Hioki CKT3548 User Manual
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Hioki CKT3548 User Manual

Hioki CKT3548 User Manual

Resistance meter
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CKT3548
User's Manual
RESISTANCE METER
Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd
Edition V1.0

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Summary of Contents for Hioki CKT3548

  • Page 1 CKT3548 User’s Manual RESISTANCE METER Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Contents Introduction ........................4 Checking Package Contents ..................4 Safety Notes ......................... 5 Usage Notes ......................... 7 Chapter 1 Overview ....................9 1.1Overview and Features ..................9 1.2 Component Names and Operation Overview ..........10 1.3 Screen Layout .....................14 1.4 Checking the Measurement Target ..............18 1.5 Dimension ......................19 Chapter 1 Preparing for Measurement ..............20 2.1 Attaching the Strap ....................20...
  • Page 3 7.5 Delete saved measurement data (clear memory) ........70 7.6 The saved measurement data read into the computer ......72 Chapter 8 System Settings ..................74 8.1 confirmation screen displays the date and time .........74 8.2 calibration clock ....................75 8.3 initialized (reset) ....................76 Chapter 9 Appendix ....................77 Appx.

  • Page 4: Introduction

    Introduction Thank you for purchasing the CKT3548 Resistance Meter. To obtain maximum performance from the product, please read this manual first, and keep it handy for future reference. Registered trademarks Windows and Excel are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.

  • Page 5: Safety Notes

    Safety Notes The instrument is designed to conform to IEC 61010 Safety Standards, and has been thoroughly tested for safety prior to shipment. However, using the instrument in a way not described in this manual may negate the provided safety features.
  • Page 6 In this manual, the risk seriousness and the hazard levels are classified as follows. Indicates an imminently hazardous situation that will result in death or serious injury to the operator. Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that will result in death or serious injury to the operator.

  • Page 7: Usage Notes

    Usage Notes Installation environment ⚫ Operating temperature 0° C to 40° C 80%RH or less (no condensation) and humidity ranges ⚫ Storage temperature -10° C to 50° C 80%RH or less (no condensation) and humidity ranges Installing the instrument in inappropriate locations may cause a malfunction of instrument or may give rise to an accident.
  • Page 8 Measurement precautions To avoid electric shock accident and short circuit, please operate the instrument as following: Do not allow the instrument to get wet, and do not use it with wet hands. This may cause electric shock accident. Do not modify, disassemble, or repair the instrument. This may result in fire, electric shock accident, or injury.

  • Page 9: Chapter 1 Overview

    Chapter 1 Overview 1.1Overview and Features The CKT3548 employs the four-terminal method to highly accurately measure the DC resistance of measurement targets including motor and transformer windings, and welding, PC board patterns, fuses, resistors, and materials such as conductive rubber. The instrument allows temperature correction and so is especially suitable for measurement targets whose resistance values change with temperature.

  • Page 10: Component Names And Operation Overview

    1.2 Component Names and Operation Overview Front Panel Rear Panel Rear panel Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...
  • Page 11 Description [ COMP] Comparator: oFF — ON (ABS mode) — ON (REF% mode). [BEEPSET] key (press and hold) Judgment sound: oFF — Hi — in — Lo — Hi-Lo — ALL1 — ALL2. [PANEL] Panel load: Changes the panel No. “PrSEt” initializes the measurement conditions.
  • Page 12 [◀] Moves to a different digit of the setting. [DELAY] key (press and hold) Delay function: PrSEt (factory default) — 10 ms — 30 ms — 50 ms — 100 ms — 300 ms — 500 ms — 1000 ms. [▶]key Moves to a different digit of the setting.
  • Page 13 [RANGE] Measurement range: 3mΩ ↔ 30mΩ ↔ 300mΩ ↔ 3Ω ↔ 30Ω ↔ 300Ω ↔ 3kΩ ↔ 30kΩ ↔300kΩ ↔ 3MΩ. Power-on settings To perform one of the following settings, it is necessary to turn the power from off to on while holding-down a particular key. For details, see the indicated page.

  • Page 14: Screen Layout

    1.3 Screen Layout Display (when the entire display is lit) Displays measurement conditions, settings, measured values, memory numbers (MEMORY No.), panel numbers, comparator settings, judgment results, etc. For information on the error display, see “Error display and actions” 批注 [Hk1]: 图片拉大，字体过小！ Resistance measurement screen Length conversion measurement screen Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd...
  • Page 15 Temperature conversion (ΔT) measurement screen Interval measurement screen Non-measured value display Out-of-range Current fault Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...
  • Page 16 The protection function is working Fuse blown out Indicator Description 0.ADJ Lit: The zero adjustment function is enabled. Blinking: Zero adjustment is in progress. A.HOLD The auto-hold function is enabled. A.MEMO The auto-memory function is enabled. The beeper function is enabled. The auto-power-save function is enabled.
  • Page 17 MEMO NO. The notation appears when using the data storage function, showing the memory number. READ NO. The notation appears when reading the saved data, showing the read number of the data. The notation appears when doing the settings for each function.

  • Page 18: Checking The Measurement Target

    1.4 Checking the Measurement Target To carry out proper resistance measurement, change the measurement conditions appropriately according to the measurement target. Before starting measurement, use the examples recommended in the following table to configure the instrument. ⚫ When the measurement target significantly depends on temperature, use the temperature correction function.

  • Page 19: Dimension

    1.5 Dimension Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 20: Chapter 1 Preparing For Measurement

    Chapter 1 Preparing for Measurement 2.1 Attaching the Strap Attaching the strap to the instrument allows you to use it with the strap around your neck. Follow the procedure below to attach the strap. Note: Use the four attachment points on the instrument to attach the strap securely.

  • Page 21: Loading Or Replacing The Batteries

    2.2 Loading or Replacing the Batteries Before using the instrument for the first time, load the eight alkaline batteries (LR6). Before measurement, check that the instrument has sufficient remaining battery power. If the remaining battery level is low, replace the batteries.
  • Page 22 Lithium battery replacement Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 23: Connecting The Test Leads

    2.3 Connecting the Test Leads ⚫ To avoid electric shock accident, connect the test leads correctly. ⚫ To be safe, do not use any test lead other than the ones specified by our company. ⚫ The ends of leads are sharp. Be careful to avoid injury. Connect the test leads to the instrument.

  • Page 24: Turning The Power On/Off

    2.4 Turning the Power On/Off Turning the power on Press the [POWER] key to turn the power on. Hold the key down until the entire display turns on. Entire display lit A self-test is started. The model name and version number are displayed during the self-test. Turning the power off Press the [POWER]...
  • Page 25 Entire display off IMPORTANT When the instrument is turned on again, it starts up with the previous state used immediately before turning it off. Automatic power off with auto power save (APS) When the instrument is not being used, the APS function automatically turns it o^ to reduce battery consumption.
  • Page 26 If no key is operated for 10 minutes or the instrument is in a measurement error state continuously, the APS indicator starts blinking. IMPORTANT ⚫ During an interval measurement, the APS function automatically turns OFF. When the interval measurement ends, the APS function automatically turns ⚫...

  • Page 27: Pre-Measurement Inspection

    2.5 Pre-measurement Inspection Before using the instrument, inspect it to verify that no damage has occurred during storage or transportation and it operates normally. If you find any damage, contact your authorized Chuangkai’s distributor or reseller. Instrument and peripheral checking Inspection item Action Is there any damage or a crack in...

  • Page 28: Chapter 3 Basic Measurement

    Chapter 3 Basic Measurement Before measurement, be sure to read this chapter. 3.1 Setting the Measurement Range Select a measurement range. Automatic range selection (the auto range) is also available. IMPORTANT When the auto range is used or the measurement range is set to 30mO or less, a maximum current of 1 A may constantly flow through the measurement target, and a maximum power of approximately 2 W may be applied*.
  • Page 29 IMPORTANT ⚫ When the range is manually changed in the auto range mode, the auto range is automatically disabled and the manual range is enabled. ⚫ If the comparator function is turned ON, the range is fixed and cannot be changed.

  • Page 30: Connecting The Test Leads To The Measurement Target

    3.2 Connecting the Test Leads to the Measurement Target Example Test clip Example Test Probe Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 31: Reading The Measured Value

    3.3 Reading the Measured Value The instrument displays a resistance value. If a non-resistance value is displayed, see "Verifying measurement errors". To convert the measured resistance value, see the following pages: ⚫ “5.2 Performing Temperature Rise Test (Temperature Conversion Function (ΔT))" ⚫...
  • Page 32 Verifying measurement errors If a measurement is not performed correctly, the measurement error is displayed on the screen. Out-of-range* Indicates that the measurement or display range has been exceeded. If oF is displayed, the comparator judgment is “Hi”， and if -oF is displayed, the comparator judgment is “Lo”.
  • Page 33 If an overvoltage is applied to a measurement terminal, the function for protecting the internal circuitry is activated in this instrument. If an overvoltage is accidentally applied, remove the test leads from the measurement target immediately. Measurement cannot be performed while the protection function is activated.
  • Page 34 Out-of-range detection Measurement examples 40 mΩis measured in the 30 mΩ range. measurement range exceeded. The relative display (% display) 5000 (+2400%) is measured with a of a measured value exceeds the reference value of 200. display range (999.99%). The A/D converter input range is Such an error occurs, for example, if a exceeded during a measurement.
  • Page 35 Save a measured value The storage function helps to verify a measured value later. It saves the displayed measured value. For more details about the save function, see “Saving Data at Specified Time (Manual Memory)” Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 36: Chapter 4 Customizing Measurement Conditions

    Chapter 4 Customizing Measurement Conditions This chapter describes the functions useful to perform more sophisticated and accurate measurement. 4.1 Using Zero Adjustment In the following cases, perform zero adjustment: (A resistance of up to ±3%f.s. can be canceled for any range.) ⚫...
  • Page 37 Performing zero adjustment 1 Short the test leads. Example Test CliP Correct Incorrect Example Text Probe 2. Confirm that the measured value is within ±3%f.s. If no measured value is displayed, make sure that the test leads are connected correctly. If the connection is correct Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition...
  • Page 38 If the connection is wrong 3. Press and hold the [0 ADJ] key to perform zero adjustment If it is difficult to press the key as the Zero Adjustment Board is used, press [0 ADJ] key before shorting the measurement lead. Zero adjustment is automatically performed after the measured value is stabilized.
  • Page 39 Zero adjustment has failed The buzzer sounds and [FAIL] appears. Then, the measurement screen appears. Zero adjustment has failed When zero adjustment cannot be performed, the measured value before zero adjustment already exceeds ±3% of the full scale of each range or the instrument is in a measurement error state.
  • Page 40 Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 41: Stabilizing Measured Values (Averaging Function)

    4.2 Stabilizing Measured Values (Averaging Function) This function averages the measurement values in order to display a single value. It helps to stabilize fluctuations in the measured values. Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 42: Compensating For Thermal Effects (Temperature Correction (Tc))

    4.3 Compensating for Thermal Effects (Temperature Correction (TC)) This function converts a measured resistance value, based on the reference temperature, to display the converted value. For the principles of temperature correction, see “Appx. Temperature Correction Function (TC)”. To perform temperature correction, connect the Z2002 Temperature Sensor to the TEMP.SENSOR terminal on the side of the instrument.
  • Page 43 IMPORTANT If the “t.Err” is displayed, the Temperature Sensor may not be connected, or Of is displayed for the temperature. Check the connection of the Temperature Sensor. Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 44: Compensating For Thermal Emf Offset (Offset Voltage Compensation Function: Ovc Function)

    4.4 Compensating for Thermal EMF Offset (Offset Voltage Compensation Function: OVC Function) This function automatically compensates for an offset voltage caused by thermal EMF or an internal offset voltage. (OVC: Offset Voltage Compensation) See: “Appx. Effect of Thermoelectromotive Force (Thermal EMF)”. The function uses the resistance value measured when a measurement current flows, RP and that measured when no measurement current flows, RZ, to display the actual resistance value RP-RZ.

  • Page 45: Setting The Delay Time For Measurement (Delay Function)

    4.5 Setting the Delay Time for Measurement (Delay Function) This function adjusts the time for measurement to stabilize by inserting a waiting period after use of the OVC or the auto range function to change the measurement current. When this function is used, the instrument waits for its internal circuitry to stabilize before starting measurement, even if the measurement target has a high reactance component.
  • Page 46 Delay time guideline If the measurement target, for example, is an inductor that takes longer to stabilize after applying a measurement current, and it cannot be measured with the initial delay (preset), adjust the delay. Set the delay time to approximately ten times the following calculation so that the reactance component (inductance or capacitance) does not affect the measurement.

  • Page 47: Switching The Measurement Current (In The 300Mω Range)

    4.6 Switching the Measurement Current (In the 300mΩ Range) With this instrument, the measurement current for the 300mQ range can be changed to 300 mA (100 mA at the time of shipment from the factory). This makes it possible to measure large current wiring under conditions that are similar to the actual usage conditions.
  • Page 48 ⚫ Even in a connection completely free from abnormality, a relatively high resistance may be indicated at a lower measurement current. This is due to an oxide film that is generated around the contact while it is not used. ⚫ Even when it is judged that no abnormality is found using a small current, the connection sections are occasionally melted when a large current flows.

  • Page 49: Chapter 5 Judgment And Conversion Functions

    Chapter 5 Judgment and Conversion Functions This chapter describes the measured value judgment and conversion functions. 5.1 Judging Measured Values (Comparator Function) This function judges a measured value to be Hi (measured value > upper limit), IN (upper limit > measured value > lower limit), or Lo (lower limit > measured value) against the set reference value, or upper or lower limit values.
  • Page 50 -------- No judgment If the power is turned off during a setting process, any setting changes are lost and the previous values remain valid. To apply the changes, press the [ENTER] ABS (absolute value judgment) mode Set the upper and lower limit values for judgment, as absolute values. Example: Upper limit value……………..100.00 mΩ...
  • Page 51 Judging based on upper and lower limit values (ABS mode) Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...
  • Page 52 IMPORTANT Any setting changes cannot be applied when: upper limit value<lower limit value. Judging based on a reference value and allowable range (REF% mode) In REF% mode, a measured value is displayed as a relative value. The upper and lower limit values cannot be set separately. Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...
  • Page 53 IMPORTANT Any setting changes cannot be applied when: upper limit value < lower limit value Judging based on a reference value and allowable range (REF% mode) In REF% mode, a measured value is displayed as a relative value. The upper and lower limit values cannot be set separately. IMPORTANT The settings cannot be confirmed when the reference value is set to 0 Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd...
  • Page 54 Verifying a judgment with a sound (judgment sound function) This function sounds the buzzer, based on a comparator judgment result. Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 55: Performing Temperature Rise Test (Temperature Conversion Function (△T))

    5.2 Performing Temperature Rise Test (Temperature Conversion Function (△T)) This function converts the change in the winding resistance into a temperature rise value, based on the temperature conversion principle (p. Appx.7). It can be used to estimate the temperature of the motor or the inside of the coil while the power is cut off based on the change in the winding resistance.
  • Page 56 Measurement screen Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...
  • Page 57 Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 58: Measuring Conductor Length (Length Conversion Function)

    5.3 measuring conductor length (length conversion function) This function converts a resistance value to a length to display the length of the measurement target (such as a conductor). Press and hold the [TC/△T](LENGTH) key to display the ON/OFF setting screen for the length conversion function. Example: When the measured resistance is 8Ω...
  • Page 59 IMPORTANT The display format (decimal point position and unit) automatically changes depending on the range and setting. For details, see the product specifications. For some ranges, oF is always displayed, because the display range is exceeded, depending on the setting. Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 60: Chapter 6 Panel Save And Load

    Chapter 6 Panel Save and Load (Saving and Loading Measurement The panel save function can save up to nine sets of measurement conditions displayed at the time of the panel save operation, and the panel load function can load any set of the measurement conditions at any time. The panel data is retained even if the instrument is turned off.

  • Page 61: Save The Measurement Conditions (Panel Save Function)

    6.1 Save the measurement conditions (Panel save function) This function saves the set of current measurement conditions. Press the [PANEL](SAVE/CLEAR) Select SAVE Select a panel number Press the [ENTER] key, save and move to the measurement screen IMPORTANT ⚫ If the already saved panel number is selected and the [ENTER] key is pressed, the existing contents are overwritten.

  • Page 62: Reads The Measurement Conditions (Panel Reading Function)

    6.2 Reads the measurement conditions (panel reading function) This function replaces the current measurement conditions with a saved set of measurement conditions. Press the [PANEL] Select a panel number Press the [ENTER] key to load the measurement conditions, move to the measurement screen IMPORTANT ⚫...

  • Page 63: Chapter 7 Memory Function

    Chapter 7 Memory function What the memory function does This function can save a value currently being measured. The saved data is held even if the instrument is turned off. There are three different saving methods: ⚫ Manual memory (up to 1,000 entries) ⚫...
  • Page 64 Press the [▶](M.BLOCK)key，to go to the memory block selection screen. [▼] Rolling the[▲] key to change the memory block. Press the [Enter] key to move the measurement screen, or press the [Esc] key to cancel the measurement screen. Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 65: Press Any Timing To Save (Manual Storage)

    7.1 Press any timing to save (manual storage) Press the [ENTER] MEMO key to save the displayed measured value The memory number is incremented by one each time data is saved, and cannot be specified. If data is accidentally saved, clear the last data item saved (latest data) Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition...

  • Page 66: After Stable Measurement Values Automatically Save

    7.2 After stable measurement values automatically save When a measured value stabilizes, the value is automatically held and saved. Press the [MODE] key to switch saving mode. oFF→Auto-hold (A.HOLD) →Auto-memory (A.HOLD, A.MEMORY) →Interval (INTERVAL) → oFF Press the [ENTER] key to confirm the saving mode; press the [ESC] key to cancel the selection.

  • Page 67: Save At Regular Intervals (Interval Memory Function)

    7.3 save at regular intervals (interval memory function) This function can save measured data at specified intervals. Using this function together with △T makes it easy to perform a temperature rise test (for estimation of power-off temperature). Press the [MODE] key to switch the saving mode oFF→Auto-hold (A.HOLD)
  • Page 68 Press and hold [INTERVAL] key to start interval function; press and hold once again the [INTERVAL] key to stop the interval function. IMPORTANT ⚫ When an interval measurement starts, data is automatically saved in an available free block. The memory block used cannot be changed. When the interval measurement stops, the used memory block displays FULL.

  • Page 69: Display Saved Measurement Data (Stored Display)

    7.4 Display saved measurement data (stored display) Press the [READ] key to display the saved measurement data. [▲][▼][◀][▶] Press the key to change the saved read number. Press [ENTER] [ESC] key to return measurement screen. Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 70: Delete Saved Measurement Data (Clear Memory)

    7.5 Delete saved measurement data (clear memory) There are three different methods to clear saved measurement data. ⚫ Clearing only the last data (latest data) saved in a block ⚫ Clearing an entire block ⚫ Clearing all Press and hold the [READ]MEMO.CLEAR key to display the clearing measurement data screen.
  • Page 71 Clearing an entire block of saved data Clearing all Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 72: The Saved Measurement Data Read Into The Computer

    “Safely Remove Hardware” icon on the PC. Install desktop software CKT3548 desktop software.exe is green software. It works just by copying a file to the PC. Please make sure you’ve installed the framework 4.0 before you use the CKT3548 desktop software. Otherwise, you cannot use it.
  • Page 73 After the connecting successfully, click data to read measurement Click the data export; the data can be exported to a .CSV file. Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 74: Chapter 8 System Settings

    Chapter 8 System Settings 8.1 confirmation screen displays the date and time Press and hold the [▼](DATE) key to verify the date and time Press the [Esc] [Enter] key to return the measurement screen. Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 75: Calibration Clock

    8.2 calibration clock Set the date and time. [▼](DATE) To display the time setting screen, press and hold the key in date and time state. [▲] [▼] Press [◀] [▶] key to switch the digits, items, press the key to change the values.

  • Page 76: Initialized (Reset)

    8.3 initialized (reset) This function provides the following three types of reset: • Memory clear: Initializes the memory that stores measurement data. (This type of initialization is possible even if the power is on.) Reset (to reset the current measurement conditions): Resets data and settings other than the panel data, saved measurement data, and the clock settings to the factory defaults.

  • Page 77: Chapter 9 Appendix

    Chapter 9 Appendix Appx. 1 block diagram ⚫ Apply constant current determined by the measurement range from the SOURCE B terminal to the SOURCE A terminal, and measure the voltage between the SENSE B and SENSE A terminals. The resistance value (R=V/I) is obtained by dividing the measured voltage (V) by the constant current value (I).

  • Page 78: Appx. 2 Four-Terminal (Voltage-Drop) Method

    Appx. 2 Four-Terminal (Voltage-Drop) Method The accuracy of low resistance measurement is significantly affected by the resistance of wires between a measuring instrument and probes, and by the contact resistance between the probes and a measurement target. Wiring resistance varies significantly, depending on the thickness and length of the wire.
  • Page 79 Current I flows from r2 through measurement target resistance R0 to r1. The high input impedance of the voltmeter allows only negligible current flow through r3 and r4. So the voltage drop across r3 and r4 is practically nil, and voltage E across the measurement terminals and voltage E0 across test object resistance R0 are essentially equal, allowing test object resistance to be measured without being affected by r1 to r4.

  • Page 80: Appx. 3 On Dc Mode And Ac Mode

    Appx. 3 on DC mode and AC mode There are two resistance measurement (or impedance measurement) types: DC and AC. ⚫ DC type Resistance meters CKT3540，CKT3548. Common digital multimeters. Common insulation testers. ⚫ AC type Battery HiTesters CKT3560，CKT3563，CKT3554. Common LCR meters.
  • Page 81 Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 82: Appx. 4 On Temperature Compensation (Tc)

    Appx. 4 on temperature compensation (TC) Temperature correction converts the value of a resistance that depends on temperature, such as that of a copper wire, to a resistance value at a particular temperature to display it. Resistances Rt and Rt 0 below are the resistance values of the °...
  • Page 83 Temperature Correction Function (TC) The temperature coefficient changes according to the temperature and conductivity. If the temperature coefficient at 20° C is a and the temperature coefficient for conductivity C at t° C is a is determined as follows near the ambient temperature.
  • Page 84 Changzhou Chuangkai Electronic Co.,Ltd Edition V1.0...

  • Page 85: Appx. 5 On Temperature Conversion Function (△T)

    Appx. 5 on temperature conversion function (△T) Utilizing the temperature-dependent nature of resistance, the temperature conversion function converts resistance measurements for display as temperatures. This method of temperature conversion is described here. According to IEC 60034, the resistance law may be applied to determine temperature increase as follows: Example With resistance R...

  • Page 86: Appx. 6 Effect Of Thermoelectromotive Force (Thermal Emf)

    Appx. 6 Effect of Thermoelectromotive Force (Thermal EMF) Thermoelectromotive force (thermal EMF) is the potential difference that occurs at the junction of two dissimilar metals, including between the probe tips and the lead wire of the measurement target. If the difference is sufficiently large, it can cause erroneous measurements.

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