R.V.R. Elettronica VJ5000-TE Technical Manual

5kw power tetrode amplifier 87.5-108 mhz

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Date: 25/07/03
R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO)
VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier
THECNICAL AND MANTEINANCE MANUAL

VJ5000-TE

5KW Power Tetrode Amplifier 87.5-108 MHz
Manufactured by R.V.R. Elettronica - Italy
1

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Summary of Contents for R.V.R. Elettronica VJ5000-TE

  • Page 1: Vj5000-Te

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier THECNICAL AND MANTEINANCE MANUAL VJ5000-TE 5KW Power Tetrode Amplifier 87.5-108 MHz Manufactured by R.V.R. Elettronica - Italy...
  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier INDEX VJ5000-TE .................................. 1 I - PRELIMINARY INSTRUCTIONS AND WARRANTY INFORMATION............4 II - TUBE WARRANTY INSTRUCTIONS........................6 III – SAFETY REGULAMENT! ............................ 7 CHAPTER 1..................................11 VJ5000-TE GENERAL DESCRIPTION ........................11 MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION ........................
  • Page 3 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier PICTURES FIG. 1 - FRONTAL VIEW .............................. 13 FIG. 2 - REAR VIEW ..............................14 FIG. 3 - UPPER VIEW ..............................15 FIG. 4 - HINGED FRONTAL PANEL WITH TELEMETRY..................16 FIG.
  • Page 4: I - Preliminary Instructions And Warranty Information

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier I - PRELIMINARY INSTRUCTIONS AND WARRANTY INFORMATION Please observe safety precautions when handling this unit. This equipment contains dangerous currents and high voltages. This manual is written as a general guide for those having previous knowledge and experience with this kind of equipment.
  • Page 5 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier To claim your rights under this warranty: Contact the dealer or distributor where you prchased the unit. Describe the problem and ask if he has an easy solution. Dealers and Distributors are supplied with all the information about problems that may occur and usually they can repair the unit quicker than what the manufacturer could do.
  • Page 6: Ii - Tube Warranty Instructions

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier II - TUBE WARRANTY INSTRUCTIONS VARIAN POWER GRID PRODUCT LIMITED WARRANTY Varian products are warranted to be free from defects in workmanship and materials only. The warranty involves both calendar time and filament (or heather) operation time. Specifically involved are: time since the product was shipped from varian time since delivery to the user, and operation time.
  • Page 7: Iii - Safety Regulament

    R.V.R. ELETTRONICA S.p.a. shall not be responsible for injury or damage resulting from improper procedures or from the use of improperly trained or inexperienced personnel performing such tasks.
  • Page 8 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier In case of emergency ensure that power has been disconnected.
  • Page 9 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier TREATMET OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK 1) If victim is not responsive follow the A-B-C's of basic life support. PLACE VICTIM FLAT ON HIS BACK ON A HARD SURFACE A) AIRWAY...
  • Page 10 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIRST-AID Personnel engaged in the installation, operation, maintenance or servicing of this equipment are urged to become familiar with first-aid theory and practices. The following information is not intended to be a complete first-aid procedure, it is brief and is only to be used as a reference. It is the duty of all personnel using the equipment to be prepared to give adequate Emergency First Aid and thereby prevent avoidable loss of life.
  • Page 11: Chapter 1

    VJ5000-TE GENERAL DESCRIPTION MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION The VJ5000-TE is allocated in a 19" rack, 37HE, of which are free and can be used to insert an exciter, a receiver or any other equipment. Two analog instruments are placed on the hinged frontal panel (Fig. 1) with all other controls and commands. The rear panel (Fig. 2) hasn’t any connectors but only the air input for the cooling blower, completed with the air...
  • Page 12: Chapter 2

    -10° to +50°C Umidity max 90%, Without condensing CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL DESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION This chapter describes accurately the VJ5000-TE electrical components. For an easy understanding, the equipment is been divided in modules, each of them is described completely as follows.
  • Page 13 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 1 - FRONTAL VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION Protections panel Exciter Driver High Voltage Panel Free panel (1HE) Free panel (3HE ) Free panel (1HE)
  • Page 14 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 2 - REAR VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION Rear panel Air filter...
  • Page 15 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 3 - UPPER VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION Output connectors Output air chimney RF output connector (1+5/8") Upper panel...
  • Page 16 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 4 - HINGED FRONTAL PANEL WITH TELEMETRY...
  • Page 17 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier REF. DESCRIPTION MULTIMETER: Analog instrument for the measures of temperature, filament voltage and current, anode voltage and current and grid voltage. VOLTAGES SELECTOR: Voltages selector for the measures of the following.
  • Page 18 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 5 - HINGED FRONTAL PANEL WITHOUT TELEMETRY...
  • Page 19 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 6 - HIGH VOLTAGE PANEL REF. DESCRIPTION Quadripole main switch Service outlet.
  • Page 20 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 7 -P1 POWER SUPPLY SECTION VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION Rectifier diodes bridge for plate voltage. Plate voltage power supply transformer. Plate Voltage transformer socket. Final stage power supply socket.
  • Page 21 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 8 - P2 POWER SUPPLY SECTION VIEW "A" REF. DESCRIPTION Grid Bletter resistor. Short circuit current limiter resistor. Power supply card (Vg1, Vg2). Power grid socket. Limiter grid voltage capacitors.
  • Page 22 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier...
  • Page 23 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 9 - R.F. CAVITY FRONTAL VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION Threaded bar for motorized tuning. Sliding plane with fingers. Blower air input. Plate pipe.
  • Page 24 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 10 – CAVITY VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION Load capacitor. Filament contact socket. Filament contact socket. Plate ring 1. Plate ring. 2. FIG. 11- TUNING MOTORIZED MECHANISM VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION High tension cable.
  • Page 25 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 12 - R.F. CAVITY TOP VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION EIA 1+5/8" flange (R.F. output connector). Wattmeter. Low-pass filter. Directional coupler. Temperature strobe. Output air chimney (diameter 100 mm). FIG. 13 - CONNECTORS AND CHOCKS FOR SERVICE SIGNALS CONNECTORS...
  • Page 26 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 14 - R.F. CAVITY LEFT LATERAL VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION High tension cable input. Low-pass filter. R.F. Output. Pressure switch. OUPUT LOAD motor. INPUT LOAD motor. Tipe N connector...
  • Page 27 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier Tuning motor...
  • Page 28 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 15 - R.F. CAVITY RIGHT LATERAL VIEW REF. DESCRIPTION Insulator transformer for filament reading. Filament transformer. Air cooling blower. By-pass capacitor for AC filament input.
  • Page 29: Chapter 3

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier CHAPTER 3 EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION INTRODUCTION This chapter contains the necessary information for the installation and the preliminary checks of the VJ5000-TE amplifier. UNPACKING Remove the equipment from its packing, Verify that the unit that isn’t damaged during the transport.
  • Page 30 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier MAIN TRANSFORMER SUPPORT SCREWS Once inserted the cart to the inside, to pass on the anterior part and to get off the plexiglass of protection and to lace the threads to the terminal board protection and to lace the threads of the terminal board (see drawings) with: n°...
  • Page 31: Tube Installation

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier TUBE INSTALLATION F or the tube installation is necessary to execute the following procedure: Connect the power supply cable in the relative socket paying attention to exact position of the phases and neutral.
  • Page 32 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 16 - TUBE INSTALLATION DIAGRAM N°1...
  • Page 33 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 17 - TUBE INSTALLATION DIAGRAM N°2 Wrapper Wrapper...
  • Page 34 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 18 - TUBE INSTALLATION REFERENCE VIEW N°2 DETAIL CAVITY R.F. RIF. DESCRIZIONE Wrapper. Plate ring. Clamper (for RF out). Valve 4CX5000. Load Capacitor. Valve socket.
  • Page 35 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 19 - TUBE INSTALLATION DIAGRAM N°3 CLAMPER...
  • Page 36 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 20 - TUBE INSTALLATION REFERENCE VIEW N°3 DETAIL CAVITY R.F. RIF. DESCRIZIONE Wrapper. Plate ring. Clamper (for RF out). Valve 4CX5000. Load Capacitor. Valve socket.
  • Page 37 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 21 - TUBE INSTALLATION REFERENCE VIEW N°4 Wrapper Wrapper...
  • Page 38 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 22 - TUBE INSTALLATION REFERENCE VIEW N°5 Lift the plate ring. Then close the wrappers.
  • Page 39 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier See for reference distance above tuning adjusting. (the distance correspondly to MHz). FIG. 23 - REGULATION RF - MHZ height Cm Frequencies Mhz 7.12 7.64 8.16 9.76 10.3 10.9 11.5...
  • Page 40: Equipment Setting At Work

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier EQUIPMENT SETTING AT WORK To set at work the amplifier VJ5000 it’s necessary to execute the following operations: The equipment is set for a mains voltage of 400 Vac (other on request), three phases with neutral.
  • Page 41 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier Increase the driving power and then execute a new adjustment through the OUPUT TUNE and OUPUT LOAD commands until you have the maximum exciter output power. Using only the modulator is possible to reach an output power of 600-700 W (with valve 4CX5000).
  • Page 42: Chapter 4

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier CHAPTER 4 TUBE MEASURES CARD CALIBRATION NOTICE Pay attention, this calibration is been executed initially on the final power amplifier during the checking test, only in case of card replacement, after that is been verified that is the cause of the equipment anomaly, is necessary to proceed to the calibration of the card as described later on.
  • Page 43 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier -N_1 DC ammeter.
  • Page 44 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 24 - MEASURES CARD REFERENCE VIEW...
  • Page 45 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 25 - MEASURES CARD REPLACING DIAGRAM N_1...
  • Page 46 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 26 -MEASURES CARD REPLACING DIAGRAM N_2...
  • Page 47 Before to proceed, check the test resistors values in according to the amplifier type that is used (in this case the type is VJ5000-TE that uses 4CX3500 tube, see as reference TABLE D). Since, the protections intervention on the equipment is set at 3.9 V, is necessary that at maximum voltage or current value of the tube corresponds to 3.9 V, to allow the protections...
  • Page 48 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier Now, it’s necessary calibrate the voltage value nearest to zero using the following trimmers: P1 for VF P5 for IG1 P2 for IF P6 for VG1 P3 for VA...
  • Page 49 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier In this manual is furnished the jumpers position for the 3X5000 tube installed on the VJ5000-TE Once finished the previous operations it’s necessary to connect a power supply with an...
  • Page 50 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 27 - POWER SUPPLIES CONNECTION FOR THE CALIBRATION OF TEST POINT VOLTAGES...
  • Page 51 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier TABLE C -MEASURE TESTS CARD Modello VJ5000- Volt Fil. Corrente Fil. I° STEP input 5,50 VAC 5,270 130 mV II° STEP input 7,40 VAC 5,5 VAC 137 mV 539 Mv...
  • Page 52 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier Another possibility to check it, if the protection logic works correctly, is that to generate an justable voltage of 3.95 V by trimmer P20 and to measure it on test point TP10.
  • Page 53 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier The calibration of the filament voltage and current cannot be executed with power supply, because the measures must be executed in alternate voltage. To calibrate the filament voltage is necessary to apply on CN7 sockets a voltage like as that of the tube (for example with 4CX35000 is necessary a voltage of 7.5V) and through trimmer P17 adjust the Test...
  • Page 54 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 28 -REPORT MEASURE...
  • Page 55 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier TABLE D - QUIESCENT WORKING PARAMETERS PARAMETER 4CX5000 Anode Current 350-400 mA Filament Current 78 A Filament Voltage 7.5 ± 0.37V Grid 1 Voltage - 179 V Grid 2 Voltage...
  • Page 56: Chapter 5

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier CHAPTER 5 MAINTENANCE SAFETY RULES PAY ATTENTION ! PAY ATTENTION ! PAY ATTENTION ! PAY ATTENTION ! When the amplifier is working on, and the rear panel is been removed, inside of equipment are present dangerous high tensions.
  • Page 57: Tube Replacing

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier TUBE REPLACING Through the command PLATE, move the sliding plane with fingers until the upper end position (threshold bars completely exctracted). Disconnect the mains voltage from equipment. Verify that the tube that must be replaced is cold sufficiently to avoid very serious burns.
  • Page 58: Chapter 6

    Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier CHAPTER 6 ADJUSTMENTS NOTE: THESE OPERATIONS MUST BE EXECUTED BY VERY QUALIFIED TECHNICIANS AND EQUIPPED WITH NECESSARY INSTRUMENTS. UNCORRECTED OPERATIONS CAN CUASE A SERIOUS DAMAGE OF THE EQUIPMENT AND CAUSE AUTOMATICALLY THE RESOLVING OF THE WARRANTY.
  • Page 59 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier This section contains circuit diagrams and alyouts of the module which conposing the equipment...
  • Page 60 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 29 - POWER SUPPLY SOCKET...
  • Page 61 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 30 - ANODE TENSION TRANSFORMER SOCKET...
  • Page 62 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 31 - RACK POWER SUPPLY BASE...
  • Page 63 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 32 - HIGH TENSION PANEL...
  • Page 64 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 33 -ELECTROMECHANICAL PLANE (TRIODE)
  • Page 65 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier...
  • Page 66 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier PANNELLO ALIMENTAZIONE VG1 E VG2...
  • Page 67 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 34 - TUBE AMPLIFIERS PROTECTIONS CARD...
  • Page 68 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier HIGH POWER RELAYS CARD...
  • Page 69 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 35 -TUNING RELAYS CARD...
  • Page 70 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 36 - TELEMETRY INTERFACE CARD...
  • Page 71 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 37 - MEASURES CALIBRATION CARD...
  • Page 72 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 38 - THERMAL STROBE CONNECTOR...
  • Page 73 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 39 - P.W.R. MEASURE CONNECTOR...
  • Page 74 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 40 - I2 CBUS CONNECTOR FOR TELEMETRY BOX...
  • Page 75 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 41 - PTXLCD CONNECTOR...
  • Page 76 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 42 - LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM...
  • Page 77 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 43 - THREE-PHASES CIRCUIT DIAGRAM...
  • Page 78 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 44 - MEASURES AND ALLARMS CIRCUIT DIAGRAM...
  • Page 79 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier FIG. 45 - ELECTRIC SCHEMES...
  • Page 80 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier © Copyright 2001 R.V.R. Elettronica S.p.a. (Bo) Via del Fonditore 2/2c - 40138 - Bologna (Italy) Telephone: + 39 - 51 - 6010506 Fax: + 39 - 51 - 6011104 e-mail: info@rvr.it...
  • Page 81 Date: 25/07/03 R.V.R. Elettronica S.r.l. (BO) VJ5000-TE - R.F. Tube Amplifier or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

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