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NI PXIe-5665 Features

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  • Page 1 PXIe-5653...
  • Page 2 PXIe-5665 Features 2023-04-28...

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    PXIe-5665 Amplitude (Spectrum)........

  • Page 4: Pxie-5665

    Average noise level up to -165 dBm/Hz at a 1 GHz carrier frequency ■ RF list mode support ■ System Components The PXIe-5665 is a modular vector signal analyzer consisting of the following three PXI Express hardware modules: PXIe-5622 IF Digitizer ■...
  • Page 5 PXIe-5665 Features Figure 1. PXIe-5665 (3.6 GHz Configuration) NI PXIe- 5622 NI PXIe-5603 NI PXIe-5653 Downconverter 20 Hz - 3.6 GHz Synthesizer 16-Bit IF Digitizer ACCESS ACTIVE ACCESS ACTIVE IF IN REF IN RF IN 10 MHz 0 V DC, DC COUPLED...

  • Page 6: Pxie-5665 Block Diagram

    PXIe-5665 Features PXIe-5665 Block Diagram The PXIe-5665 system includes the PXIe-5622, PXIe-5603/5605, and the PXIe-5653 modules. The block diagram for the PXIe-5665 differs based on your device configuration and operating frequency range. PXIe-5665 3.6 GHz The following block diagram represents the PXIe-56653.6 GHz configuration, which contains the PXIe-5603.
  • Page 7 Because the frequency of the first LO is greater than the highest possible tuned RF frequency, the LPF also helps reduce the LO reradiation from the RF input. You can use the PXIe-5665 (3.6 GHz) as a vector signal analyzer or a spectrum analyzer.
  • Page 8 DC block to make measurements using frequencies less than 10 kHz because the series capacitive reactance of the device increases as the RF input frequency drops from 10 kHz to 20 Hz. NI recommends that you keep the DC block attached to the RF IN connector for all measurements at frequencies greater than or equal to 10 kHz to maximize the accuracy of the device.

  • Page 9: Pxie-5665 Signal Path

    ■ PXIe-5605 Downconverter IF Filter ■ Phase Coherency ■ PXIe-5665 Signal Path An RF source signal takes the following paths from the PXIe-5665 front panel to the PXI Express controller, depending on your PXIe-5665 configuration and operating frequency range. ni.com...
  • Page 10 1. The RF source signal enters the PXIe-5605 front panel at the RF IN connector. 2. The optional preselector, which has a 47 MHz typical bandwidth and is used for frequencies > 3.6 GHz, can be enabled by the NI-RFSA driver to filter the RF input signal.

  • Page 11: Hardware State Diagram

    PXIe-5665 Block Diagram ■ Hardware State Diagram The following figure shows the acquisition engine state diagram for the IF digitizer in your vector signal analyzer. This state diagram models the PXIe-5665 when it acquires data in the I/Q mode. ni.com...
  • Page 12 PXIe-5665 Features Ready for Start Event Start Trigger Initiate Start Wait for Idle Trigger Start Trigger Minimum Configure Pre-Reference Software Trigger Advance Advance Done Sampling Trigger Trigger Ready for Minimum Advance Event Pre-Reference Trigger Sampling Done Complete Wait for Done...
  • Page 13 PXIe-5665 Features • Idle—The module is not sampling a waveform. All the session attributes are programmable in this state. In this state, the attributes have not necessarily been applied to hardware yet, so the hardware configuration of the module may not match the session attribute values.
  • Page 14 PXIe-5665 Features recognizes a trigger condition, the module transitions from this state. The default Arm Reference trigger source is None. • Wait for Reference Trigger while Sampling—After the module receives Arm Reference trigger from the Arm Reference trigger source, the module transitions into this state.

  • Page 15: Power On And Reset Conditions

    PXIe-5665 Features Power On and Reset Conditions The PXIe-5665 hardware is in the following state after powering on or restarting the system and allowing the PC operating system and NI-RFSA to fully load. These conditions are also true after a device reset that you perform directly from NI Measurement &...
  • Page 16 PXIe-5665 Features 16-Bit Analog In CH 0 150 MS/s Decimation Path (IF IN) Onboard PCIe Memory Interface Onboard Signal Processing Trigger and Acquisition Event Control Engine CLK In PXI CLK 100 Clocking CLK Out Sample Clock PXI Trig (RTSI) <0..6>...
  • Page 17 GREEN—The module has received a Reference (Stop) trigger or is acquiring a waveform. RED—The module has detected an error. Access the module with NI-RFSA to determine the cause of the error. This LED remains red until the error condition is removed.
  • Page 18 You may need to update the firmware for your PXIe-5622 IF Digitizer to get new features or critical bug fixes. The firmware for most NI IF digitizers is included with the most recent version of the NI-SCOPE driver, however, to update the firmware for the PXIe-5622, you must run a firmware update utility.
  • Page 19 Table 3. Connector Descriptions Connector RF IN Rated at 0 VDC when DC coupled and 25 VDC when AC coupled. NI recommends setting the NI-RFSA Channel Coupling property to AC Coupled when the input signal is ≥ 10 MHz. IF OUT Output terminal for the frequency-translated IF signal.

  • Page 20: Pxie-5603

    PXIe-5665 Features Connector exports the signal received at LO1 IN to other PXIe-5603 modules. This connector is disabled by default. LO2 OUT Output terminal for the LO2 (4 GHz) source. In multichannel systems, LO2 OUT exports the signal received at LO2 IN to other PXIe-5603 modules.
  • Page 21 LO2 IN LO3 IN PXIe-5603 Downconverter IF Filter You can allow NI-RFSA to automatically control IF filtering or you can manually select the IF filter. Manual selection is useful when the PXIe-5622 IF digitizer is not being used as well as in other applications, such as in-band retuning.
  • Page 22 PXIe-5605 PXIe, 7 GHz or 14 GHz PXI RF Signal Downconverter Three-stage superheterodyne downconverter ■ Typically used only within the PXIe-5665 and the PXIe-5667 Vector Signal ■ Analyzers for analyzing vector signals and spectrum Manual IF filter selection ■...
  • Page 23 Connector RF IN Rated at 0 VDC when DC coupled and 25 VDC when AC coupled. NI recommends setting the Channel Coupling property to AC Coupled when the input signal is ≥ 10 MHz. To properly configure the input attenuators, set the reference level at or above the input signal level using the Reference Level property.

  • Page 24: Pxie-5605

    PXIe-5665 Features Connector exports the signal received at LO1 IN to other PXIe-5605 modules. This connector is disabled by default. LO2 OUT Output terminal for the LO2 (4 GHz) source. In multichannel systems, LO2 OUT exports the signal received at LO2 IN to other PXIe-5605 modules.
  • Page 25 31 dB of attenuation, variable in 1 dB steps. The RF input is AC-coupled by default, but you can also configure the input to be DC-coupled using NI-RFSA. The PXIe-5605 acts as a two-stage downconverter when the vector signal analyzer is operating in the high band signal path.
  • Page 26 RF input for frequencies between 3.6 GHz and 14 GHz. The preselector is a high Q filter that suppresses signals outside the preselector passband by a typical amount of 75 dB. NI-RFSA enables the preselector by default for frequencies greater than 3.6 GHz. The preselector rejects the image frequencies and reduces LO reradiation by filtering these spurious signals.
  • Page 27 (external digitizer mode) or the PXIe-5665. IF Filter Selection in I/Q Acquisitions For I/Q acquisitions, NI-RFSA defaults to the widest IF bandwidth available. You can change the bandwidth using the Device Instantaneous Bandwidth property or the NIRFSA_ATTR_DEVICE_INSTANTANEOUS_BANDWIDTH attribute. You can also change the bandwidth using the IF Filter Bandwidth property or the NIRFSA_ATTR_IF_FILTER_BANDWIDTH attribute.
  • Page 28 PXIe-5665 Features Figure 5. PXIe-5653 Front Panel and LEDs © National Instruments...
  • Page 29 PXIe-5665 Features Table 7. Connector Descriptions Connector Description REF IN Accepts a 10 MHz frequency signal with a maximum voltage of 2 V pk-pk REF OUT (10 MHz) Routes a frequency reference signal from the synthesizer/LO module onboard 10 MHz oven- controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO).
  • Page 30 If the power supply fails, contact NI technical support. PXIe-5653 Block Diagram The PXIe-5653 includes an FPGA list mode memory and sequencer, triggers, multi- loop synthesizer, and phase-locked loops (PLLs).

  • Page 31: Pxie-5665 Amplitude (Spectrum)

    10 MHz to 3.6 GHz to view weak signals below the noise floor of the PXIe-5665. Because the internal preamplifier has a wide bandwidth that is not preselected, large signals, even those outside the selected frequency span, may force the PXIe-5665 into compression.

  • Page 32: Single-Tone Harmonic Distortion And Two-Tone Intermodulation Distortion

    Compression Measurement Setup ■ Single-Tone Harmonic Distortion and Two-Tone Intermodulation Distortion You can configure the PXIe-5665 for single-tone and two-tone distortion measurements. Single-tone distortion measurements are also referred to as harmonic distortion measurements. Two-tone distortion measurements are also referred to as intermodulation distortion (IMD) measurements.
  • Page 33 4. Vector Signal Analyzer NI recommends that you perform a system calibration before connecting the DUT to ensure that the source or the PXIe-5665 is not contributing significant distortion levels. You can ensure the distortion is minimal by removing the DUT shown in the preceding figure and observing the output spectrum.
  • Page 34 5. Vector Signal Analyzer NI recommends that you perform a system calibration before connecting the DUT to ensure that the source or the PXIe-5665 is not contributing significant distortion levels. You can ensure the distortion is minimal by removing the DUT shown in the preceding figure and observing the output spectrum.
  • Page 35 For linear vector signal analyzer performance, all measured powers should decrease by the amount of the attenuation the inserted attenuator provided. If the PXIe-5665 is linear, the PXIe-5665 contributes little to the distortion measurement of the DUT. In this event, remove the attenuator and proceed...

  • Page 36: Compression Measurement Setup

    Choosing an Optimal PXIe-5665 Attenuation Setting for Compression Measurements To test the compression limits for a DUT, ensure that the PXIe-5665 itself is not contributing any substantial error by being driven to near its own compression limits. NI recommends setting a measurement instrument 10 dB to 20 dB below the compression specifications.
  • Page 37 1. Power on the system in the previous diagram, including the signal source. Allow the equipment to warm up as specified in the device specifications (typically 30 minutes). 2. Tune the PXIe-5665 to the signal source frequency. A 10 dB per division vertical scale is a good first setting. Note...

  • Page 38: Noise Figure

    PXIe-5665. Noise Figure The PXIe-5665, like all devices, has some inherent noise. Measure the noise figure to determine the ratio of the actual output noise to the noise that would remain if the instrument did not contribute its own thermal noise.
  • Page 39 4. Vector Signal Analyzer 5. Termination Measuring Noise Figure with the PXIe-5665 Use the NI-RFSA SFP (Classic) in spectrum mode as you complete the following steps. If your application requires the use of the preselector, complete the steps with the preselector enabled.
  • Page 40 8. Convert a reading (taken in dBm) to watts and divide the reading by the noise bandwidth to normalize the value to 1 Hz. This value is the noise floor (W/Hz) of the PXIe-5665 at that frequency (N rfsa 9. Remove the load termination from the PXIe-5603/5605 front panel RF IN connector.
  • Page 41 You can choose to engage the solid-state attenuator on the PXIe-5665 ( 3.6 GHz ) and in the low band signal path on the PXIe-5665 ( 14 GHz ) by changing the RF Attenuation Step Size property or the NIRFSA_ATTR_RF_ATTENUATION_STEP_SIZE attribute, which have default RF attenuation step size values of 10 dB for the PXIe-5603 and 5 dB for the PXIe-5605.
  • Page 42 PXIe-5665 Features The total RF attenuation of the PXIe-5665 ( 3.6 GHz ) and low band signal path on the PXIe-5665 ( 14 GHz ) is calculated based on the mechanical and solid-state attenuation. For the PXIe-5603/5605 RF downconverter, the default minimum mechanical attenuation is 10 dB, and other supported values are 0 dB, 20 dB, and 30 dB.
  • Page 43 ■ Programming Attenuation Using NI-RFSA Given a reference level, NI-RFSA configures the hardware attenuation for optimal performance. However, you can customize some aspects of the configuration. The topics in this section provide information about the ways in which you can customize attenuation-related properties and attributes, as well as any special considerations your adjustments might require.
  • Page 44 PXIe-5665 Features , is used in the formulas shown in the following table. If you do not set this value, NI-RFSA uses the default value of 0 dBm for calculations in which reference level is a factor. Set Mixer Level...

  • Page 45: Attenuation

    PXIe-5665 Features Set Mixer Level Set Mechanical Set Total Description Restriction Offset Attenuation Attenuation calcula tions. − A Total attenuation is calculated MECH ≤ P based on the − A reference level and mixer level. MECH ≤ P − A...
  • Page 46 PXIe-5665 Features Set Mixer Level Set Mechanical Set Total Description Restriction Offset Attenuation Attenuation instead of a default value. − A The attenuators are set based on MECH ≤ + 5 dBm the user-specified − A total attenuation constraint. The MECH ≤...
  • Page 47 The gain, G , is 15 dB when the preamplifier is present and enabled, and 0 dB when the preamplifier is not present or disabled. Note The IF gain of the PXIe-5665 is nominally − P − G MECH , where...
  • Page 48 RF attenuation refers to all the attenuation that occurs before the mixer, which includes both solid-state (or electronic) attenuators and mechanical attenuators. NI-RFSA uses the value of the Reference Level property or the NIRFSA_ATTR_REFERENCE_LEVEL attribute even if you do not set it. The default value is 0 dBm.
  • Page 49 NI-RFSA adjusts the settings to get close to the desired mixer level, but it does not return an error if the signal level is too low. NI-RFSA does return an error if the reference level is so high that even with the maximum available RF attenuation, it cannot lower the signal at mixer below the specified mixer level.
  • Page 50 PXIe-5605 is 5 dB. This default value indicates that even when in the low band signal path, NI-RFSA changes the RF attenuation in 5 dB steps using only the mechanical attenuator. You can use the RF Attenuation Step Size property or the NIRFSA_ATTR_RF_ATTENUATION_STEP_SIZE attribute to affect when the device changes the RF attenuation settings.

  • Page 51: Pxie-5665 Timing Configurations

    After you set attenuation-related properties and settings, the settings you select persist until you reset them. If you are using LabVIEW, use the NI-RFSAProperty Node to reset a property. To reset a property in the Property Node, select the property, right-click the Property Node, and select Change To »...
  • Page 52 Reference ■ Configuring Onboard Reference Clock Timing The default configuration of the PXIe-5665 allows the PXIe-5653 to export its internal 100 MHz reference to the PXIe-5622 so that the PXIe-5622 and the PXIe-5653 devices are frequency-locked. Complete the following steps to configure the PXIe-5665 to use the PXIe-5653 internal clock.
  • Page 53 PXIe-5653100 MHz REF OUT front panel connector. You can also configure the PXIe-5665 to lock to the PXI 10 MHz backplane clock. The default configuration locks the PXIe-5653 and PXIe-5622 to the PXI 10 MHz reference.

  • Page 54: Phase Coherency

    Connecting the PXIe-5665 to the PXIe-5673E You can use the PXIe-5665 with the PXIe-5673E vector signal generator to generate and analyze communications signals up to 3.6 GHz with the PXIe-5665 (3.6 GHz) and up to 14 GHz with the PXIe-5665 (14 GHz).
  • Page 55 PXIe-5665 Features 8. Using a semi-rigid SMA-to-SMA cable (labeled A), connect CH 0-/I- on the PXIe-5450 to I- on the PXIe-5611. 9. Using a semi-rigid SMA-to-SMA cable (labeled A), connect CH 1+/Q+ on the PXIe-5450 to Q+ on the PXIe-5611.
  • Page 56 LO1 OUT on the PXIe-5603/5605 ■ LO2 OUT on the PXIe-5603/5605 ■ LO3 OUT on the PXIe-5603/5605 ■ The following figure shows an interconnected PXIe-5665 (3.6 GHz) and PXIe-5673E using an internal clock. NI PXIe-56 52 NI PXIe-562 2 NI PXIe-5603 NI PXIe-5653 Downconverter 20 Hz - 3.6 GHz...
  • Page 57 Connecting the PXIe-5665 to the PXIe-5673 You can use the PXIe-5665 with the PXIe-5673 vector signal generator to generate and analyze communications signals up to 3.6 GHz with the PXIe-5665 (3.6 GHz) and up to 14 GHz with the PXIe-5665 (14 GHz).
  • Page 58 PXIe-5665 Features 7. Using a semi-rigid SMA-to-SMA cable (labeled A), connect CH 0+/I+ on the PXIe-5450 to I+ on the PXIe-5611. 8. Using a semi-rigid SMA-to-SMA cable (labeled A), connect CH 0-/I- on the PXIe-5450 to I- on the PXIe-5611.
  • Page 59 LO1 OUT on the PXIe-5603/5605 ■ LO2 OUT on the PXIe-5603/5605 ■ LO3 OUT on the PXIe-5603/5605 ■ The following figure shows an interconnected PXIe-5665 (3.6 GHz) and PXIe-5673 using an internal clock. NI PXIe- 5622 NI PXIe-5653 NI PXIe-5450 NI PXIe-5611...
  • Page 60 ALL PORTS 50 W Connecting Multiple PXIe-5665 Devices You must install one PXIe-5665 before following these steps to install multiple modules. Refer to the device getting started guide for detailed installation instructions. 1. Install an additional PXIe-5603/5605 RF signal downconverter in the slot immediately to the left of the original PXIe-5622 IF digitizer.
  • Page 61 7. Connect a 50 Ω termination to each of the LO OUT connectors (LO1 OUT, LO2 OUT, and LO3 OUT) on the second RF signal downconverter. The following figure shows an interconnected PXIe-5665 (3.6 GHz) using two RF signal downconverters and two IF digitizers.
  • Page 62 MAX lists all available devices under the chassis. Your device names may vary. 4. In the NI 5603 or NI 5605 Configuration dialog box, use the drop-down LO listbox to specify the PXIe-5653 module that is connected to the PXIe-5603 or PXIe-5605 by coaxial cables.
  • Page 63 CLK IN terminal as the Reference Clock source and set the Reference Clock rate to 100 MHz. 4. For an external clock, set the first PXIe-5665 to use REF IN as the Reference Clock source. PXIe-5665 Module Front Panel Temperatures The PXIe-5665 system modules have the following typical front panel temperatures.

  • Page 64: Digital If Equalization

    Digital IF equalization is a calibration that involves measuring and then compensating for IF magnitude and phase response. IF equalization calibration gives the PXIe-5665 the ability to measure lower levels of error vector magnitude (EVM). For spectrum measurements, IF equalization results in a higher degree of magnitude accuracy across the IF bandwidth.

  • Page 65: Non-Input Related Spurs

    These spurs are combinations of internal signals that mix and result in a signal in the PXIe-5665 IF. A common type of input-related spur is generated by the internal LO signals. If one or more of the following equations is satisfied, a spur of this type...
  • Page 66 LO leakage to the RF IN front panel connector is most often seen at low tuned frequencies. The PXIe-5665 has three LO frequencies: LO1 tunes along with the RF input frequency, LO2 is fixed at 4 GHz, and LO3 is fixed at 800 MHz.

  • Page 67: Input-Related Spurs

    LO3 leakage frequency: 800 MHz ■ LO2 leakage frequency: 4,000 MHz ■ The LO1 frequency can be calculated, as shown in the following table, where ■ is the tuned frequency of the PXIe-5665 system. tune IF Filter Selection Frequency PXIe-5603 and PXIe-5605 (for...
  • Page 68 However, not all higher-order images (|m| > 1 or |n| > 1) are completely eliminated. Furthermore, the system may be sensitive to certain low-order images. Image responses for multiple-conversion systems, such as the PXIe-5665, can be classified as direct or translated. A direct image is an image at the usual image frequency (2 x IF away from the desired signal).
  • Page 69 PXIe-5665 Features IF Filter Selection Second Mixer First Mixer 300 kHz + 1,202.0 MHz 999.0 MHz 5 MHz + 1,220.0 MHz 990.0 MHz Through + 1,225.0 MHz 987.5 MHz The following table lists the translated image frequencies for the PXIe-5603 and PXIe-5605, for frequencies ≤...
  • Page 70 PXIe-5665 Features IF Filter Selection Through 4,612.5 MHz 612.5 MHz 187.5 MHz The following table lists the IF center frequencies for the PXIe-5605, for frequencies > 3.6 GHz. IF Filter Selection 300 kHz 601.0 MHz 199.0 MHz 5 MHz 610.0 MHz 190.0 MHz...

  • Page 71: Spurious Signals In Signal Analyzers

    PXIe-5665 Features Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion (IMD3) Two-tone third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) is caused when two RF signals, at frequencies f and f , generate intermodulation power at frequencies f and f , as shown in the following equations: IMD1 IMD2...
  • Page 72 PXIe-5665 Features or 2 mixer and fall into the passband of the 1 or 2 IF path. However, residual spurs can also be the result of the mixing of other internal sources such as digital clocks. Since these spurs are internally generated, they are specified with the input of the analyzer terminated.
  • Page 73 PXIe-5665 Features /2 is the 1 IF frequency and it falls right in the IF passband resulting in a spur. While IF/2 is the most efficient, higher order multiples of n may have responses as well. IF/n response is distinguished from the IF response for two reasons: 1.
  • Page 74 PXIe-5665 Features Measurement Name Excitation Equation Analyzer Center Excitation Frequency Frequency f (MHz) at RF IN (MHz) Translated IF1 Image 1,225 to 4,825 Rejection Translated IF2 Image - 2f -275 to 3,225 Rejection Second Harmonic Distortion Second harmonic distortion is the spur that results when a signal analyzer is tuned to twice the excitation frequency of the signal at the input port.

  • Page 75: Pxie-5665 Factory Calibration

    Note To preserve specified accuracy and NIST traceability, NI recommends returning all modules of the PXIe-5665 to the factory for recalibration every two years. Note Opening the RF signal downconverter metal enclosure invalidates the PXIe-5665 calibration.

  • Page 76: Pxie-5665 Self-Calibration

    Reference ■ PXIe-5665 Self-Calibration You can configure NI-RFSA to perform a self-calibration on the PXIe-5665 system. You can also configure NI-RFSA to perform a module-level self-calibration on the PXIe-5622 or PXIe-5653 modules. The niRFSA Self Cal VI and niRFSA_SelfCalibrate function perform the following self-...
  • Page 77 If your application requires module-level self-calibration, you can configure the niRFSA Self Cal VI or the niRFSA_SelfCalibrate function to perform only the module- level self-calibration steps, namely, LO self-calibration and digitizer self-calibration. You can also run the module-level calibration steps in NI Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX). Note...
  • Page 78 Additionally, you should periodically run a self-calibration to adjust for performance drifts that occur with product aging. The PXIe-5665 modules are independently calibrated at the factory; however, you should perform a self-calibration in any of the following situations: After first installing and interconnecting your PXIe-5665 system ■...
  • Page 79 Performing a Device Self-Calibration using the NI-RFSA SFP NI recommends you perform the self-calibration from the NI-RFSA Soft Front Panel (SFP). You can also run a self-calibration programmatically using the NI-RFSA API by calling the niRFSA Self Cal VI or the niRFSA_SelfCalibrate function.

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