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F2
NSTRUCT ON
MANUAL
Tektronix, Inc.
P.O. Box 500
Beaverton, Oregon
97077
Serial Number

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Summary of Contents for Tektronix DF2

  • Page 1 NSTRUCT ON MANUAL Tektronix, Inc. P.O. Box 500 Beaverton, Oregon 97077 Serial Number...
  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    Contents Page Page SECTION 3 ETAILE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ..........FOR GPIB (cont.) LIST OF TABLES ............... SAFETY INFORMATION ............SECTION 1 GENERAL INFORMATION SECTION 2 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS SECTION 3 ETAILE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR GPIB SECTION 4 ETAILE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR ASCII...
  • Page 4: List Of Illustrations

    ARNING Page SECTION 9 REPLACEABLE ELECTRICAL PARTS SECTION 10 IAGRAMS AN CIRCUIT BOAR ILLUSTRATIONS SECTION 11 REPLACEABLE MECHANICAL PARTS CHANGE INFORMATION Page SECTION 5 THEORY OF OPERATION List of Illustrations Figure Page SECTION 6 MAINTENANCE SECTION 7 PERFORMANCE CHECK AN A JUSTMENT SECTION 8 INSTRUMENT OPTIONS...
  • Page 5: List Of Tables

    Figure Figure Page Page List of Tabl E s Table Page...
  • Page 6: Safety Information

    SAFETY INFORMATION GENERAL USE THE PROPER POWER COR USE THE PROPER FUSE O NOT OPERATE IN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE O NOT REMOVE COVERS OR PANELS GROUN ING O NOT SERVICE ALONE...
  • Page 7 F2 Instruction F2 FEATURES...
  • Page 8: General Information

    Section 1 — F2 GENERAL INFORMATION INTRO UCTION NOTE hannel 0 is the top-most channel displayed in TIMING DIAGRAM format and is always considered the least significant bit. on't Care ata — ata — Good ata-AII Indeterminate ata — GLOSSARY OF TERMS Invalid ata —...
  • Page 9 General Information — F2 PACKAGING FOR SHIPMENT INSTALLATION CAUTION To prevent instrument damage, plug-in units should not be installed or removed without first turning off the mainframe power. NOTE When installed in a four-compartment main ­ frame, the DF/7D01 occupies the left vertical, right vertical, and A horizontal compartments only.
  • Page 10 General Information — F2...
  • Page 11 General lnformation- F2 SPECIFICATIONS TABLE 1-1 Electrical Characteristics Characteristic Performance Requirement µs µs...
  • Page 12 General lnformation~ F2 TABLE 1-2 Environmental Characteristics Characteristic Performance Requirement TABLE 1-3 Physical Characteristics Characteristic escription...
  • Page 13 General lnformation — F2 STAN AR ACCESSORIES...
  • Page 14: Operating Instructions

    Section 2 -- F2 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS CONTROLS AN CONNECTORS INTERNAL EXTERNAL...
  • Page 15 Operating lnstructions — F2...
  • Page 16 Operating lnstructions — F2...
  • Page 17 Operating Instructions — F2 BASIC OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS POWER-ON-MO E ISPLAY MO ES...
  • Page 18 Operating Instructions — F2...
  • Page 19 Operating Instructions — F2 7 01 ONLY. 7 01 © INTENS REF. REF TABLE FOLLOWS 7 01. REF TABLE HEL .
  • Page 20 Operating Instructions — F2 REF TABLE FOLLOWS WITH/OFFSET. RESET IF 7 01 = REF. SEARCH. STORE 7 01-*REF. RESET IF TABLES=.
  • Page 21 Operating Instructions — F2 COLUMN BLANKING. LOGIC STATES. SEE MANUAL CUR CAN'T MOVE. SEE MANUAL.
  • Page 22 Operating Instructions — F2 BASIC FUNCTIONAL CHECK SETUP PROCE URE...
  • Page 23 Operating Instructions — F2...
  • Page 24 Operating lnstructions- F2 NOTE The Functional heck procedure is provided for familiarization and for checking basic functions of the Display Formatter. These functions are checked without removing the covers or making internal connections. Per ­ formance requirements, functions which require removal of side panels, and detailed checks of the DF memory are provided in the Performance heck and Adjustment procedures...
  • Page 25 Operating lnstructions — F2 IRREGULAR OPERATING SYMPTOMS TABLE 2-1 Irregular Operating Symptoms Symptom Probable Cause Corrective Procedure First Trigger position.
  • Page 26 Operating Instructions- F2 TABLE 2-1 (CONT.) Irregular Operating Symptoms Corrective Procedure Symptom Probable Cause First Trigger -OR- position. (P617) in Full isplay position. Full isplay position. NOTE This fills up the remaining memory and switches the 7D01 from record mode to display mode.
  • Page 27 Operating Instructions TABLE 2-1 (CONT.) Irregular Operating Symptoms Symptom Probable Cause Corrective Procedure...
  • Page 28: Etaile Operating Instructions For Gpib

    Section 3 — F2 ETAILE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR GPIB GPIB OVERVIEW GENERAL MECHANICAL ELEMENTS ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS Coding Electrical Signal Levels Logical State...
  • Page 29 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 ata Bus Management Bus ATN (Attention).
  • Page 30 Operating Instructions for GPIB- F2 Transfer Bus SRQ (Service Request). (Not Ready for ata). REN (Remote Enable). AV ( ata Valid). EOI (End or Identify). N AC (Not ata Accepted). I FC (Interface Clear).
  • Page 31 Operating Instructions for GPIB...
  • Page 32 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 SETUP PROCE URE FOR GPIB OPERATION FULL ISPLAY/FIRST TRIGGER SELECTOR OF7 01 LOGIC ANALYZER TABLE 3-1 Minimum clock pulses required to display data. (After the Manual Reset button is pressed.) Full isplay Mode 1 First Trigger Mode AT) POSITION ATA POSITION...
  • Page 33 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2...
  • Page 34 Operating Instructions for GPIB — DF2...
  • Page 35 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 7 01 FRONT PANEL GPIB ACQUISITION AN ISPLAY GENERAL MENU ISPLAY GPIB ISPLAY...
  • Page 36 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2...
  • Page 37 Operating Instructions for GPIB- F2...
  • Page 38 Operating Instructions for GPIB-- F2...
  • Page 39 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 LEAST SIGNIFICANT MOST SIGNIFICANT BITS ( IO 1 thru 4) BITS ( IO 5 thru 7)
  • Page 40 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 NOTES: — evice- ependent Messages User- efinable Lines (Channels 0-3)
  • Page 41 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 LEAST SIGNIFICANT -------- B|TS --------- MOST SIGNIFICANT BITS...
  • Page 42 Operating Instructions for GPIB- F2 GPIB TRIGGERING GENERAL ESCRIPTION AN FEATURES GPIB Lines W.R. Channels (7 01) NOTE Two trigger modes exist in the 7D01: 1. First Trigger mode — The 7D01 is triggered when the first W.R. condition goes true, after at least one dock puise has occurred to arm the W.
  • Page 43 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 For triggering on a GPIB event, the most important point to remember is that the bus is defined in negative logic. This means that a true (active) signal is a LOW signal to the word recognizer. For example, when ATN is asserted it means a LOW voltage appears at the input to channel 7 in the word recognizer.
  • Page 44 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 ACG (Addressed Command Group) LAG (Listen Address Group) TAG (Talk Address Group) UCG (Universal Command Group)
  • Page 45 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 SCG (Secondary Command Group) SPE (Serial Poll Enable) UNL (Unlisten)
  • Page 46 Operating Instructions for GPIB- F2 UIMT (Untalk) TAG 14 SCG 22 LAG 25 RECOGNIZER EXTERNAL W.R. LJALIFER MO E SYNC ASYNC PROBE...
  • Page 47 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 NON-ATN MESSAGE TRIGGERING CONTROL LINE TRIGGERING CR (Carriage Return)
  • Page 48 Operating Instructions for GPIB - F2 GPIB TIMING CORRECT HAN SHAKE ASYNCHRONOUS TRIGGERING...
  • Page 49 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 NOTE In the asynchronous mode the Filter knob, on the front panel of the 7D01, controls the time that the word recognizer output must be true before the 7D01 is triggered. If the Filter is set for 300 ns (fully clockwise), the input word to the R.
  • Page 50 The TEKTRONIX DL2 (7000-Series plug-in)and DL 502 (TM 500-Series plug-in) digital latches cover this require ­ ment. For example, if the Sample Interval switch were set to 5 ms, but DA V went from low and back to high in 100 µs, the 7D01 would often miss this occurrence.
  • Page 51 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2...
  • Page 52 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2...
  • Page 53 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2...
  • Page 54 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 ERROR MESSAGE ISPLAY REQUIRES 16 CHANNEL MO E...
  • Page 55 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 IRREGULAR OPERATING SYMPTOMS FOR GPIB TABLE 3-2 Irregular Operating Symptoms for GPIB Symptom Additional Symptoms Probable Cause and Correction...
  • Page 56 Operating Instructions for GPIB — F2 GPIB APPLICATIONS PROBLEM PROCE URE NOTE Make sure h 0-7 and H 8-15 are connected properly in the adapter, probes, and 7D01. NOTE If any of these situations is suspected, the user- definable lines can be useful in examing the hanshake lines in the timing mode, and/or looking at a device's internal logic to discover if the signals are finding their way into, and out of, the interfacing logic.
  • Page 57 Operating Instructions for GPIB- F2 NOTE No common condition exists for the state of the handshake lines or the actions of the controller. Various devices handle each situation differently. GPIB FUNCTIONAL CHECK...
  • Page 58: Etaile Operating Instructions For Ascii

    Section 4 — F2 ETAILE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR ASCII OPERATION ASCII ACQUISITION AN ISPLAY GENERAL MENU ISPLAY ASCII ISPLAY...
  • Page 59 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2...
  • Page 60 Operating Instructions for ASCII- F2 NOTES:...
  • Page 61 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2 NOTE In AS H operation both the trigger word readout and the 1 7-iine table are always displayed in the same mode (hex, octal, or binary).
  • Page 62 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2 LEAST SIGNIFICANT — -* MOST SIGNIFICANT BITS BITS...
  • Page 63 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2 MOST SIGNFICANT BITS — — ------ *- < ’ > ★ <...
  • Page 64 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2 TABLE 4-1 Secondary Functions of isplay Push Buttons. ISPLAY MO E ISPLAY PUSH BUTTON OCTAL BINARY...
  • Page 65 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2 ASCII TRIGGERING 8-CHANNEL ASCII TRIGGERING 16-CHANNEL ASCII TRIGGERING...
  • Page 66 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2...
  • Page 67 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2 NEGATIVE LOGIC ASCII TRIGGERING ERROR MESSAGE ISPLAY REQUIRES 8 OR 16-CHANNEL MO E...
  • Page 68 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2 IRREGULAR OPERATING SYMPTOMS FOR ASCII TABLE 4-2 Irregular Operating Symptoms for ASCII Symptom Additional Symptoms Probable Cause and Correction...
  • Page 69 Operating Instructions for ASCII — F2 ASCII FUNCTIONAL CHECK...
  • Page 71 Section 5 — F2 THEORY OF OPERATION FRONT PANEL < 1 > TABLE 5-1 ata Acquisition Address ecoder Inputs Outputs 2 ATA ACQUISITION < 2 >...
  • Page 72 Theory of Operation — F2 VERT AN HORIZ ISPLAY < 4 > OUTPUT MPU, PROGRAM, AN ATA < 3 > STORAGE...
  • Page 73 Theory of Operation — F2 CHARACTER MEMORY AN < 5 > GENERATOR ISPLAY CONTROL AN < 6 > Z-AXIS...
  • Page 74 Theory of Operation — F2 ISPLAY ROM EXTENSION TABLE 5-2 Extended ROM ecoder INPUTS BEGINNING RESSES...
  • Page 75 Theory of Operation- F2...
  • Page 76 Use a non-residue type of cleaner, preferably isopropyl alcohol, total denatured ethyl alcohol, or TP35. Before using any other type of cleaner, consult your local Tektronix Service enter or representative. SEMICON UCTOR CHECKS...
  • Page 77 Maintenance — F2 TROUBLESHOOTING TROUBLESHOOTING AI S TROUBLESHOOTING EQUIPMENT TABLE 6-1 Error Messages and Responses Action Error Message...
  • Page 78 Maintenance — F2 2. CHECK ASSOCIATE EQUIPMENT. 3. VISUAL CHECK. 4. CHECK INSTRUMENT A JUSTMENT. 5. ISOLATE TROUBLE TO A CIRCUIT. 6. CHECK VOLTAGES AN WAVEFORMS. TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES 7. CHECK IN IVI UAL COMPONENTS.
  • Page 79 Maintenance -- F2 Inductors. ARNING To avoid electric shock, disconnect the power source before removing or replacing semi ­ conductors. Capacitors. Transistors. 8. REPAIR AN A JUST. Integrated Circuits. iodes. Do not use the ohmmeter on a scale that has high internal current.
  • Page 80 Maintenance — F2 NOTE The System Test Fixture DA TA and ADDRESS switches, and the EXAMINE and DEPOSIT push buttons control the DF's data bus, address bus, and R/W line. A t all times during this troubleshooting procedure, disregard the condition of the Address lights on the System Test Fixture.
  • Page 81 Maintenance ~ F2 TABLE 6-2 Hex-to-Binary Conversion Binary Binary NOTE If at any time the Data lights do not match the DA TA switches in steps c and d, the problem is either a bad RAM 1 , some other 1 on the bus not being disabled, or the buses are either shorted together, to ground, open, or tied to ATA BUS AN...
  • Page 82 Maintenance — F2 TABLE 6-3 KEYBOAR TEST. ROM Hexadecimal Output Program ROM U284 ROM U294 NOTE A failure could originate in the Keyboard circuit I 's (U65, U172), the address decoding for them, or the interconnections on one of the specific push buttons used in the test.
  • Page 83 Maintenance — F2 BUTTON LIGHTS TEST. NOTE The DF SEAR H and STORE 7D01-* REF buttons do not have lights. NOTE All button lights that are on at the start of this test will be shifted to the right and down with each each press of the Deposit button.
  • Page 84 Maintenance — F2 TABLE 6-6 Formatter Readout Truth Table ata Switch Number Line # isplay (Address 00A8) (Address 0098)
  • Page 85 Maintenance — F2 NOTE 1. Cursor Increment. If the display does not match that shown in Tables 6-6 and 6-7, first check the mode decoding circuitry, then the display. HINT — If the display doesn't work, follow the counter docks around to assure they are all operating. 7 01 CONTROL SIGNALS.
  • Page 86 Maintenance — F2 NOTE Address 0098 determines if the 7D01 display dock is on or off. 3. 7 01 Reset. 1. CURSOR ACQUISITION. NOTE DA TA switch number 3 at address 00A8 controls the 7D01 reset. 7 01 ACQUISITION.
  • Page 87 Maintenance-- F2 3. 7 01 Memory. 2. 7 01 STATUS. NOTE The 7D01 should be in external trigger, with no input.
  • Page 88 Maintenance — F2 NOTE If a bright dot appears on the crt display, either position it off-screen, or reduce the oscilloscope intensity. RESET OUTPUT.
  • Page 89 Maintenance — F2 CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE SOL ERING TECHNIQUES OBTAINING REPLACEMENT PARTS NOTE When selecting replacement parts, it is impor ­ tant to remember that the physical size and shape of a component may affect its perform ­ ance in the instrument, particularly at high frequencies.
  • Page 90 Maintenance — F2 COMPONENT REMOVAL AN REPLACEMENT To avoid electric shock, disconnect the instru ­ ment from the power source before replacing NOTE components. The reason that some component leads seem troublesome to remove is due to a bend placed in each lead during the manufacturing process.
  • Page 91 Mai ntenance — F 2...
  • Page 92 Maintenance F2 A3 — INTELLIGENCE CIRCUIT BOAR . A5 R0M EXTEN ER CIRCUIT BOAR .
  • Page 93 A4 — ACQUISITION CIRCUIT BOAR .
  • Page 94 Maintenance — F2 SEMICON UCTORS INTERCONNECTING PINS ARNING To avoid electric shock, power must be turned off before removing or replacing semi ­ CIRCUIT-BOAR PINS. conduc tors.
  • Page 95 Maintenance — F2 CIRCUIT-BOAR PIN SOCKETS. CAUTION < The spring tension of the pin sockets ensures a good connection between the circuit board and the pin. This spring tension can be destroyed by using the pin sockets as a connecting point for spring-loaded probe tips, alligator dips, etc.
  • Page 96 Section 7- F2 PERFORMANCE CHECK AN A JUSTMENT PRELIMINARY INFORMATION A JUSTMENT INTERVAL A JUSTMENT PROCE URE TEKTRONIX FIEL SERVICE PARTIAL PROCE URE PERFORMANCE CHECK TABLE 7-1 Performance Check escription Characteristic Performance Requirement Test Method...
  • Page 97 Performance Check and Adjustment — F2 TABLE 7-1 (CONT.) Performance Check escription Characteristic Performance Requirement T est Method TEST EQUIPMENT REQUIRE TEST EQUIPMENT ALTERNATIVES SPECIAL FIXTURES...
  • Page 98 Performance Check and Adjustment — F2 TABLE 7-2 Test Equipment Examples of Applicable Minimum Specifications Purpose Test Equipment escription IN EX TO PERFORMANCE CHECK AN A JUSTMENT PAGE PRELIMINARY PROCE URE...
  • Page 99 Performance Check and Adjustment — F2 PERFORMANCE CHECK PROCE URE...
  • Page 100 Performance Check and Adjustment — F2...
  • Page 101 Performance Check and Adjustment — F2 3 2 1 j 2150-17...
  • Page 102 Performance Check and Adjustment- F2...
  • Page 103 Performance Check and Adjustment-- F2 A JUSTMENT PROCE URE...
  • Page 104 Section 8 — F2 Instruction INSTRUMENT OPTIONS...
  • Page 105 REPLACEABLE ELECTRICAL PARTS PARTS OR ERING INFORMATION SPECIAL NOTES AN SYMBOLS ITEM NAME ABBREVIATIONS...
  • Page 106 FULLERTON, CA 9263 750 2 TRW ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, IRC FIXED RESISTORS, PHILADELPHIA DIVISION 01 N. BROAD ST. PHILADELPHIA, PA 19108 80009 TEKTRONIX, INC. P 0 BOX 500 BEAVERTON, OR 97077 91637 DALE ELECTRONICS, INC. P. 0. BOX 609 COLUMBUS, NE 68601...
  • Page 107 80009 670- 663-01 670- 663-01 CKT BOARD ASSY : KEYBOARD 80009 670- 66 -01 670- 66 -01 CKT BOARD ASSY:BUTTON LIGHTS 670- 662-00 670- 662-00 CKT BOARD ASSY:INTELLIGENCE 80009 670- 661-00 80009 670- 661-00 CKT BOARD ASSY ACQUISITION 670-5506-00 CKT BOARD ASSY:ROM EXTENDER 80009 670-5506-00 56289...
  • Page 108 C6 2 281-0773-00 CAP.,FXD,CER DI : 0. 01UF, 10%, 100V 72982 8005H9AADW5R103K C691 281-0785-00 CAP.,FXD,CER DI:68PF, 10%, 100V 72982 3900 9X5P0680K C7 0 281-0791-00 B010100 B010219 CAP.,FXD,CER DI:270PF,10%,100V 80009 281-0791-00 CAP.,FXD,CER DI:0.01UF, 10%, 100V 72982 8005H9AADW5R103K 281-0773-00 BO 10220 CAP.,FXD,CER DI:27PF,20%,100V 72982 390-0 9X5P0270M C7 0 5...
  • Page 109 151-025 -00 TRANSISTOR:SILICON,NPN 80009 151-025 -00 Q 22 151-025 -00 151-025 -00 TRANSISTOR:SILICON,NPN 80009 151-025 -00 TRANSISTOR:SILICON,NPN 80009 151-025 -00 151-025 -00 TRANSISTOR : SILICON , NPN 80009 151-025 -00 151-025 -00 TRANSISTOR:SILICON,NPN 80009 151-025 -00 Q3 0 151-025 -00 TRANSISTOR : SILICON , NPN 80009 151-025 -00...
  • Page 110 315-010 -00 RES. , FXD,CMPSN:100K OHM,5%,0.25W 01121 CB10 5 315-0101-00 RES. , FXD,CMPSN :100 OHM,5%,0.25W 01121 CB1015 303-0360-00 RES. , FXD,CMPSN: 36 OHM,5%,1W GB3605 01121 315-0203-00 RES. , FXD,CMPSN: 2 OK OHM,5%,0.25W 01121 CB2035 315-0203-00 RES. , FXD,CMPSN:20K OHM,5%,0.25W CB2035 01121 315-0203-00 RES.
  • Page 111 RES. , FXD,FILM:1.05K OHM,1%,0.50W 750 2 CECT0-1051F R 83 323-0195-00 RES.,FXD,FILM: 130 OHM,l%,0.125W 91637 MFF1816G130R0F 32.1-0108-00 RES. , FXD,FILM: 02 OHM, 1%,0. 125W 91637 MFF1816G 02R0F R 85 321-0155-00 01121 CB2015 R 86 315-0201-00 RES. , FXD,CMPSN: 200 OHM,5%,0.25W 91637 MFF1816G63 00F R 91 321-0270-00...
  • Page 112 315-0103-00 RES.,FXD,CMPSN:10K OHM,5%,0.25W 01121 CB1035 R755 311-1231-00 RES. , VAR,NONWIR:25K OHM, 20%,0. 50W 32997 3386F-T0 -253 R756 315-0152-00 RES. , FXD,CMPSN:1.5K OHM,5%,0.25W 01121 CB1525 R757 315-0753-00 RES. , FXD , CMPSN : 7 5K OHM,5%,0.25W 01121 CB7535 315-0103-00 R760 RES. , FXD,CMPSN:10K OHM,5%,0.25W 01121 CB1035 R761...
  • Page 113 U162 156-057 -00 MICROCIRCUIT,DI:TRI-STATE QUAD D F-F 80009 156-057 -00 U172 156-057 -00 MICROCIRCUIT,DI:TRI-STATE QUAD D F-F 80009 156-057 -00 U182 156-057 -00 MICROCIRCUIT,DI:TRI-STATE QUAD D F-F 80009 156-057 -00 U216 156-0385-00 MICROCIRCUIT,DI : HEX . INVERTER 01295 SN7 LS0 N U217 156-0382-00 MICROCIRCUIT,DI:QUAD 2-INPUT NAND GATE...
  • Page 114 SN7 LS193N U632 156-0 12-00 MICROCIRCUIT,DI: -BIT BIN UP/DOWN COUNTER 01295 156-0 12-00 MICROCIRCUIT,DI: -BIT BIN UP/DOWN COUNTER 01295 SN7 LS193N U636 156-0 12-00 MICROCIRCUIT,DI : -BIT BIN UP/DOWN COUNTER 01295 SN7 LS193N 156-0388-00 MICROCIRCUIT,DI:DUAL D-TYPE FLIP-FLOP 01295 SN7 LS7 N U638 NE555V U6 0...
  • Page 115 IAGRAMS AN CIRCUIT BOAR ILLUSTRATIONS Switch or contactor Assembly, separable or repairable Heat dissipating device (heat sink, (circuit board, etc) heat radiator, etc) Transformer Attenuator, fixed or variable Heater Thermocouple Motor Test point Hybrid circuit Assembly, inseparable or non-repairable Battery Connector, stationary portion Capacitor, fixed or variable (integrated circuit, etc.)