Siemens SIMATIC HMI IM-312A Operating Instructions Manual
Siemens SIMATIC HMI IM-312A Operating Instructions Manual

Siemens SIMATIC HMI IM-312A Operating Instructions Manual

Industrial flat panels basic
Table of Contents

Advertisement

Quick Links

SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A
SIMATIC HMI
Industrial Flat Panels Basic
SIMATIC HMI IM-
312A/315A/319A/322A
Operating Instructions
03/2025
A5E54286053-AA
Preface
Overview
Safety information
Installing and connecting
the device
Commissioning the device
Operating the device
Maintaining and servicing
your device
Technical information
Technical Support
Markings and symbols
List of abbreviations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
B
C

Advertisement

Table of Contents
loading
Need help?

Need help?

Do you have a question about the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A and is the answer not in the manual?

Questions and answers

Subscribe to Our Youtube Channel

Summary of Contents for Siemens SIMATIC HMI IM-312A

  • Page 1 SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Preface Overview Safety information SIMATIC HMI Installing and connecting the device Industrial Flat Panels Basic SIMATIC HMI IM- Commissioning the device 312A/315A/319A/322A Operating the device Operating Instructions Maintaining and servicing your device Technical information Technical Support Markings and symbols...
  • Page 2: Legal Information

    Note the following: WARNING Siemens products may only be used for the applications described in the catalog and in the relevant technical documentation. If products and components from other manufacturers are used, these must be recommended or approved by Siemens. Proper transport, storage, installation, assembly, commissioning, operation and maintenance are required to ensure that the products operate safely and without any problems.
  • Page 3: Preface

    Preface These operating instructions contain all the information you need for commissioning and operation of the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A (IFP Basic V2). SIMATIC HMI IM- 312A/315A/319A/322A is the second-generation product of the SIMATIC IFP BASIC. It is intended both for programming and testing personnel who commission the device and connect it with other units (automation systems, programming devices), as well as for service and maintenance personnel who install add-ons or carry out fault/error analyses.
  • Page 4 Preface Figures This manual contains figures of the described devices. The supplied device may differ in some details from the figures. Within some of the figures, one device is used to represent all SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A. History Edition Comment 03/2025...
  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Earthing the device ......................30 3.3.3 Connecting devices with 12-24 V DC 2-pin ................. 32 3.3.4 Connecting SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A to a PC ..........34 3.3.5 Connecting a USB device ....................34 Installing the tool and driver ....................35 Commissioning the device ........................36 Operating the device ...........................
  • Page 6 Directives and declarations ....................44 7.2.1 ESD guideline ........................44 Dimension drawings ......................46 7.3.1 Dimension drawing of the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A ............... 46 7.3.2 Dimension drawing of the SIMATIC HMI IM-315A ............... 47 7.3.3 Dimension drawing of the SIMATIC HMI IM-319A ............... 48 7.3.4...
  • Page 7: Overview

    • Brilliant TFT display with high viewing angle, offering Full HD resolution and up to 16 million colors across most sizes ( SIMATIC HMI IM-315A/319A/322A), with one size featuring HD resolution (SIMATIC HMI IM-312A). • Maximum temperatures of 60°C for SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A, and 55°C for SIMATIC HMI IM-319A/322A • Enhanced EMC performance •...
  • Page 8: Scope Of Delivery

    Name Figure Number SIMATIC HMI IM- 312A/315A/319A/322A Accessory kit SIMATIC HMI IM-312A "Mounting clips" SIMATIC HMI IM-315A SIMATIC HMI IM-319A/322A Exterior design This section describes the structure of the device SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 9 Overview 1.3 Exterior design Front view and side view ① Display and touch screen ② Recesses for mounting clips ③ Mounting seal Rear view ① Vesa mounting hole SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 10: Interfaces

    Overview 1.4 Interfaces Interfaces SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A ① X80 connector for 12-24V DC Power supply ② DPP X70 DisplayPort interface ③ HDMI X71 ④ X60 USB 2.0 Type A ⑤ X61 USB 2.0 Type B Accessories This section contains the number of accessories available at the time of publication of the operating instructions.
  • Page 11: Safety Information

    Radiation exposure in excess of the specified immunity limits can impair device functions and result in malfunctions and therefore injuries or damage. Read the information on immunity to high frequency radiation in the technical specifications. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 12: Cybersecurity Information

    NOTICE The device SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A are installed at the cabinet. The device SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A are installed at the cabinet. This means that the device may only be installed in an enclosure or cabinet which provides front access for operating the device. The enclosure, the cabinet or the electrical operating rooms must provide protection against electric shock and the spread of fire.
  • Page 13: Industrial Security

    Siemens’ products and solutions undergo continuous development to make them more secure. Siemens strongly recommends that product updates are applied as soon as they are available and that the latest product versions are used. Use of product versions that are no longer supported, and failure to apply the latest updates may increase customer’s exposure to...
  • Page 14: Notes About Usage

    CAUTION Danger of burns for the device SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A The surface of the device SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A can reach temperatures of over 65 °C. The surface of the device SIMATIC HMI IM-319A/322A can reach temperatures of over 60 °C.
  • Page 15 • Use of the device in accordance with its intended purpose, which can be verified by means of a system function test. This test can detect programming, configuration and wiring errors. • Documentation of the test results, which must be entered in the relevant safety reports if required. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 16 (for example. a clean air supply). • Only use suitable detergents. Read the information about Chemical resistance of the HMI devices and industrial PCs (https://support.automation.siemens.com/WW/view/en/39718396) on the Internet. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 17: Installing And Connecting The Device

    • Keep the original packaging. • Pack the device in the original packaging for transportation and storage. 5. Check the contents of the packaging and any accessories you may have ordered for completeness and damage. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 18: Identification Data Of The Device

    The device can be clearly identified with the help of this identification data in case of repairs or theft. Enter the identification data in the following table: Order number 6AV... Serial number Product version SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 19: Permitted Mounting Positions

    The following graphic displays the product label and takes SIMATIC HMI IM- 315A as an example. 3.1.3 Permitted mounting positions The device may be mounted in the following positions: Note The device is approved for indoor operation only. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 20 For horizontal installation, the following ambient temperatures are permitted: Maximum ambient temperature at the device Comment With wind 60 °C ( SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A) The device must be installed in a fire protection enclosure (see "General 55 °C ( SIMATIC HMI IM-319A) safety instructions (Page 11)").
  • Page 21: Preparing The Mounting Cutout

    The degrees of protection of the device can only be guaranteed if the following requirements are met: • For SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A, in order to achieve IP65 protection degree, the material thickness for the mounting cutout should be: 2 mm to 6 mm •...
  • Page 22: Checking Clearances

    Installing and connecting the device 3.1 Preparing for installation Dimensions of the mounting cutout The following table shows the dimensions of the required mounting cutout: Mounting SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A cutout 12 Inch 15 Inch 19 Inch 22 Inch Width w Height h Width and height should be reversed accordingly when mounting in vertical format.
  • Page 23: Installing The Simatic Hmi Im-312A/315A/319A/322A

    Installing the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A 3.2.1 Notes on installation Before installing the device SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A, please ensure that the installation location complies with the following information: Note If the equipment is used in an manner not specified by the manufacture, the protection provided by the equipment might be impaired.
  • Page 24: Secure With Mounting Clips

    Installing and connecting the device 3.2 Installing the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A 3.2.2 Secure with mounting clips Positions of the mounting clips To achieve the degree of protection for the device, the positions for the mounting clips shown below must be adhered to.
  • Page 25 Installing and connecting the device 3.2 Installing the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Requirement • All packaging components and protective films should be removed from the device. • To install the panel, you need the mounting clips from the accessories kit. Procedure...
  • Page 26: Fastening A Device Using A Vesa Adapter

    The device is mounted and the relevant degree of protection is ensured at the front. 3.2.3 Fastening a device using a VESA adapter You can also fasten the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A using a VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) adapter. Different models of VESA adapters are offered by third-party manufacturers.
  • Page 27 Observe any further statutory specifications applying at the location of use of the device and further applicable regulations with regard to the fastening of the device. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A is VESA compliant and can be mounted on all kinds of applications utilizing the standard VESA100 mounting interfaces.
  • Page 28 Tighten the screws with the following torques, which may not be exceeded. Adhere to the torque specifications of the third-party vendors: Siemens recommends you use 1 Nm tightening torque to connect the device and the VESA mounting interface. VESA adapter does not influent heat dissipation.
  • Page 29: Connecting The Device

    2. Power supply (Page 32) Perform a power-up test to ensure the power supply is connected with the correct polarity. 3. Connect the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A (Page 34) to a PC. 4. I/O devices (Page 34), if needed Note Damage to the device Failure to adhere to the connection sequence can damage the device.
  • Page 30: Connecting The Cables

    The relevant symbol on the device identifies the terminal for the earth connection. Requirement • T20 screwdriver • Cable lug for M4 • Protective conductor or equipotential-bonding cable with minimum cross-section 2.5 mm SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 31 Note: Please ensure proper grounding to prevent potential EMC issues. Location of function earth The location of function earth for SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A is as follows: SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 32: Connecting Devices With 12-24 V Dc 2-Pin

    Note Siemens recommends you to use 5 lb-in (0.56Nm) to fasten the power supply cable. Note Siemens recommends you to use the power supply cable of which the rated temperature is 90 °C. Note The power supply must be adapted to the input data of the device, see section "Technical specifications (Page 51)".
  • Page 33 4. Connect the power supply connector to the relevant terminal on the device. 5. Connect the remaining L+ and M ends with the respective terminals on the 12-24 V DC power supply. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 34: Connecting Simatic Hmi Im-312A/315A/319A/322A To A Pc

    Installing and connecting the device 3.3 Connecting the device 3.3.4 Connecting SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A to a PC Connection diagram Requirement Ensure you have the following articles before connecting the SIMATIC HMI IM- 312A/315A/319A/322A. Note When HDMI port and DP port are connected to two hosts, SIMATIC HMI IM- 312A/315A/319A/322A displays the signals from DP port.
  • Page 35: Installing The Tool And Driver

    Installing the tool and driver You need to install the following software on the PC: • PDT (Panel driver tool) V1.7.1 and later versions You can download the software package of PDT on SIOS (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109792891). SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 36: Commissioning The Device

    The supplied connecting cables are only intended for commissioning and not for continuous operation. Procedure 1. Switch on the PC. 2. Switch on the power supply of the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A. 3. Download the PDT(V1.7.1 and later versions) software package in SIOS (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109792891). 4. Follow the instructions for installation.
  • Page 37: Operating The Device

    Hitting the touch screen with hard objects may damage it and can result in a total failure of the touch screen. Only touch the touch screen with your fingers or a suitable touch stylus. • External keyboard, connected via USB • External mouse, connected via USB SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 38: Operating A Device With Capacitive Multi-Touch Screen

    Under extreme environmental conditions such as high atmospheric humidity and temperature, bubbles can form on the touch surface in rare cases. This only affects the appearance and does not represent any functional restriction. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 39: Maintaining And Servicing Your Device

    • Aggressive solvents or scouring powder • Steam jets • Compressed air Procedure 1. Switch off the device. This prevents the accidental triggering of functions when the screen is touched. 2. Dampen the cleaning cloth. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 40: Spare Parts And Repairs

    The devices described in these operating instructions can be recycled thanks to their low level of pollutants. Contact a certified disposal service company for environmentally sound recycling and disposal of your old devices. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 41: Technical Information

    The EU Declarations of Conformity are available to the relevant authorities at the following address: Siemens AG Digital Factory Factory Automation P.O. Box 1963 D-92209 Amberg, Germany See also SIMATIC IM-312A/315A/319A/322A certifications (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/ps/16788/cert) SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 42: Software License Agreements

    Factory Automation P.O. Box 1963 D-92209 Amberg The UK Declaration of Conformity is also available for download from the Siemens Industry Online Support website under the keyword "Declaration of Conformity". Software license agreements If the device is supplied with preinstalled software, you must observe the corresponding license agreements.
  • Page 43 Note that this device conforms to Limit Class A for emission of radio interference. This device can be used in all areas except the residential area. WEEE label (European Union) Disposal instructions, observe the local regulations and the section "Recycling and disposal (Page 40)". SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 44: Directives And Declarations

    The material with which this person comes into contact is of particular significance. The figure shows the maximum electrostatic voltages with which a person is charged, depending on humidity and material. These values conform to the specifications of IEC 61000-4-2. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 45 This way, the discharge energy does not reach and damage the sensitive components. – Discharge your body electrostatically before you take a measurement at a module. Do so by touching grounded metallic parts. Always use grounded measuring instruments. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 46: Dimension Drawings

    Technical information 7.3 Dimension drawings Dimension drawings 7.3.1 Dimension drawing of the SIMATIC HMI IM-312A All dimensions in mm SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 47: Dimension Drawing Of The Simatic Hmi Im-315A

    Technical information 7.3 Dimension drawings 7.3.2 Dimension drawing of the SIMATIC HMI IM-315A All dimensions in mm SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 48: Dimension Drawing Of The Simatic Hmi Im-319A

    Technical information 7.3 Dimension drawings 7.3.3 Dimension drawing of the SIMATIC HMI IM-319A All dimensions in mm SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 49: Dimension Drawing Of The Simatic Hmi Im-322A

    7.3.4 Dimension drawing of the SIMATIC HMI IM-322A All dimensions in mm Rating plate The rating plate includes information that clearly identifies your device. You need this information when you contact Customer Support. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 50 Technical information 7.4 Rating plate SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A The figure below shows the rating plate of SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A. ① Article number ② Serial number ③ ID link ④ Product version ID link The ID link is a globally unique identifier according to IEC 61406, which you can find as a QR code on the product and product packaging.
  • Page 51: Technical Specifications

    Technical information 7.5 Technical specifications Technical specifications 7.5.1 General technical specifications Weight of SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A SIMATIC HMI IM-312A SIMATIC HMI IM-315A SIMATIC HMI IM-319A SIMATIC HMI IM-322A Weight with- 1.8 kg 2.8 kg 3.5 kg 4.6 kg out packag- ing, approx.
  • Page 52: Ambient Conditions

    SIMATIC HMI IM- 312A/315A/319A/322A USB type A, maximum load 500 mA, equivalent to USB standard 2.0 DC power supply SIMATIC HMI IM-312A SIMATIC HMI IM-315A SIMATIC HMI IM-319A SIMATIC HMI IM-322A Voltage Nominal 12-24 V DC (Min.9 V to Max.36 V) Inrush current I Approx.
  • Page 53: Operating Conditions

    The device is designed for use in locations protected from the effects of the weather. The conditions of use meet the requirements for EN/IEC 61131-2. Testing mechanical ambient conditions For the device SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A, the type and scope of tests for mechanical ambient conditions are as follows: Tested for Test standard...
  • Page 54: Climatic Ambient Conditions

    -1000 to 3000 m elevation Multiplication factors for equipment ambient temperature of operation at altitudes up to 3000m, tested in accordance with IEC 61131-2:2017 Altitude Derating ratio for temperature 0 to 2000 m 3000 m SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 55: Electromagnetic Compatibility

    1 kHz in the 150 kHz to 80 MHz range Emission The following table shows the emitted interference from electromagnetic fields according to EN 61000-6-4, measured at a distance of 3 m or 10 m. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 56: Information On Protection Class And Degree Of Protection

    Protection class Protection Class III in accordance with IEC 62368-1, for example. with protective conductor. Protection against foreign objects and water For the device SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A, the information on degree of protection is as follows: Degree of protection Explanation...
  • Page 57: Interface Description

    Ground ML_Lane0+ DP data 0+ Input CONFIG1 CONFIG1 CONFIG2 CONFIG2 AUX_CH+ Auxiliary channel+ Bidirectional DP_DET_CN DP source detect AUX_CH- Auxiliary channel- Bidirectional Hot Plug Detect output Ground DP_PWR +3.3 V (fused) power out SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 58: Usb Interface, Type B

    Data channel Ground 7.6.5 HDMI HDMI interface Pin no. Signal Pin no. Signal TMDS data 2+ HDMI_DET_CN TMDS data 2 shield TMDS clock- TMDS data 2- No connected TMDS data 1+ No connected SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 59 7.6 Interface description HDMI interface TMDS data 1 shield DDC clock TMDS data 1- DDC data TMDS data 0+ TMDS data 0 shield +5V power TMDS data 0- Hot plug detect TMDS clock+ SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 60: Technical Support

    You can find additional information and support for the products described on the Internet at the following addresses: • Technical support (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/start?lc=en-WW) • Support request form (https://support.industry.siemens.com/My/ww/en/requests#createRequest) • After Sales Information System SIMATIC IPC/PG (https://www.siemens.com/asis) • SIMATIC Documentation Collection (https://www.siemens.com/simatic-tech-doku-portal) • Your local representative (https://w3.siemens.com/aspa_app/) • Training center (https://siemens.com/sitrain) • Industry Mall (https://mall.industry.siemens.com/)
  • Page 61: Troubleshooting

    1280 x 1024, @75Hz • 1280 x 960, @75Hz • 1280 x 800, @60Hz • 1280 x 720, @60Hz • 1152 x 864, @75Hz • 1024 x 768, @60Hz • 800 x 600, @60Hz SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 62: Markings And Symbols

    EMC-compliant installation No mounting or pulling & plugging under voltage Dangerous electrical voltage for 230V modules ANSI Z535.2 Protection class III, supply only with protective low voltage (SELV/PELV) IEC 60417-1-5180 "Class III equipment" SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 63 Only for industrial applications and indoor areas (control cabinet) Install in control cabinet only Devices approved for Ex Zone 2 in a control cabinet with min. IP54 Devices approved for Ex Zone 22 in a control cabinet with min. IP6x SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 64: List Of Abbreviations

    Personal System 2 RoHS Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment Programmable logic controller Device depth TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Universal Serial Bus Video Graphics Array SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 65: Glossary

    Afterwards, the peripheral device can be used immediately. play, without having to configure the operating system manually. The plug and play PC requires both a BIOS that supports plug and play and a corresponding expansion card. SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 66: Index

    EC Declaration of Conformity, 41 Device Korea, 43 Clearance, 22 UL, 42 Mounting, 25 turning off, 32 Directive ESD Directive, 44 Mechanical Display Transport and storage conditions, 52 Technical specifications, 51 DisplayPort interface, 57 SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...
  • Page 67 Protection class, 56 Protective measure Weight, 51 Static electricity, 45 Rated load Interface, 35 RoHS, 41 Safety Certificates, 41 Standards, 41 Safety information Functional problem, 35 Storage, 18 Transportation, 18 USB port, 35 SIMATIC HMI IM-312A/315A/319A/322A Operating Instructions, 03/2025, A5E54286053-AA...

This manual is also suitable for:

Simatic hmi im-315aSimatic hmi im-319aSimatic hmi im-322a

Table of Contents