Metrohm Titrino 784 KFP Instructions For Use Manual
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Metrohm Titrino 784 KFP Instructions For Use Manual

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Mertrohm AG
CH-9101 Herisau/Switzerland
Phone
+41 71 353 85 85
Fax
+41 71 353 89 01
Internet
www.metrohm.ch
E-Mail
info@metrohm.ch
784 KFP Titrino
Instructions for Use
8.784.1003
99.08 / sn

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  • Page 1 Mertrohm AG CH-9101 Herisau/Switzerland Phone +41 71 353 85 85 +41 71 353 89 01 Internet www.metrohm.ch E-Mail info@metrohm.ch 784 KFP Titrino Instructions for Use 8.784.1003 99.08 / sn...

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Table of contents 1 Overview........................2 2 Manual operation .....................6 2.1 Keypad ......................... 6 2.2 Principle of data input ....................7 2.3 Text input ........................8 2.4 Configuration, key <CONFIG>................... 9 2.5 Key <MODE> ......................14 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> ..................15 2.6.1 Parameters for KFT .....................
  • Page 3 Table of contents 5 Preparations ......................112 5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments ............112 5.1.1 Titrino with Stirrer or Titration Stand ..............112 5.1.2 Connection of a printer..................113 5.1.3 Connection of a balance ................... 114 5.1.4 Connection of a KF Oven .................. 115 5.1.5 Connection of a Sample Changer ..............
  • Page 4 Overview 784 KFP Titrino Instructions for Use 784 KFP Titrino...

  • Page 5: Overview

    Overview Overview Front view of instrument: 784 KFP Titrino...
  • Page 6 Overview Exchange Unit Display Control keys and indicator lamps on the Titrino Key < > Power switch Key < > Switching stirrer ON/OFF Key <DOS> Dosing key. Dispensing is performed as long as <DOS> is being pressed. Used e.g. to prepare the Exchange Unit.
  • Page 7 Overview Rear view of instrument: Remote 1.784 RS 232 100 - 240 V f = 50 - 60 Hz S = 15 W Key- board Made by Metrohm Herisau Switzerland 784 KFP Titrino...
  • Page 8 With power supplies where the voltage is subject to severe HF distur- bances, the Titrino should be operated via an additional power filter, e.g. Metrohm 615 model. Connection for stirrer 728 Magnetic Stirrer, 722 Rod Stirrer, 703 or 727 Ti Stand Supply voltage: 10 VDC (I ≤...

  • Page 9: Manual Operation

    2.1 Keypad 2 Manual operation 2.1 Keypad CONFIG Configuration. SMPL CONFIG PARAM PARAM Parameters. DATA SMPL DATA Sample data. STATISTICS ON/OFF switching of statistics calcu- MEAS/HOLD STATISTICS SILO – lations of consecutive determination, see page 28. MEAS/HOLD ON/OFF switching of measurements between titrations and hold during ti- trations.

  • Page 10: Principle Of Data Input

    2.2 Principle of data input 2.2 Principle of data input • If you press a key, you will find a group of inquiries in the display. Example key <CONFIG>: configuration In the first line you see where you are: You pressed >monitoring key <CONFIG>...

  • Page 11: Text Input

    2.3 Text input 2.3 Text input Example storing a method: user methods • Press key <USER METH>. >store method Place the cursor to ">store method" and press method name: ******** <ENTER>. The name of the method which is currently in the working memory is displayed.

  • Page 12: Configuration, Key

    2.4 Configuration, key <CONFIG> 2.4 Configuration, key <CONFIG> Key <CONFIG> serves to enter device specific data. The set values apply to all modes. CONFIG monitoring: Monitoring of instrument validation, service interval and configuration printout of diagnostic report. >monitoring peripheral units: >peripheral units Selection of printer, balance, stirrer control and COM >auxiliaries...
  • Page 13 2.4 Configuration, key <CONFIG> System test report printout (ON, OFF) system test report: With "ON" the report of the system test is printed out after the Titrino has been switched on, see also page 139. Settings for peripheral units >peripheral units Selection of printer (Epson, Seiko, Citizen, HP, IBM) at send to COM1: the Titrino COM1...
  • Page 14 2.4 Configuration, key <CONFIG> Target for barcode reader (input, method, id1, id2, id3, barcode: input smpl size) The barcode reader is used as an input aid, see page 118. Input: The barcode string goes to the entry field in which the cursor is currently located. Method: The barcode string goes to the entry field "Methods"...
  • Page 15 2.4 Configuration, key <CONFIG> Settings of RS232 interface >RS232 settings COM1 see also page 90 Identical for COM2. Baud rate (300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, baud rate: 9600 38400, 57600, 115200) Data bit (7, 8) data bit: Stop bit (1, 2) stop bit: Parity (even, odd, none) parity:...
  • Page 16 2.4 Configuration, key <CONFIG> curve >curve The settings are valid for COM1 and COM2. If you change the printer type, the following settings are initialized according to the printer. Grid drawing (ON, OFF) grid: Frame drawing (ON, OFF) frame: Type of scaling (Full, Auto) scaling: Full Full: The scaling goes from the greatest to the smallest...

  • Page 17: Key

    2.5 Key <MODE> 2.5 Key <MODE> With the key <MODE> the dialogue „mode“ is MODE opened. – The 784 Titrino is a titrator, specially designed for Karl Fischer water determinations. It has exclusively the mode mode KFT (Karl Fischer Titration). mode: measured quantity: Ipol...

  • Page 18: Parameters, Key

    2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> The key <PARAM> is used for the entry of values that determine the modes. Values marked with "cond." are PARAM accessible during the conditioning in the KFT mode. "**titr." means that these values can be changed dur- ing the titration.
  • Page 19 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> Maximum dosing rate (0.01...150 mL/min, max.) max.rate max. ml/min <CLEAR> sets "max.". **titr. This parameter determines primarily the addition rate outside the control range, see page 21. The maximum rate depends on the Exchange Unit: Exchange Unit max.
  • Page 20 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> Type of start volume (OFF, abs., rel.) start V: "OFF": start volume switched off cond. "abs.": absolute start volume in mL "rel.": relative start volume to sample size. If "abs." is set: start V 0.0 ml Absolute start volume (0...999.99 mL) cond.
  • Page 21 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> Stop conditions for titration >stop conditions If this is not "normal", i.e. after reaching the EP Type of stop volume (abs., rel., OFF) stop V: abs. "abs.": absolute stop volume in mL **titr. "rel.": relative stop volume to sample size "OFF": stop volume switched off.
  • Page 22 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> Request of sample size after start of titration (value, req.smpl size: unit, all, OFF) cond. "all" the value and the unit will be requested. Limiting value check for sample size (ON, OFF) limit smpl size: With "ON" the error message "sample size out." ap- cond.
  • Page 23 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> Titration sequence of KFT <START> After the start, the activate pulse is outputted and the stir- (Activate pulse) rer switched on. (Stirrer ON) (Start delay) The start delay time is waited off. If conditioning is on, the sample solution is titrated until (Preconditioning) the EP is reached.
  • Page 24 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> Control parameters for KFT The control parameters can be set according to your samples. The default parameters are already set to get satisfactory results. Optimize the control parameters for specific samples only. During the titration, reagent dosing is carried out in 3 phases: U/mV 1.
  • Page 25 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> Mechanisms of the KFT parameters in Ipol mode U/mV Excess H Titration (direct titration) EP at U Excess Iodine- Titration (Back titration) darker solution I(pol) I/µA • The position and curve characteristics of the line between the ranges of excess water or excess iodine depends on the type of sample and the ingredients of the working media.
  • Page 26 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> The determination of the free water is easily done, as far as the specifications of the reagent manufacturer regarding the "water capacity" of the reagents are considered. Problems may occur with specific sample matrices. The relevant literature contains many precise analysis instructions.
  • Page 27 2.6 Parameters, key <PARAM> In the following table we attempt to show you solutions related more to the instrument's side: What to do if ... Problem Possible causes and remedial action • Increase "min.volume incr.". Dosing at end too long and •...

  • Page 28: Result Calculations

    2.7 Result calculations 2.7 Result calculations Formula entry, key <DEF> Key <DEF> contains various inquiries for result calculations and data output. The data of this key are method specific and they are stored in the method memory together with the method. formula: >formula >silo calculations...
  • Page 29 2.7 Result calculations Text for result output (up to 8 characters) RS1 text Text input see page 8. Number of decimal places for result (0...5) RS1 decimal places Selection of result unit (%, ppm, g/L, mg/mL, mol/L, RS1 unit: mmol/L, g, mg, mL, mg/pc, s, mL/min, no unit or up to 6 characters).
  • Page 30 2.7 Result calculations Input of method specific operands C01...C19, key <C-FMLA> With <C-FMLA> the operands C01...C19 can be put C-FMLA in. For the calculation, the operands are used, which were introduced in the formula. The inputs method specific and are store in method memory.

  • Page 31: Statistics Calculation

    2.8 Statistics calculation 2.8 Statistics calculation Mean values, absolute and relative standard deviations are calculated. The <DEF> key is used to allocate results for statistics calculation. The entries are specific to the method and are stored in the method memory. mean: >formula Assigns values for statistics calculations.
  • Page 32 2.8 Statistics calculation How do you obtain statistics calculations? 1) Enter the allocations for the statistics calculation, see page 28. 2) Switch on the statistics calculations: Either with <STATISTICS> or set the status under <PARAM>, "> statistics" to "ON". The "STATISTICS" LED is on. Storing a method in the method memory, the status of the statistics calculation is retained.

  • Page 33: Common Variables

    2.9 Common variables 2.9 Common variables Common variables are used for: • Determination of a titer with a method. This titer is stored permanently as C3X. The operand C3X can be used in various other methods like any other operand. •...

  • Page 34: Data Output

    2.10 Data output 2.10 Data output 2.10.1 Reports for the output at the end of a determination With <DEF>, the report sequence at the end of the determination is defined. The entries are specific to the method and are stored in the method memory.
  • Page 35 2.10 Data output Original reports which are put out automatically at the end of the titration can be printed with recalculated values at any time. Key sequence: <PRINT><REPORTS><ENTER>. Original reports have double dashes ==== at the end, whereas recalculations are marked by single dashes ----.

  • Page 36: Display Of The Curve

    2.10 Data output Additional possibilities for report outputs In addition to the reports which are printed at the end of the titration, various other reports can be put out. There are 2 possibilities to select the reports: 1) <PRINT><←/→><ENTER> Cursor is pressed repeatedly until the desired report appears in the display.

  • Page 37: User Name, Key

    2.11 User name, key <USER> 2.11 User name, key <USER> The key <USER> manages the user names. USER User names can be entered directly or selected with ← the keys <←> and <→>. name: user Selection or input of user name. name: boss >delete...

  • Page 38: Method Memory Key

    2.12 Method memory key <USER METH> 2.12 Method memory key <USER METH> Management of the internal method memory with key USER METH <USER METH>. Select method name with keys <←> and <→>. recall method: user methods Loads a method from the internal method memory into >recall method >store method the working memory.
  • Page 39 2.12 Method memory key <USER METH> Delete method >delete method Delete method from the internal method memory (input method name: of method name, which is included in the memory). For safety, you are again asked if you really wish to delete the method.

  • Page 40: Current Sample Data, Key

    2.13 Current sample data, key <SMPL DATA> 2.13 Current sample data, key <SMPL DATA> The key <SMPL DATA> can be used to enter the SMPL current sample data. The content of this key changes DATA when the silo memory is switched on, see page 39. Instead of entering the current sample data with <SMPL DATA>, you can request these data smpl data...

  • Page 41: Silo Memory For Sample Data

    2.14 Silo memory for sample data 2.14 Silo memory for sample data In the silo memory or pushup storage, sample data (method, identifications and sample size) can be stored. This is useful, e.g. when you work with Sample Changers and other automatic sample addition systems or if you wish an overview of your determination results, see page 41.
  • Page 42 2.14 Silo memory for sample data Key <SMPL DATA> with the silo memory switched on Sample data can be entered into the silo memory with SMPL key <SMPL DATA>. DATA edit silo lines: Entering sample data into the silo memory. smpl data delete silo lines: >edit silo lines...
  • Page 43 2.14 Silo memory for sample data Delete all silo lines >delete all silo lines Confirmation (yes, no) delete all: When all silo lines are deleted, the silo is completely empty: The line numbering starts again with 1. With "ON", worked off silo lines will be copied to the cycle lines: highest line of the silo memory (ON, OFF) Data cycling "on"...

  • Page 44: Storing Determination Results And Silo Calculations

    2.15 Storing determination results and silo calculations 2.15 Storing determination results and silo calcula- tions 2.15.1 Storing determination results If the sample-specific data of the silo memory should be kept after the determination and supplemented by results, the following entries are necessary: 1.

  • Page 45: Silo Calculations

    2.15 Storing determination results and silo calculations After several samples have been processed, the silo memory report can have the following appearance (printout with <PRINT><SILO><ENTER>): 784 KFP Titrino 02134 784.0010 date 1999-08-15 time 15:03 >silo cycle lines: save lines: sl method id 1/C21 id 2/C22 id 3/C23 11-2 A/12 99-08-12...
  • Page 46 2.15 Storing determination results and silo calculations Starting from the following silo report: 784 KFP Titrino 02134 784.0010 date 1999-08-15 time 15:03 >silo cycle lines: save lines: method id 1/C21 id 2/C22 id 3/C23 ∗ 11-2 A/12 99-08-12 0.903g 2.6427ml 1.48% Assignment 0-15...

  • Page 47: Manual Dosing

    2.16 Manual dosing • Calculations and assignments are carried out in the following order: 1. Calculation of the results RSX 2. Calculation of means MNX 3. Assignment of silo results C24 and C25 4. Silo calculations 5. Assignment of means C26 and C27 from silo calculations 6.

  • Page 48: Operation Via Rs232 Interface

    3.1 General rules 3 Operation via RS232 Interface 3.1 General rules The Titrino has an extensive remote control facility that allows full control of the Titrino via the RS 232 interface, i.e. the Titrino can receive data from an external controller or send data to an external controller. C R and L F are used as terminators for the data transfer.

  • Page 49: Call Up Of Objects

    3.1 General rules 3.1.1 Call up of objects An excerpt from the object tree is represented below: 3rd node Language Prog 2nd node RSSet 1st node Config Mode 0st node & Root Rules Example The root of the tree is designated by &. The branches (levels) of a tree are marked with a dot (.) when calling up an object.

  • Page 50: Triggers

    3.1 General rules 3.1.2 Triggers Triggers initiate an action on the Titrino, for example, starting a process or sending data. Triggers are marked by the introductory symbol $. The following triggers are possible: Starts processes, e.g. starting the mode run or setting the RS 232 interface parameters Stop Stops processes...

  • Page 51: Status Messages

    3.1 General rules 3.1.3 Status messages In order to have an efficient control by an external control device, it must also be possible to query status conditions; they provide information on the status of the Titrino. The trigger $D initiates output of the status. Status messages consist of the global status, the detailed status and eventual error messages, e.g.

  • Page 52: Error Messages

    3.1 General rules Status conditions of the global $S: Quick manual measurement from the initial status in mode KFT. $S .Mode.KFT.QuickMeas: The instrument gives the status from which it has been stopped. The detailed status information is therefore identical the information for the global status Violation of monitored limits with action "end"...
  • Page 53 3.1 General rules RS receive errors: Parity. Exit: <QUIT> and ensure settings of appropriate parameters at both devices are the same. Framing error. Exit: <QUIT> and ensure settings of appropriate parameters at both devices are the same. Overrun error. At least 1 character could not be read. Exit: <QUIT>...
  • Page 54 3.1 General rules E196 Result is out of limits. Exit: The error message disappears on next start or on recalculation. E197 Sample size is out of limits. Exit: The error message disappears on next start or on introduction of new sample size.

  • Page 55: Remote Control Commands

    3.2 Remote control commands 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.1 Overview The internal object tree can be divided into the following branches: & Root à Mode Method parameters à UserMeth Administration of the internal user-memory for methods à Config Instrument configuration Ã...
  • Page 56 3.2 Remote control commands &Mode Object Description Input range Reference & Root à Mode Mode $G, $S, $H, $C 3.2.2.1. : à QuickMeas Rapid meas. in basic mode $G, $S 3.2.2.2. à Select Mode selection 3.2.2.3. à .KFTQuantity Measured quantity for KFT Ipol, Upol ditto Ã...
  • Page 57 3.2 Remote control commands *Parameter Tree part "Parameters for KFT" Ã CtrlPara Control parameters ³ Ã Endpoint depends on meas.quant. 3.2.2.11. ³ Ã .UnitEp Unit of endpoint read only ditto ³ Ã .Dyn Dynamics depends on meas.quant. 3.2.2.12. ³ Ã .UnitDyn Unit of dynamics read only...
  • Page 58 3.2 Remote control commands &UserMeth Object Description Input range Reference & Root à UserMeth Method memory : à .FreeMemory Memory available read only 3.2.2.30. à .Recall Load method 3.2.2.31. ³ à .Name Method name 8 ASCII characters ditto à .Store Save method ditto ³...
  • Page 59 Time counter 0...9999 ditto ³ ³ Ã .ClearCount Clears the counter above ditto ³ Ã .Service Monitoring of Metrohm service 3.2.2.34. ³ ³ Ã .Status Status of service monitoring ON, OFF ditto ³ ³ Ã .Date Date of next service...
  • Page 60 3.2 Remote control commands "Configuration", continuation à .RSSet1 Settings RS232, 1 3.2.2.49. ³ à .Baud Baud rate 300,600,1200,2400,4800, ³ ³ 9600,19200,38400,57600, ³ ³ 115200 ditto ³ à .DataBit Number of data bits 7, 8 ditto ³ à .StopBit Number of stop bits 1, 2 ditto ³...
  • Page 61 3.2 Remote control commands &SmplData Object Description Input range Reference & Root à SmplData Sample data : à .Status Status of silo memory ON, OFF 3.2.2.51. à .OFFSilo Current sample data ³ à .Id1 Sample identification 1 up to 8 ASCII char 3.2.2.52.
  • Page 62 3.2 Remote control commands &HotKey Object Description Input range Reference & Root à HotKey Keys with direct access : à .User User name 3.2.2.59. ³ à .Name Input of user name up to 10 ASCII char ditto ³ à .Delete Delete user ditto ³...
  • Page 63 3.2 Remote control commands &Info Object Description Input range Reference & Root à Info Current data : à .Report Transmission of formatted reports $G 3.2.2.60. ³ à .Select Report type configuration, parameters, ³ smpl data, statistics, silo, ³ C-fmla, def, user method, ³...
  • Page 64 3.2 Remote control commands "Info", continuation à .StatisticsVal Statistics values ³ à .ActN Number of results in chart read only 3.2.2.64. ³ à mean ³ ³ à .Mean Mean read only ditto ³ ³ à .Std Absolute standard deviation read only ditto ³...
  • Page 65 3.2 Remote control commands "Info", continuation ³ Ã .Oven Oven data ³ ³ Ã .HeatTime Heating time read only 3.2.2.72. ³ ³ Ã .SampleTemp Sample temperature read only ditto ³ ³ Ã .LowTemp Lowest temperature read only ditto ³ ³ Ã .HighTemp Highest temperature read only...
  • Page 66 3.2 Remote control commands &Assembly Object Description Input range Reference & Root à Assembly Assembly control à . Bur Buret ³ à .Rates Rates ³ ³ à .Forward Forward rate ³ ³ ³ à .Select Type of rate control digital, analog 3.2.2.76.
  • Page 67 3.2 Remote control commands &Setup Object Description Input range Reference & Root à Setup Settings for the operating mode à .Comport Output of automatic info 1,2,1&2 3.2.2.82. à .Keycode Send key code ON, OFF 3.2.2.83. à .Tree Sending format of path info ³...
  • Page 68 3.2 Remote control commands "Setup", continuation à .AutoInfo Automatic message for changes 3.2.2.92. ³ à .Status Switch AutoInfo on/off ON, OFF ditto ³ à When mains is switched on ON, OFF ditto ³ à Titrator infos ³ ³ à When "ready" ON, OFF ditto ³...
  • Page 69 3.2 Remote control commands &Diagnose Object Description Input range Reference & Root à Diagnose Diagnose à .Report Output of adjustment parameters 3.2.2.98. 784 KFP Titrino...

  • Page 70: Description Of The Remote Control Commands

    3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2 Description of the remote control commands 3.2.2.1. Mode $G, $S, $H, $C Start and stop ($G, $S) or hold of the current method (3.2.2.3) with $H and continue with $C. $G also serves to continue after inquiries of identifications and sample size after the start (see 3.2.2.26).
  • Page 71 3.2 Remote control commands The limit control for results can also be activated. If a result is out of limit, a message appears in the result report, E196 is sent, and output line L13 can be set. 3.2.2.6. Mode.Def.SiloCalc.Assign.C24 RSX, EPX, CXX Mode.Def.SiloCalc.Assign.C25 RSX, EPX, CXX Mode.Def.SiloCalc.MatchId...
  • Page 72 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.11. Mode.Parameter.CtrlPara.EP Ipol: 0...250...±2000 Upol: 0...25...±200.0 Mode.Parameter.CtrlPara.UnitEp read only Setting of the EP, resp. Control point in mV (with Ipol) or µA (with Upol). The corresponding unit can be read with .UnitEP. 3.2.2.12. Mode.Parameter.CtrlPara.Dyn Ipol: 1...100...2000 Upol: 0.1...10...200.0 Mode.Parameter.CtrlPara.UnitDyn...
  • Page 73 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.16. Mode.Parameter.TitrPara.StartV.Type abs., rel., OFF Mode.Parameter.TitrPara.StartV.V 0...999.99 Mode.Parameter.TitrPara.StartV.Factor 0...±999999 Mode.Parameter.TitrPara.StartV.Rate 0.01...150, max. Start volume. If an absolute start volume (abs.) has been selected, the volume in mL is valid. A relative start volume (rel.) is dispensed as a function of the sample size: Start volume in mL = smpl size ∗...
  • Page 74 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.22. Mode.Parameter.StopCond.VStop.Type abs., rel., OFF Mode.Parameter.StopCond.VStop.V 0...99.99...9999.99 Mode.Parameter.StopCond.VStop.Factor 0...±999999 Stop volume. If an absolute stop volume (abs.) has been selected, the volume in mL is valid. A relative stop volume (rel.) is dispensed as a function of the sample size: Stop volume in mL = smpl size ∗...
  • Page 75 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.26. Mode.Parameter.Presel.IReq id1, id1&2, all, OFF Mode.Parameter.Presel.SReq value, unit, all, OFF Automatic inquiry after the start of the determination. From such an inquiry, the determination continues if the requested entry/entries is/are made, e.g. &SmplData.OFFSilo.Id1 (see 3.2.2.52) or with &M $G, see 3.2.2.1. $H is not possible in requests.
  • Page 76 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.32. UserMeth.List.1.Name read only UserMeth.List.1.Mode read only UserMeth.List.1.Quantity read only UserMeth.List.1.DosUnit read only UserMeth.List.1.Bytes read only UserMeth.List.1.Checksum read only for each method List of the methods in the user method memory with the following character- istics: .Name: Name of the method .Mode:...
  • Page 77 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.39. Config.PeriphUnit.Stirrer ON, OFF Automatic stirrer control. With "ON" the stirrer will be switched on after start- ing a method. At the end of the method it is switched off again. 3.2.2.40. Config.PeriphUnit.RemoteBox.Status ON, OFF Config.PeriphUnit.RemoteBox.Keyboard US, deutsch, francais, español, schweiz.
  • Page 78 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.47. Config.Aux.DevName up to 8 ASCII characters Name of the instrument for connections with several units. It is advisable to use only the letters A...Z (ASCII No. 65...90), a...z (ASCII No. 97...122) and the numbers 0...9 (ASCII No. 48...57) when the function Setup.AutoInfo (3.2.2.92) is used at the same time.
  • Page 79 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.52. SmplData.OFFSilo.Id1 up to 8 ASCII characters SmplData.OFFSilo.Id2 up to 8 ASCII characters SmplData.OFFSilo.Id3 up to 8 ASCII characters SmplData.OFFSilo.ValSmpl 6-digits, sign and decimal point SmplData.OFFSilo.UnitSmpl up to 5 ASCII characters Current sample data. The identifications Id1...Id3 can be used in formulas as sample-specific cal- culation constants C21...C23.
  • Page 80 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.56. SmplData.ONSilo.DelAll Deletes the entire silo memory. Must be triggered with $G. 3.2.2.57. SmplData.ONSilo.CycleLines ON, OFF Silo data cycling. With "ON", executed lines are copied to the next free silo lines, see page 40. Exercise caution if you edit the silo memory during the determinations! 3.2.2.58.
  • Page 81 3.2 Remote control commands Reports which are sent from the Titrino are marked with space (ASCII 32) and ' at the beginning. Then an individual identifier for each report follows. Reports which are triggered by RS232 ($G) have the same introducer but without pre- ceding space, i.e.
  • Page 82 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.63. Info.TitrResults.RS.1.Value read only etc., up to .9 Info.TitrResults.EP.1.V read only Info.TitrResults.EP.1.Meas read only etc., up to .2 Info.TitrResults.Var.C40 read only/read+write etc., up to .C45 Info.TitrResults.Var.DTime read only/read+write .RS: Values of the calculated results. .EP: Endpoints: Volume coordinate in mL, e.g.
  • Page 83 3.2 Remote control commands $Q sends: C24.Name: Name of the assigned value "RS1" C24.Value: Value "2.222" C24.Unit: Unit of the assigned value "%" C26.ActN: Number of single results "3" C26.Mean: Mean (decimal places as for the result itself) "3.421" C26.Std: Standard deviation (decimal places as for the result + 1) "0.0231" C26.RelStd: Relative standard deviation (in %, 2 decimal places) "0.14"...
  • Page 84 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.68. Info.ActualInfo.Assembly.Counter.V read only Info.ActualInfo.Assembly.Counter.Clear $Q sends the volume. With the function &Info.Assembly.Counter.Clear $G, the volume counter is set to zero. 3.2.2.69. Info.ActualInfo.Assembly.Meas read only $Q sends the current measured value from the assembly. 3.2.2.70. Info.ActualInfo.Titrator.CyclNo read only Info.ActualInfo.Titrator.V read only...
  • Page 85 3.2 Remote control commands .MeasPt.X"165" Time of the MPList in s .MeasPt.Y"3.654" Volume of the MPList in mL .MeasPt.Z1"6.34" Measured value of the MPList, format depends on the measured quantity .MeasPt.Z2 without meaning .EP.X"1.234" Volume coordinate of the EP .EP.Y"5.34" Measured value coordinate of the EP 3.2.2.72.
  • Page 86 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.76. Assembly.Bur.Rates.Forward.Selected digital, analog Assembly.Bur.Rates.Forward.Digital 0...150, max. Assembly.Bur.Rates.Reverse.Selected digital, analog Assembly.Bur.Rates.Reverse.Digital 0...150, max. Expel and aspirating rate. Digital or analog control. With digital control, the inputted value applies (in mL/min). "max." means maximum possible rate with the Exchange Unit in current use.
  • Page 87 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.80. Assembly.Outputs.AutoEOD ON, OFF Assembly.Outputs.SetLines Assembly.Outputs.SetLines.L0 active, inactive, pulse, OFF up to .L13 Assembly.Outputs.ResetLines Setting the I/O output lines. .AutoEOD: The automatic output of the EOD (End of Determination) at the end of the determination can be switched off. Thus, for example, in conjunction with a Titrino several determinations can be per- formed in the same beaker.
  • Page 88 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.83. Setup.Keycode ON, OFF ON means the key code of a key pressed on the Titrino is outputted. The key code comprises 2 ASCII characters; table of the keys with their code, see page 102. A keystroke of key 11 is sent as follows: The beginning of the message is marked by a space (ASCII 32).
  • Page 89 3.2 Remote control commands 3.2.2.87. Setup.Mode.StartWait ON, OFF Setup.Mode.FinWait ON, OFF Holding points in the method sequence. If they are "ON", the sequence stops until "OFF" is sent. Switching the instrument on sets both nodes to OFF: .StartWait: Holding point right after starting a method (holding point after AutoInfo !".T.GC").
  • Page 90 3.2 Remote control commands Selection of the values from the titrator which are sent in the set time interval (see 3.2.2.88, formats see 3.2.2.70): .CyclNo: Cycle number. Together with the cycle time (see 3.2.2.75), a time frame can be set up. The other data belong to the corresponding cycle number.
  • Page 91 3.2 Remote control commands .T.N Conditioning Not OK: EP not reached (in KFT with conditioning). .T.Re Request: In the inquiry of an identification or the sample size after start of titration. .T.Si SiloEmpty: Silo empty, i.e. the last line has been removed from the silo memory.
  • Page 92 3.2.2.96. Setup.RamInit Initializes instrument, see page 110. All parameters are set to their default value and error messages are cleared. The user and silo memories will be deleted. The user memory contains the default user methods from Metrohm. 3.2.2.97. Setup.InstrNo Setup.InstrNo.Value serial number, 8 ASCII characters Instrument identification for report output.

  • Page 93: Properties Of The Rs 232 Interface

    Parity Bit 1 or 2 Stop Bit Only a shielded data cable (for example, METROHM D.104.0201) may be used to couple the Titrino with foreign devices. The cable shield must be properly grounded on both instruments (pay attention to current loops; al- ways ground in a star-head formation).
  • Page 94 3.3 Properties of the RS 232 Interface Titrino as Sender : Titrino external device XOFF Data output Data input Data output max. Data output disabled enabled characters Time max. characters: 2 characters at 300...9600 baud 16 characters at ≥ 19200 baud Software-Handshake, SWline Handshake input ports on the Titrino (CTS) are not checked.
  • Page 95 3.3 Properties of the RS 232 Interface Titrino as Sender: Titrino external device XOFF Data output line 1st line Data input Data output Data output disabled enabled Time Titrino transmission can be stopped by external instruments with XOFF. After XOFF is received the Titrino completes sending the line already started. If data output is disabled for more than 6 s by XOFF, E43 appears in the display.

  • Page 96: Pin Assignment

    3.3 Properties of the RS 232 Interface 3.3.2 Pin Assignment RS232C Interface Pin 3 Transmitted Data (TxD). If no data are transmitted, the line is held in the “ON” condition. Data Transmitted Data will only be sent when CTS is in the ”ON” condition. Pin 2 Received Data (RxD) Received Data...
  • Page 97 3.3 Properties of the RS 232 Interface Contact arrangement at plug (female) for RS 232C socket (male) View of soldered side of plug Ordering numbers: K.210.0381 and K.210.9045 No liability whatsoever will be accepted for damage or injury caused by im- proper interconnection of instruments.

  • Page 98: What Can You Do If The Data Transfer Does Not Work

    3.3 Properties of the RS 232 Interface 3.3.3 What can you do if the data transfer does not work? Problem Questions for remedial action No characters can be received on - Are the instruments switched on and cables plugged in a connected printer.
  • Page 99 3.3 Properties of the RS 232 Interface 784 KFP Titrino...

  • Page 100: Error Messages And Troubleshooting

    4.1 Error and special messages 4 Error messages and Troubleshooting Data transfer inoperative See measures on page 95. 4.1 Error and special messages For the storage of a method or a silo line XXX bytes are XXX bytes missing missing. Remedy: <QUIT>.
  • Page 101 19. Exit: Enter new sample size. The service interval has elapsed. Contact Metrohm service so service is due that the Titrino can be serviced. This message will appear each time the Titrino is switched on.
  • Page 102 3 Exit: <CLEAR>. Default adjustment data are set. The error message appears each time the instrument is switched on until it has been readjusted (Metrohm service). No communication between the Titrino and the connected system error 14 Remote Box.

  • Page 103: Diagnosis

    It is advisable in each case to isolate the fault with the rapid and easy to perform diagnostic tests. The customer thus need not call METROHM service until there is a true fault in the instrument. In addition, with the aid of the numbering in the diagnostic program he can provide the service engi- neer with much more accurate information.

  • Page 104: Equipment Required

    4.2 Diagnosis 4.2.3 Equipment required: Equipment required: − voltage calibrator, e.g. 1.642.0010 Metrohm pH Simulator or 1.767.0010 Calibrated Reference for mV, pH, ê æS, °C − highly insulated interconnection cable 6.2108.060 − resistor switch-box, class 0.1 % (or resistor 14.3 k, 0.1 %) −...
  • Page 105 4.2 Diagnosis Keypad test • Press <1>. k e y s t e s t • Press <ENTER>. k e y s t e s t matrix code • If any key is now pressed (on the 6.2130.050 keypad or on the front panel of the 784), the appropriate matrix code appears in the display.
  • Page 106 4.2 Diagnosis Cylinder code, date, time • Insert exchange unit or dummy to the internal dosing unit D0 and put the burette tip into a collecting receptacle. • Press <0>. d a t e / t i m e cylinder code •...
  • Page 107 4.2 Diagnosis Measuring input test: Polarizer test With the aid of the "767.0010 calibrated reference for mV, pH, Ω, µS, °C" you can check the measuring input "Pol". If a Remote Box is connected: Deactivate the Remote Box (key <Config>, >peripheral units, Remote Box: off"). Switch the Titrino off and screw off the Remote Box.
  • Page 108 4.2 Diagnosis External inputs and outputs This test is meaningful only if the 784 KFP Titrino is used interconnected with other instruments via the 'Re- mote' connection or if the 6.2148.000 remote box is used for connecting a PC keyboard or a barcode reader.If the remote box should be tested, it has to be connected to the Titrino before the Titrino is switched on.
  • Page 109 4.2 Diagnosis 7.2 Test of the remote box The remote box needs to be connected before the Titrino is switched on. Insert 3.496.8550 test plug in the re- mote box. • Press <2>. r e s e t r e m o t e b o x ? •...
  • Page 110 4.2 Diagnosis 8.1 RS232 test 1 • Press <1>. . R S 2 3 2 t e s t - c o n n e c t o r ? 1 • Insert the 3.496.8560 test plug in port ‘A1’. •...
  • Page 111 4.2 Diagnosis Internal dosing unit Internal dosing unit • Remove exchange unit. • Check spindle zero position, see Fig. 5. 0.2 - 0.6 mm Fig. 5 Fig. 6 The spindle must be 0.2 – 0.6 mm below the edge of the sliding plate. The bar of the stopcock coupling must be exactly parallel to the lateral edges of the KFP Titrino, see Fig.6.
  • Page 112 4.2 Diagnosis 10 Setting up original arrangement Setting up original arrangement Reconnect all peripherals disconnected at the start of the diagnostic routine and perform a short function test with these. 784 KFP Titrino...

  • Page 113: Initialize And Test Ram

    The initialization values are loaded automatically. The instrument thus remains capable of measurement. However, possibly a small loss in accuracy must be anticipated. A new optimum adjustment can be performed by Metrohm service. The error message 'system always appears after the instrument is switched on until this adjustment has been error 3' performed.

  • Page 114: Releasing A Locked Spindle

    4.4 Releasing a locked spindle 4.4 Releasing a locked spindle Releasing a locked spindle with inserted Exchange Unit with inserted Exchange Unit • The burette drive may very occasionally jam at the top or bottom end of the cylinder. If jam- ming occurs at the top or when the drive is out of function, the Exchange Unit can no longer be removed.

  • Page 115: Preparations

    5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments 5 Preparations The mains cables supplied with the instrument are three-core and equipped with a plug with an earthing pin. If a different plug has to be fitted, the yellow/green lead must be connected to the protective earth.

  • Page 116: Connection Of A Printer

    5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments 5.1.2 Connection of a printer A variety of printers can be connected to the RS232 interface of the 736 GP Titrino. If you connect a printer other than one of those men- tioned below, ensure that the Epson mode is emulated or that it uses the international character set following the IBM Standard Table 437 and IBM-compatible graphics control characters.

  • Page 117: Connection Of A Balance

    5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments 5.1.3 Connection of a balance The following balances can be connected to the RS232 output of the Titrino: Balance Cable Sartorius MP8, MC1 6.2134.060 Mettler AB, AG (LC-RS25) in the scope of delivery of the balance Mettler AM, PM 6.2146.020 + 6.2125.010 additionally from Mettler:...

  • Page 118: Connection Of A Kf Oven

    5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments 5.1.4 Connection of a KF Oven It is expedient to place the oven on 6.2041.180 instrument bridge. Take care that the gas outlet of the oven enters the titration vessel as directly as is possible to prevent the formation of condensed water in the outlet tubing.

  • Page 119: Connection Of A Sample Changer

    5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments If you enter one of the COMs of the Titrino for this parameter then your Titrino result report will contain the oven data "heating time", "sample temp.", "lowest temp.", "highest temp." and "gas flow". The start is triggered at the oven.

  • Page 120: Connection Of The 774 Oven Sample Processor

    5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments 5.1.6 Connection of the 774 Oven Sample Processor The Oven Sample Processor heats the sample and transfers the moisture from the sample to the titration vessel of the Titino. Titrino and Oven Sample Processor are connected via the remote sockets (cable 6.2141.020) as well as via the RS interfaces (cable 6.2125.110) 6.2141.020 Cable (Remote)

  • Page 121: Connection Of A Computer

    5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments 5.1.7 Connection of a computer 6.2134.040 Cable (9/9 poles) 6.2125.010+6.2125.060 Cables (9/25 poles) Preselections on the Titrino: RS232 settings: ..........depend on the control program of the computer Send to: ..........................IBM Vesuv 3.0, PC program for data acquisition and method backup for up to 64 devices ..................
  • Page 122 5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments Settings at the Titrino: Under key <CONFIG>, >peripheral units, "Remote Box: on" Barcode: The barcode string goes to the entry field in which the cursor is currently lo- input cated. If the silo memory is switched on the barcode string always goes to the method method.
  • Page 123 5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments 5.1.8.3 Operating via a PC keyboard: The Titrino can be operated from the PC keyboard. The Titrino functions are called up as follows: Titrino function Key combination Remarks on PC keyboard <C-FMLA> Alt F <CLEAR>...
  • Page 124 5.1 Setting up and connecting the instruments The numerical block (with NumLock) and the number keys on the PC keyboard simulate the functions of the numerical keys on the Titrino. For example, entering <7> in the basic state of the Titrino switches the statistics on. Keys which are used for setting an accent (e.g.

  • Page 125: Connection Of Electrodes And Preparing Titration Vessel

    5.2 Connection of electrodes and preparing titration vessel 5.2 Connection of electrodes and preparing titration vessel The Titrino 784 has one measuring input. Rear panel: Connection of polarized electrodes. If measured quantities Ipol or Upol are selected, this measuring input is automatically active. Setting up the KF titration vessel For volumetric KF titrations install the titration vessec according to the following figure:...

  • Page 126: Appendix

    Field: 100 x 37 mm LED back-lit Memory Method memory for up to 100 methods Data bank with 18 Metrohm methods Silo memory for sample data and results RS232 interface 2 separate interfaces, each can be configured for printer, balance or computer connection: completely...
  • Page 127 Voltage 100...240 V Frequency 50...60 Hz Power consumption 15 W Fuse 2 x 1 ATH (to be replaced by Metrohm Service only using the same type) Additional electronic overload protection Dimensions with Exchange Unit Width 150 mm Height 450 mm...

  • Page 128: Pin Assignment Of The "Remote" Socket

    6.2 Pin assignment of the "Remote" socket 6.2 Pin assignment of the "Remote" socket external Function Inputs +5 V +5 V pin 21 (Input 0) Start +5 V +5 V pin 9 (Input 1) Stop +5 V +5 V > 100 ms pin 22 (Input 2) Enter Functions see page 127.
  • Page 129 6.2 Pin assignment of the "Remote" socket Outputs pin 17 (Output 3) End of determination pin 3 (Output 4) not used pin 16 (Output 5) Error, active with errors pin 1 (Output 6) Activate pulse, see page 128. L6 in TIP =150 µs) pin 2 (Output 7) Pulses for recorder (t...

  • Page 130: Lines Of The "Remote" Socket During The Titration

    6.2 Pin assignment of the "Remote" socket 6.2.1 Lines of the "Remote" socket during the titration 784 KFP Titrino...

  • Page 131: Possible Configurations Of The Activate Pulse Kft

    6.2 Pin assignment of the "Remote" socket 6.2.2 Possible configurations of the activate pulse KFT first cond. inactive START Conditioning START Request id... Start titration End of det. (EOD) Data output 784 KFP Titrino...

  • Page 132: User Methods

    6.3 User methods 6.3 User methods 6.3.1 General The methods are stored in the user memory ready for use. They can be loaded, modified and overwritten. Connect the printer to COM1 of the Titrino. If you have no printer connected, you have to delete the reports under the key <DEF>, >report.

  • Page 133: Kf Titer Determination With H O Or Methanol Standard "H2Otiter

    Karl-Fischer-Titration according to drift corr: req.ident: Eugen Scholz, Riedel de Haën, Seelze, Ger- req.smpl size: value many limit smpl size: METROHM Application Bulletin No. 77: oven: Karl Fischer Water Determinations activate pulse: ------------ 784 KFP Titrino 784.0010 date...

  • Page 134: Kf Titer Determination With Sodium Tartrate "Tartiter

    Karl-Fischer-Titration according to req.ident: Eugen Scholz, Riedel de Haën, Seelze, Ger- req.smpl size: value many limit smpl size: METROHM Application Bulletin No. 77: oven: Karl Fischer Water Determinations activate pulse: ------------ 784 KFP Titrino 784.0010 date...

  • Page 135: Blank Determination For Kft "Blank_Kf

    HYDRANAL® Practical Course, Water rea- req.smpl size: gents for Karl-Fischer-Titration according to limit smpl size: Eugen Scholz, Riedel de Haën, Seelze, Ger- oven: many activate pulse: METROHM Application Bulletin No. 77: ------------ Karl Fischer Water Determinations 784 KFP Titrino 784.0010 date 1999-08-18 time...

  • Page 136: Kf-Titration With Blank Value Subtraction "Kf-Blank

    HYDRANAL® Practical Course, Water rea- req.ident: gents for Karl-Fischer-Titration according to req.smpl size: Eugen Scholz, Riedel de Haën, Seelze, Ger- limit smpl size: many oven: METROHM Application Bulletin No. 77: activate pulse: ------------ Karl Fischer Water Determinations 784 KFP Titrino 784.0010 date 1999-08-18...
  • Page 137 6.3 User methods 784 KFP Titrino 784.0010 date 1999-08-18 time 18:04 Ipol KF-Blank >formula Water=(EP1-C38)*C39*C01/C00/C02 RS1 text Water RS1 decimal places RS1 unit: RS1 limit control: Titer=C39 RS2 text Titer RS2 decimal places RS2 unit: mg/ml RS2 limit control: Blank=C38 RS3 text Blank RS3 decimal places...

  • Page 138: Kf-Titration Without Blank Value Subtraction "Kf

    Karl-Fischer-Titration according to >preselections Eugen Scholz, Riedel de Haën, Seelze, Ger- conditioning: many display drift: METROHM Application Bulletin No. 77: drift corr: Karl Fischer Water Determinations req.ident: req.smpl size: limit smpl size: oven: activate pulse: ------------ 784 KFP Titrino 784.0010...
  • Page 139 6.3 User methods 784 KFP Titrino 784.0010 date 1999-08-18 time 18:06 Ipol >formula Water=EP1*C39*C01/C00/C02 RS1 text Water RS1 decimal places RS1 unit: RS1 limit control: Titer=C39 RS2 text Titer RS2 decimal places RS2 unit: mg/ml RS2 limit control: >silo calculations match id: >common variables >report...

  • Page 140: Kf Titrations With Various Kf Reagents

    6.3 User methods 6.3.7 KF titrations with various KF reagents If you work parallel with different KF reagents, you can use different methods for each KF reagent. The titer determination is performed with H O or methanol standard as described for the method "H2OTiter".

  • Page 141: 8Determination Of The Bromine Number "Brnumber

    2...1.5 RS1 text BrNumber 100...200 1.0...0.5 RS1 decimal places RS1 unit: RS1 limit control: >silo calculations References: match id: ASTM D 1159-84 >common variables Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 177 >report report COM1:full; >mean MN1=RS1 >temporary variables ------------ 784 KFP Titrino...

  • Page 142: Titrino Validation

    Guidelines for the testing regulations (SOP, Standard Operating Procedure) are given in Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 255: Validation of Metrohm KF Titrators and KF Oven according to GLP/ISO 9001. The validation interval can be checked by the Titrino (set under <CONFIG>, monitoring).

  • Page 143: Warranty And Certificates

    Lack of an official damage report releases METROHM from any liability to pay compensation. If any instruments and parts have to be returned, the original pack- aging should be used if at all possible.

  • Page 144: Certificate Of Conformity And System Validation

    The features of the system software are documented in the instruction manual. Metrohm Ltd. is holder of the SQS certificate of the quality system ISO 9001 for quality assurance in design/development, production, installation and servicing. Herisau, March 12, 1999 Dr.
  • Page 145 Ionenanalytik • Analyse des ions • Ion analysis • Análisis iónico 784 KFP Titrino EU Declaration of Conformity The company Metrohm AG, Herisau, Switzerland, certifies herewith, that the following instrument: 784 KFP Titrino meets the CE mark requirements of EU Directives 89/336/EWG and 72/23/EWG.

  • Page 146: Scope Of Delivery And Ordering Designations

    6.6 Scope of delivery and ordering designations 6.6 Scope of delivery and ordering designations 784 KFP Titrino ..................2.784.0010 inclusive the following accessories: 1 Keypad for KFP Titrino 784 ................. 6.2130.050 1 Key for Exchange Units..................6.2739.010 1 Double Pt-electrode with plug-in head, without cable ........6.0338.100 1 Electrode cable with plug F 1M ................
  • Page 147 6.6 Scope of delivery and ordering designations Options Accessories to separate order and on payment of extra charge: Burets Auxiliary burets 765 Dosimat ......................2.765.0010 776 Dosimat ......................2.776.0010 Cable 784 KFP Titrino (activate pulse, line L6) — 765 or 776 Dosimat ....6.2139.000 Exchange Units V = 1 mL, Ceramic stopcock ................
  • Page 148 6.6 Scope of delivery and ordering designations Electrodes and accessories Double Pt-electrode with plug-in head, without cable .......... 6.0338.100 Electrode cable, 1m ....................6.2104.020 Printers Citizen printer iDP562 RS, 230 V................2.140.0024 Citizen printer iDP562 RS, 115 V................2.140.0025 Cable Titrino – Citizen printer iDP562 RS (9/25 pins)..........6.2134.050 Cable Titrino –...
  • Page 149 6.6 Scope of delivery and ordering designations Sample Changer 730 Sample Changer, 1 working station, 1 pump and 2 stirrer connections..2.730.0010 730 Sample Changer, 1 working station, 2 pumps and 2 stirrer connections..2.730.0020 730 Sample Changer, 1 working station, no pumps and 2 stirrer connections... 2.730.0030 730 Sample Changer, 2 working stations, 2 pumps and 4 stirrer connections...

  • Page 150: Index

    Index Index Keys are marked with < >, are in bold characters, and pages concerning the green display texts part are printed in italic. Connection cables ......... 145ff Contrast of display ........3 <ABC> ............8 ........15 control parameters Accessories ..........143ff Control parameters KFT......
  • Page 151 Index Keys ............. 6 ........39 edit silo lines <ABC> ..........8 ........17 electrode test: <C-FMLA> .......... 27 <ENTER>............ 6 <CLEAR>..........6 Entry of <CONFIG> ........... 9 data ............7 <CURVE> ........... 33 text ............8 <DEF> ..........25ff ............
  • Page 152 Index ..........98 Report missing EP <MODE>...........14 output..........31ff Mode KFT...........15 printing..........31 ............9 reproduction ......... 32 monitoring selection..........31 <REPORTS>..........32 ..........18 req.ident: ............34 name: .......... 19 req.smpl size: ..........9 next service: ............. 28 res.tab: ............98 no... Result ...........98 not valid calculation..........
  • Page 153 Index ........... 98 Titration silo full ..........39 problems ..........24 silo lines Silo reports ........... 31, 43 vessel..........122 <SMPL DATA> ........6, 37ff Titration curve ..........37, 39 changing output ........13 smpl size ........... 37, 39 display ..........33 smpl unit: Software handshake ........

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