 23: IPoA Interface - Map On IPoA Interface - Map page, from the drop-down list select the ATM VC you created in step 1 to be mapped to this IPoA interface and then click Add.
You connect to two or more ISP services You connect to a remote corporate LAN. Viewing the IP Routing Table To view the HM210dp/di routing table, select Routing > IP Route. The following page appears: Figure 25: IP Route Table...
Configuring IP Routes Adding IP Routes Select Routing > IP Route > Add. The IP Route - Add page appears: Figure 26: IP Route - Add Specify the destination, network mask, and gateway or next hop for this route. To create a route that defines the default gateway for your LAN, enter 0.0.0.0 in both the Destination and Netmask fields.
DHCP on your network. HM210dp/di DHCP Modes The HM210dp/di can be configured as a DHCP server, DHCP relay agent, or, in some cases, a DHCP client. DHCP server - It will maintain the pool of addresses and distribute them to your LAN computers.
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DHCP Configuration Figure 28: DHCP Server Pool - Add The Start IP Address, End IP Address, Net Mask and Gateway Address fields are required, the others are optional. Field Description Start/End IP Addresses Specify the lowest and highest IP addresses in the pool. Mac Address Allows you to assign a specific IP address to a specific computer, identified by this MAC address.
DHCP Configuration Field Description SDSN ... SWINS (optional) The IP addresses of devices that perform various services for DHCP clients. Click the Submit button. A configuration page appears to indicate that the pool has been added successfully. Click Close to return to the DHCP Configuration page. 7.2.2 Enabling DHCP Server Mode Select LAN >...
Figure 30: DHCP Relay Configuration page This page provides a text box for entering the IP address of your ISP's DHCP server and a table that lists the interfaces on your HM210dp/di that can relay DHCP information. Type the IP address of your ISP's DHCP server in the fields provided.
DHCP Configuration 7.3.2 Enabling DHCP Relay Mode Select LAN > DHCP Mode and from the "DHCP Mode" drop-down list select DHCP Relay. Click the Submit button. A page appears to confirm the change. Select Admin > Commit & Reboot and click Commit to save your changes to permanent storage.
NAT Configuration NAT Configuration This chapter provides an overivew of Network Address Translation (NAT) and instructions for modifying the default configuration on your HM210dp/di. Default NAT Setup By default, NAT is enabled, with an Network Address Port Translation (NAPT) rule configured that translates any private address on the LAN side to your ISP-assigned public IP address on the WAN side.
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NAT Configuration Field Description TCP Close Wait (sec) When in the TCP session's closing state, the session will timeout if no packets are received for the specified time. TCP Def Timeout (sec) When in the TCP session's establishing state, the session will timeout if no packets are received for the specified time.
NAT Configuration Figure 32: NAT Rule Global Statistics page Viewing NAT Rules and Rule Statistics To view the NAT Rules currently defined on your system, select Services > NAT > NAT Rule Entry. The NAT Rule Configuration page appears: EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 41 (98) April 2003...
NAT Configuration Figure 33: NAT Rule Configuration page To view data on how often a specific NAT rule has been used, click Stats in the Action column. A page similar to the one below appears: Figure 34: NAT Rule Statistics page The statistics show how many times this rule has been invoked and how many curently active sessions are using this rule.
NAT Configuration Figure 35: NAT Translations For each current NAT translation session, the table contains the following fields: Field Description Trans Index The sequential number assigned to the IP session used by this NAT translation session. Rule ID The ID of the NAT rule invoked. Interface The device interface on which the NAT rule was invoked (from the rule definition).
From the "IF Name" drop-down list, select the interface on the HM210dp/di to which this rule applies. Typically, NAT rules apply to communication between your LAN and the Internet.
Display the NAT Rule - Add page, select RDR as the Rule Flavor and type a Rule ID. Select the interface on the HM210dp/di to which this rule applies. Select a protocol to which this rule applies, or choose ALL if the rule applies to all data.
NAT Configuration In the Local Address From/To fields, type the same private IP address, or the lowest and highest IP addresses in a range: If you type the same IP address in both fields, incoming traffic that matches the criteria of this rule will be redirected to that IP address. If you type a range of IP addresses, incoming traffic will be redirected to any available computer in that range.
NAT Configuration Figure 38: NAT Rule BASIC - Add Display the NAT Rule - Add page, select BASIC as the Rule Flavor and type a Rule ID. Select the interface and, if desired, a protocol that this rule applies to. In the Local Address From/To fields, type the starting and ending IP addresses that identify the range of private addresses you want to be translated.
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NAT Configuration You can use the FILTER rule if you want an address translation to occur only when your LAN computers initiate access to specific destinations. The destinations can be identified by their IP addresses, server type (such as FTP or Web server), or both. Figure 39: NAT Rule FILTER - Add Display the NAT Rule - Add page, select FILTER as the Rule Flavor and type a Rule ID.
NAT Configuration On the NAT Configuration page, ensure that the Enable radio button is selected. On the NAT Configuration page, click the Submit button. A page appears to confirm your changes. 10 Select Admin > Commit & Reboot and click Commit to save your changes to permanent storage.
NAT Configuration On the NAT Configuration page, click the Submit button. A page appears to confirm your changes. Select Admin > Commit & Reboot and click Commit to save your changes to permanent storage. 8.5.6 The PASS Rule You can create a PASS rule to allow a range of IP addresses to remain untranslated when another rule would otherwise do so.
This chapter describes how to configure the DNS Relay function on the HM210dp/di. DNS Relay Overview When performing DNS relay, the HM210dp/di itself is not a DNS server, it forwards DNS requests from LAN PCs to a DNS server at the ISP. It then relays the DNS response to the PCs.
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- You use PPP connection and Use DNS is disabled. Then these configured addresses will be used. Follow these steps to configure DNS relay on the HM210dp/di: Go to Service > DNS to display the DNS Configuration page. 52 (98)
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DNS Configuration Figure 44: DNS Configuration Type the IP address of the DNS server in an empty row and click Add. Click the Enable radio button, and then click Submit. Select Admin > Commit & Reboot and click Commit to save your changes to permanent storage.
The HM210dp/di can be configured to communicate with other routing devices to determine the best path for sending data to its intended destination. This chapter describes how to configure your HM210dp/di to use one of these, called the Routing Information Protocol (RIP).
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The Receive Mode setting indicates the RIP version(s) in which information must be passed to the HM210dp/di in order to it to be accepted into its routing table. RIP version 1 is the original RIP protocol. Select RIP1 if you have devices that communicate with this interface that understand RIP version 1 only.
Firewall Configuration Firewall Configuration The Configuration Manager provides built-in firewall functions, enabling you to protect the system against denial of service (DoS) attacks and other types of malicious accesses to your LAN. You can also specify how to monitor attempted attacks, and who should be automatically notified.
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Firewall Configuration Field Description Attack Protection Select Enable to use the built-in firewall protections that prevent the following common types of attacks: IP Spoofing: Sending packets over the WAN interface using an internal LAN IP address as the source address. Tear Drop: Sending packets that contain overlapping fragments.
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Firewall Configuration Field Description E-mail ID of Admin 1/2/3 Specifies the e-mail address(es) of the administrator(s) who should receive notices of any attempted firewall violations. Type the address(es) in standard internet e-mail address format, e.g. jxsmith@onecompany.com The e-mail message will contain the time of the violation, the source address of the computer responsible for the violation, the destination IP address, the protocol being used, the source and destination ports, and the number of violations occurring...
Firewall Configuration 11.2 IP Filter Configuration The IP filter feature enables you to create rules that control the forwarding of incoming and outgoing data between your LAN and the Internet. 11.2.1 Viewing Your IP Filter Configuration Select Services > IP Filter. The IP Filter page appears: Figure 48: IP Filter Configuration page 11.2.2 Configuring IP Filter Global Settings...
IP Filter rule. Private - Typically, the global setting for private interfaces is Accept, so that LAN computers have access to the Internet connection of the HM210dp/di. DMZ - Refers to computers that are available for both public and in-network accesses (such as a company's public Web server).
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Firewall Configuration Figure 49: IP Filter Rule - Add Enter or select data for each field that applies to your rule: 62 (98) EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 April 2003...
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Firewall Configuration Field Description Rule ID Rules are processed from lowest to highest on each data packet, until a match is found. It is recommended that you assign rule IDs in multiples of 5 or 10 (e.g. 10, 20, 30) so that you leave enough space between them for inserting a new rule if necessary.
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Firewall Configuration Field Description Src IP Address IP address critera for the source computer(s) from which the packet originates. Use the following expressions to specify IP: any: any source IP address lt: less than lteq: less than or equal to gt: greater than eq: equal to neq: not equal to...
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Firewall Configuration Field Description TCP Flag Specifies whether the rule should apply only to TCP packets that contain the synchronous (SYN) flag, only to those that contain the non-synchronous (NOT-SYN) flag, or to all TCP packets. This field will be dimmed (unavailable for entry) unless you selected TCP as the protocol.
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Firewall Configuration Field Description TOD Rule Status The Time of Day Rule Status determines how the Start Time/End Time settings are used. Enable: (Default) The rule is in effect for the specified time period. Disable: The rule is not in effect for the specified time period, but is effective at all other times.
Firewall Configuration 11.2.4 Viewing IP Filter Statistics To view statistics on how many packets were accepted or denied for a rule, select Services > IP Filter > Stats in the row corresponding to the rule: Figure 50: IP Filter Rule - Statistics 11.2.5 Managing Current IP Filter Sessions To view all current IP session, select Services >...
11.3 To Block Specific Protocols The Blocked Protocols feature prevents the HM210dp/di from passing any data that uses a particular protocol. Unlike the IP Filter feature, you cannot specify additional criteria for blocked protocols, such as particular users or destinations.
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Firewall Configuration Figure 52: Blocked Protocols Check the protocol type you want to block and click the Submit button. Make sure to use the Commit feature to save your changes to the permanent memory. To unblock a specific protocol, uncheck the protocol and repeat the submit and commit tasks.
12.1 Changing the System Date and Time The HM210dp/di keeps a record of the current date and time, which it uses to calculate and report various performance data. You can select Home > Modify to change the date and time as required. You may also specify the host name and the domain name in the fields provided.
Administration Tasks 12.2 Adding Login User ID and Changing Login Password The first time you log into the Configuration Manager, you use the default User ID and Password (root and root). The system allows two levels of privilege: Root and User.
12.3 Image Upgrade This option allows you to upgrade the HM210dp/di to new firmware. After upgrading, your customized configuration will still exist and not be reset to the factory defaults. To perform the upgrade task, download the required firmware file to your host PC and follow the steps below: Select Admin >...
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Administration Tasks Click Upload to start the upgrade. After a few seconds, a message like the following should appear (the file name may differ): File: TEDsl.gsz successfully saved to the flash. Please reboot for the new image to take effect. Power off the unit, wait a few seconds, and then turn it on again to activate the new software.
Administration Tasks 12.4 Diagnostics To perform diagnostics on ATM VC, select Admin > Diagnostics. Select the VC on which you want to execute diagnostics and then click Submit. The diagnostic result will be displayed. Note that only the VCs defined in the system will appear in the drop-down list.
Administration Tasks 12.5 Port Settings The router's HTTP/Telnet/FTP service are accessible using the standard port number 80, 23 and 21 respectively. It is possible that you want to designate a publicly accessible HTTP, Telnet or FTP server on your LAN side and you want to shift the router's HTTP/Telnet/FTP service to use a non-standard port number.
Administration Tasks 12.6 View System Alarms To display the alarm page select Admin > Alarm: Figure 60: Alarm page Each row in the table displays the time and date when an alarm occurred, the type of alarm, and a brief statement indicating its cause. You can click on the Refresh Rate drop-down list to select a recurring time interval after which the page will be redisplayed with new data.
View DSL Parameters View DSL Parameters To view configuration parameters and performance statistics for the ADSL line, select WAN > DSL. The DSL Status page displays: Figure 61: DSL Status page The DSL Status page displays the current information on the DSL line performance. The page refreshes about every 10 seconds.
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View DSL Parameters Figure 62: DSL Parameter From the DSL Status page you can click Stats to display DSL line performance statistics: 78 (98) EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 April 2003...
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View DSL Parameters Figure 63: DSL Statistics The DSL Statistics page reports error data relating to the last 15 mintues interval, the current day, and the previous day. At the bottom of the page, the Detailed Interval Statistics table displays links you can click to display detailed data for each 15 minute interval in the past 24 hours.
Troubleshooting Troubleshooting This chapter suggests solutions for problems you may encounter when installing or using your HM210dp/di, and provides instructions for using several IP utilities to diagnose problems. 80 (98) EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 April 2003...
Verify that the Ethernet cable is securely connected to your Ethernet cable is attached. LAN hub or PC and to the HM210dp/di. Make sure the PC and/or hub is turned on. Verify that you are using the correct cable. See "Connecting the Hardware"...
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Problem Troubleshooting Suggestion You forgot/lost your Configuration You can reset the HM210dp/di to the default configuration Manager user ID and/or Password. by pressing the Reset button for 3 times on the back panel of the device (using a pointed object such as a paper clip).
Read this information before using your Ericsson ADSL Modem HM210dp/di. Your ADSL Modem HM210dp/di is a highly sophisticated electronic device. To get the most out of your product, be sure to read the following text about product care, safety and efficient use.
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Important Information 15.2.1.1 CE Requirement Hereby, Ericsson AB, declares that this ADSL Modem HM210dp/di is in conformity with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of the R&TTE directive 1999/5/EC. 84 (98) EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 April 2003...
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Important Information 15.2.1.2 Declaration of Conformity EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 85 (98) April 2003...
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Important Information 86 (98) EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 April 2003...
Important Information 15.2.2 Safety Approvals The HM210dp/di is approved according to the following safety standards: UL 1950, 3 CSA C22.2 No. 60950 IEC 60950 3 Ed, 1999 15.2.2.1 UL 1950 When using your telephone equipment, basic safety precautions should always be...
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Increase the separation between the ADSL Modem HM210dp/di and the affected equipment. Connect the ADSL Modem HM210dp/di power supply to an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the affected equipment is connected. Consult your service provider or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
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Important Information EN/LZT 108 6492 R1 89 (98) April 2003...
Important Information 15.2.4 Telecom Approval The HM210dp/di is approved according to the following telecom standard: FCC Part 68 15.2.4.1 FCC Part 68 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has established Rules which permit this device to be directly connected to the telephone network. Standardized jacks are used for these connections.
Important Information 15.2.6 Power Supply The ADSL Modem HM210dp/di is equipped with one of the following external power supply adapters: For EU; OEM AA-161ABN, Input 230VAC/50Hz, Output - 16VAC/1A or OEM AA-1860BN; Input 230VAC/50Hz, Output - 18VAC/600mA. For US; OEM AA-161A; Input - 120VAC/60Hz, Output - 16VAC/1A or OEM AA-1860;...
Glossary Glossary ADSL Short for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, a technology that allows more data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS). ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate).
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Glossary A Demilitarized Zone is used by a company that want to host its own Internet services without sacrificing unauthorized access to its private network. The DMZ sits between the Internet and an internal network's line of defense, usually some combination of firewalls and bastion hosts.
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Glossary accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. There are several types of firewall techniques: Packet filter: Looks at each packet entering or leaving the network and accepts or rejects it based on user-defined rules.
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Glossary IGMP Short for Internet Group Management Protocol, the standard for IP multicasting in the Internet. It's used to establish host memberships in particular multicast groups on a single network. The mechanisms of the protocol allow a host to inform its local router, using Host Membership Reports, that it wants to receive messages addressed to a specific multicast group.
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Glossary Packet switching refers to protocols in which messages are divided into packets before they are sent. Each packet is then transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.
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Glossary Short for Permanent Virtual Circuit, which is a logical point-to-point circuit between customer sites. PVCs are low-delay circuits because routing decisions do not need to be made along the way. Permanent means that the circuit is preprogrammed by the carrier as a path through the network.
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Glossary Short for User Datagram Protocol, a connectionless protocol that, like TCP, runs on top of IP networks. Unlike TCP/IP, UDP/IP provides very few error recovery services, offering instead a direct way to send and receive datagrams over an IP network. It's used primarily for broadcasting messages over a network.
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