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R&S ZVA Series Getting Started

Vector network analyzers
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Vector Network Analyzers
Getting Started
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1145.1090.62 ─ 13

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  • Page 1 ® R&S Vector Network Analyzers Getting Started (;]:èÌ) 1145.1090.62 ─ 13...
  • Page 2 This Getting Started guide describes the following vector network analyzer types: ● ® R&S ZVA8, order no. 1145.1110.08/10 (2 or 4 test ports) ● ® R&S ZVA24, order no. 1145.1110.24/26 (2 or 4 test ports, 2 generators) ● ® R&S ZVA24, order no.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    ® Contents R&S Contents 1 Preparing the Analyzer for Use.............7 Front Panel Tour......................7 1.1.1 Display..........................8 1.1.2 Setup Keys........................9 1.1.3 Navigation Keys......................10 1.1.4 Data Entry Keys......................11 1.1.5 Rotary Knob........................12 1.1.6 Standby Key........................12 1.1.7 Front Panel Connectors....................12 1.1.8 Additional Hardware Options..................
  • Page 4 ® Contents R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement..............30 2.1.1 Instrument Setup for Reflection Measurements............31 2.1.2 Parameter and Sweep Range Selection............... 32 2.1.3 Instrument Calibration ....................33 2.1.4 Evaluation of Data ......................35 2.1.5 Saving and Printing Data ..................... 36 Performing a Transmission Measurement............... 37 Basic Tasks.........................
  • Page 5 ® Contents R&S 3.5.2 Arbitrary Generator and Receiver Frequencies (R&S ZVA-K4)........95 3.5.3 Arbitrary Gen. and Rec. Frequencies (R&S ZVA-K4)........... 95 3.5.4 Mixer Phase Measurement (R&S ZVA-K5)..............96 3.5.5 True Differential Mode (R&S ZVA-K6)................96 3.5.6 Measurements on Pulsed Signals (R&S ZVA-K7)............97 3.5.7 Converter Control (R&S ZVA-K8).................
  • Page 6 ® Contents R&S Getting Started 1145.1090.62 ─ 13...

  • Page 7: Preparing The Analyzer For Use

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour 1 Preparing the Analyzer for Use This chapter gives an overview of the front panel controls and connectors of the net- work analyzer and gives all information that is necessary to put the instrument into operation and connect external devices.

  • Page 8: Display

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour Fig. 1-1: R&S ZVA front view 1.1.1 Display The analyzer is equipped with a color display providing all control elements for the measurements and the diagram areas for the results. ●...

  • Page 9: Setup Keys

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour Short screen flicker On instruments equipped with an FMR7 front module controller, you may observe a short screen flicker when accessing the Windows desktop. The flicker does not occur while the network analyzer is running; it does not impair the functionality of the instru- ment.

  • Page 10: Navigation Keys

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour The DISPLAY keys give access to all display settings and to the functions to activate, modify and arrange different diagram areas. ● AREA SELECT provides functions to create and delete diagram areas and select an area as the active area.

  • Page 11: Data Entry Keys

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour The ↑ (cursor up) and ↓ (cursor down) keys are used to: ● Scroll up and down in lists, e.g. among menu items, in a list of keywords, in the Help table of contents, or in the Help topic text ●...

  • Page 12: Rotary Knob

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour priate physical unit. x1 is equivalent to OK ENTER. It confirms the previous entry and deactivates the input field (closes the numeric entry bar). ● In character input fields, the G/n, M/μ, k/m keys enter the letters G, M, K, respec- tively.
  • Page 13 ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour with 4 ports and 4 generators (order no. 1145.1110.48) and R&S ZVA67 all test ports are equipped with independent sources. ● Each test port may be complemented by three pairs of additional connectors used to test high power devices and extend the dynamic range, see chapter 1.1.7.4, "Direct Generator and Receiver...
  • Page 14 ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour R&S ZVAB-B44 on network analyzers with FMR7/6 and FMR9 The driver software of the USB-to-IEC/IEEE Adapter (option R&S ZVAB-B44) must be installed on the network analyzer. On analyzers equipped with an FMR7/6 or FMR9 front module controller, this installation disables GPIB control from an external PC.

  • Page 15: Additional Hardware Options

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Rear Panel Tour Input signals The maximum RF input levels at all SMA inputs according to the front panel labeling or the data sheet must not be exceeded. In addition, it is important that the signal fed in at the SMA inputs contains no DC off- set, as this may impair the measurements and even cause damage to the instrument.
  • Page 16 ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Rear Panel Tour Fig. 1-2: R&S ZVA rear view The rear connectors are described in detail in the annex "Hardware Interfaces" in the help system. ● The PORT BIAS panel contains inputs for an external DC voltage (bias) to be applied to the test ports.

  • Page 17: Putting The Analyzer Into Operation

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation ● USER CONTROL is a D-sub connector used as an input and output for low-voltage (3.3 V) TTL control signals. ● EXT. TRIGGER is an input for a low-voltage (3.3 V) TTL external trigger signal. Input levels, EMC The maximum input levels and voltages of the input connectors at the front and rear panel must not be exceeded.

  • Page 18: Unpacking And Checking The Analyzer

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation Risk of instrument damage during operation An unsuitable operating site or test setup can cause damage to the instrument and to connected devices. Ensure the following operating conditions before you switch on the instrument: ●...

  • Page 19: Bench Top Operation

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation ● All fan openings including the rear panel perforations must be unobstructed. The distance to the wall should be at least 10 cm. Electrostatic discharge To avoid damage of electronic components of the DUT and the analyzer, the operating site must be protected against electrostatic discharge (ESD).

  • Page 20: Operation In A 19" Rack

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation 1.3.4 Operation in a 19" Rack Using the adapter R&S ZZA-611 (order number 1096.3302.00) the instrument can be mounted in 19" racks according to the mounting instructions supplied with the rack adapter.

  • Page 21: Connecting The Analyzer To The Ac Supply

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation 1.3.6 Connecting the Analyzer to the AC Supply The network analyzer is automatically adapted to the AC supply voltage supplied. The supply voltage must be in the range 100 V to 240 V; 50 Hz to 60 Hz. The mains con- nector is located at the bottom left corner of the rear panel.

  • Page 22: Replacing Fuses

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down Shock hazard The instrument is still power-supplied while it is in standby mode. 1.3.9 Replacing Fuses The DC inputs PORT BIAS at the rear panel are each protected by a fuse IEC 127 - F 250 L (250 mA quick acting).

  • Page 23: Windows Operating System

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Windows Operating System Risk of data loss It is strongly recommended to switch the analyzer to standby state before disconnect- ing it from the AC supply. If you set the power switch to 0 while the NWA application is still running, you will lose the current settings.

  • Page 24: Connecting External Accessories

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting External Accessories The "Start" menu of the operating system is accessed by pressing the Windows key in the SUPPORT keypad. All necessary settings can be accessed from the "Start" menu, in particular from the Control Panel. 1.6 Connecting External Accessories The equivalent USB ports on the front and rear panel of the analyzer can be used to connect a variety of accessories:...

  • Page 25: Connecting To A Lan

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting to a LAN 1.7 Connecting to a LAN A LAN connection is used to integrate the analyzer into a home/company network. This offers several applications, e.g.: ● Transfer data between a controller and the analyzer, e.g. in order run a remote control program.
  • Page 26 ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting to a LAN By default, the analyzer is configured to use dynamic TCP/IP configuration. This means that it is safe to establish a physical connection to the LAN without any previous analyzer configuration. Manual TCP/IP configuration If your network does not support DHCP, or if you choose to disable dynamic TCP/IP configuration, you must enter a valid TCP/IP configuration before connecting the ana-...

  • Page 27: Test Setups With Two Lan Connections

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting to a LAN Windows 7: "Control Panel – Network and Internet – Network and Sharing Center – Change adapter settings – Change Settings of this conection – Internet Protocol version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties" LXI compliance Analyzers running under Windows XP (SP 2 or higher) comply with LXI class C, which enables remote access to an instrument's LAN settings;...

  • Page 28: Remote Desktop Connection

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Remote Desktop Connection Avoid parallel connections Never use both LAN connectors to connect the analyzer in parallel to the same net- work as this will result in connection errors. 1.8 Remote Desktop Connection ®...

  • Page 29: Firmware Update

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Firmware Update For detailed information about Remote Desktop refer to the Windows ® Help. 1.9 Firmware Update Upgrade versions of the analyzer firmware are supplied as single setup files *.msi. To perform a firmware update, 1.

  • Page 30: Getting Started

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 2 Getting Started The following chapter presents a sample session with a R&S ZVA network analyzer using an external monitor and the Graphical User Interface and explains how to solve basic tasks that you will frequently encounter when working with the instrument. Safety considerations Before starting any measurement on your network analyzer, please note the instruc- tions given in...

  • Page 31: Instrument Setup For Reflection Measurements

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement formats allow you to express and display the results. depending on what you want to learn from the data. Only one analyzer test port is required for reflection measure- ments. In the following example, the analyzer is set up for a reflection measurement, a fre- quency sweep range and measurement parameter is selected, the instrument is cali- brated and the result is evaluated using various formats.

  • Page 32: Parameter And Sweep Range Selection

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement Press the TRACE SELECT key in the TRACE keypad and use the softkeys in the "Trace Select" menu if you wish to create a new trace or a new diagram area. 2.1.2 Parameter and Sweep Range Selection After preset the display shows a diagram with a dB Mag scale.

  • Page 33: Instrument Calibration

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 2.1.3 Instrument Calibration The analyzer provides a wide range of sophisticated calibration methods for all types of measurements. Which calibration method is selected depends on the expected system errors, the accuracy requirements of the measurement, on the test setup and on the types of calibration standards available.
  • Page 34 ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 4. In the first dialog of the wizard, select the calibration kit (here: "ZV-Z21") and the test port connector (here: N 50 Ω (f), corresponding to a male calibration standard), and click "Next". The next dialog of the calibration wizard shows that only a single calibration stand- ard needs to be measured.

  • Page 35: Evaluation Of Data

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 6. Click "Apply" to close the wizard, calculate and store the system error correction data and apply them to the current measurement. 7. Remove the short standard and connect the DUT again. 2.1.4 Evaluation of Data The analyzer provides various tools to optimize the display and analyze the measure- ment data.

  • Page 36: Saving And Printing Data

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement The Smith chart shows lines of constant real and imaginary part of the impedance in the reflection coefficient plane. Tip: Refer to section chapter 3.2.4, "Display Formats and Diagram Types", on page 67 to learn more about the diagram properties. 2.1.5 Saving and Printing Data The analyzer provides standard functions for saving measurement settings and for printing the results.

  • Page 37: Performing A Transmission Measurement

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Transmission Measurement 6. In the "Save As" dialog opened, select a file location, format and name and activate "Save". The active setup is stored to a file and can be reused in a later session. Proceed as described in chapter 1.4, "Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down",...
  • Page 38 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks menu, the submenu will be opened first before proceeding to the next option in the menu bar. ● Use the "Cursor Up" and "Cursor Down" keys and the rotary knob (if rotated) to scroll up and down in a menu. ●...

  • Page 39: Data Entry

    ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks To make a selection in a dialog... 1. Press a softkey with three dots to open a dialog. 2. Use the keys in the NAVIGATION keypad and the rotary knob to access the con- trols in the dialog.
  • Page 40 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks 2. Press the DATA ENTRY keys. ● Use 0 to 9 to enter the corresponding numbers. ● Use . and - to enter a decimal point or change the sign of the value. ● Use .

  • Page 41: Scaling Diagrams

    ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks 5. After completing the input string use the key to move to the OK button. 6. Press OK ENTER or the rotary knob to apply your selection and close the key- board. Operation with a mouse 1.
  • Page 42 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks To change the sweep range, use one of the following methods: ● Press the START CENTER or STOP SPAN keys in the CHANNEL keypad. ● Right-click the start or stop value in the channel list and select "Start", "Stop", "Cen- ter", "Span"...
  • Page 43 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks 2.3.3.4 Circular Diagrams The radial scale of a circular ("Polar", "Smith" or "Inverted Smith") diagram can be changed with a single linear parameter, the "Reference Value". The reference value defines the radius of the outer circumference. ●...
  • Page 44 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks Define "Start" and "Stop" values 1. Create two normal markers, e.g. the markers Mkr 1 and Mkr 2, and place them to the desired start and stop values of the sweep range. 2. Activate "M 1" and click "Trace – Marker Funct. – Start = Marker". 3.

  • Page 45: System Overview

    ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts 3 System Overview The following chapter provides an overview of the analyzer's capabilities and their use. This includes a description of the basic concepts that the analyzer uses to organize, process and display measurement data, of the screen contents, possible measured quantities, calibration methods and typical test setups.

  • Page 46: Setups

    ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts The settings are stored in independent files and do not enter into any of the setup files. The following settings correspond to global resources: ● Calibration kits ● Connector types ● Cal pool data including system error correction and power correction data ●...
  • Page 47 ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts A diagram area can contain a practically unlimited number of traces, assigned to differ- ent channels. Diagram areas and channels are completely independent from each other. 3.1.3.1 Trace Settings The trace settings specify the mathematical operations used in order to obtain traces from the measured or stored data.

  • Page 48: Data Flow

    ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts ● Description of the test setup ("Power" of the internal source, IF filter "Bandwidth" and "Step Attenuators", "Port Configuration") ● Correction data ("Calibration", "Offset") The "Channel" menu provides all channel settings. After changing the channel settings or selecting another measured quantity, the ana- lyzer needs some time to initialize the new sweep.
  • Page 49 ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts Getting Started 1145.1090.62 ─ 13...

  • Page 50: Screen Elements

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2 Screen Elements This section describes the operating concept of the network analyzer, including the alternative navigation tools for mouse and hardkey operation, the trace settings, mark- ers and diagram areas. For a description of the different quantities measured by the analyzer refer to chapter 3.3, "Measured Quantities",...
  • Page 51 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.1.1 Menu Bar All analyzer functions are arranged in drop-down menus. The menu bar is located across the top of the diagram area: Menus can be controlled in different ways: ● With a mouse, like the menus in any Windows application. A left mouse click expands a menu or submenu.
  • Page 52 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● A menu command with a right arrow expands a submenu with further related set- tings. Example: "Measure" expands a submenu to select the quantity to be measured and displayed. ● A menu command with three dots appended calls up a dialog providing several related settings.
  • Page 53 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The heading shows the two lowest level menu commands in the current branch of the menu tree. The lowest-level command appears on a shaded background. ● Function softkeys Up to 8 softkeys, each corresponding to a command of the active menu. The func- tion of the softkeys and their labels are strictly equivalent to the corresponding menu commands.
  • Page 54 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements You can hide the softkey bar and gain screen space for the diagram areas if you use a mouse to control the analyzer ("Display – Config./View"). All settings are accessible from the menus listed in the menu bar across the top of the screen. Moreover, you don't have to display the softkey bar permanently in order to make use of its functionality.

  • Page 55: Display Elements In The Diagram Area

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements During sweep initialization, the progress bar for the sweep is replaced by a symbol. During the first sweep after a change of the channel settings, an additional red asterisk symbol appears: You can hide the status bar and gain screen space for the diagram areas. 3.2.2 Display Elements in the Diagram Area The central part of the screen is occupied by one or several diagram areas.
  • Page 56 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.2.1 Title Across the top of the diagram area, an optional title describes the contents of the area. Different areas within a setup are distinguished by area numbers in the upper right cor- ner. Use the context menu or the functions in the "Display"...
  • Page 57 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The trace can be complemented by the following display elements, plotted with the same color: ● Reference value (for all traces): The reference value is indicated with a triangle at the right edge of the diagram and a dashed, horizontal line. The value and position of the triangle can be changed in order to modify the diagram scale and shift the trace vertically.
  • Page 58 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Trace List and Trace Settings The main properties of all traces assigned to the diagram area are displayed in the trace list in the upper left corner. Each line in the trace list describes a single trace. The active trace is highlighted. The lines are divided into several sections with the following contents (from left to right): ●...
  • Page 59 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Trace – Trace Select", "Trace – Trace Funct", "Trace – Meas", "Trace – Format" and "Trace – Scale" menus. A red label "Cal Off !" appears behind the trace list if the system error correction no longer applies to one or more traces.
  • Page 60 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● "Mkr 1" indicates the maximum (minimum) of the peak. ● "Mkr 2" and "Mkr 3" indicate the lower and upper band edge where the trace value has decreased (increased) by a definite "Level" value. ●...
  • Page 61 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The list contains the following information: ● "Mkr 1, Mkr 2, ..." denote the marker numbers. Markers are displayed with the same color as the associated trace. ● The marker coordinates are expressed in one of the marker formats selected via "Marker –...
  • Page 62 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements "Movable Marker Info" allows the marker info field to be placed to any position in the diagram area. The remaining settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Trace – Marker" and "Trace – Search" menus. 3.2.2.4 Channel Settings The main properties of all channels assigned to the traces in the diagram area are dis-...

  • Page 63: Dialogs

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● The value behind the color legend shows the constant stimulus value, which is either the power of the internal signal source (for frequency sweeps and time sweeps) or the CW frequency (for power sweeps). "fb" denotes the channel base frequency;...
  • Page 64 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Properties...") call up a dialog. The dialogs of the analyzer have an analogous structure and a number of common control elements. The "Dialog Transparency" function in the "System Config" menu varies the transpar- ency of all dialogs. With an appropriate setting, you can control the dialogs and at the same time view the underlying traces and display elements.
  • Page 65 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements You can also cancel an immediate setting using "System – Undo"!. 3.2.3.2 On-Screen Keyboard A keyboard symbol next to a character input field opens the analyzer's on-screen keyboard. The on-screen keyboard contains two sets of characters plus the following additional controls: ●...
  • Page 66 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The input value for the step size takes effect immediately; see chapter 3.2.3.1, "Imme- diate vs. Confirmed Settings", on page 64. "Auto" activates the default step size for the current input parameter. 3.2.3.4 Paste Marker List A pull-down list symbol next to a numeric input field opens a list of all current stimulus and response marker values of the active trace.

  • Page 67: Display Formats And Diagram Types

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.4 Display Formats and Diagram Types A display format defines how the set of (complex) measurement points is converted and displayed in a diagram. The display formats in the "Trace – Format" menu use the following basic diagram types: ●...
  • Page 68 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.4.2 Conversion of Complex into Real Quantities The results in the "Trace – Measure" menu can be divided into two groups: ● "S-Parameters", "Ratios", "Wave Quantities", "Impedances", "Admittances", "Z- Parameters", and "Y-Parameters" are complex. ●...
  • Page 69 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Trace Format Description Formula (Voltage) Standing Wave Ratio SWR = (1 + |z|) / (1 – |z|) Delay Group delay, neg. derivative of the – d φ (z) / dΩ (Ω = 2π * f) phase response An extended range of formats and conversion formulas is available for markers.
  • Page 70 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Examples for definite magnitudes and phase angles: ● The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of an open circuit (Z = infinity, I = 0) is one, its phase is zero. ● The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of a short circuit (Z = 0, U = 0) is one, its phase is –180 deg.
  • Page 71 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Smith chart construction In a Smith chart, the impedance plane is reshaped so that the area with positive resist- ance is mapped into a unit circle. The basic properties of the Smith chart follow from this construction: ●...
  • Page 72 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements According to the two equations above, the graphical representation in a Smith chart has the following properties: ● Real reflection coefficients are mapped to real impedances (resistances). ● The center of the Γ plane (Γ = 0) is mapped to the reference impedance Z whereas the circle with |Γ| = 1 is mapped to the imaginary axis of the Z plane.
  • Page 73 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements A comparison of the inverted Smith chart with the Smith chart and the polar diagram reveals many similarities between the different representations. In fact the shape of a trace does not change at all if the display format is switched from "Polar" to "Inverted Smith"...
  • Page 74 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The coordinates in the normalized admittance plane and in the reflection coefficient plane are related as follows (see also: definition of matched-circuit (converted) admit- tances): = (1 - Γ) / (1 + Γ) Y / Y From this equation it is easy to relate the real and imaginary components of the com- plex admittance to the real and imaginary parts of Γ: ...

  • Page 75: Measured Quantities

    ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.2.4.6 Measured Quantities and Display Formats The analyzer allows any combination of a display format and a measured quantity. The following rules can help to avoid inappropriate formats and find the format that is ide- ally suited to the measurement task.

  • Page 76: S-Parameters

    ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities The definitions in this and the following sections apply to general n-port DUTs. An ana- lyzer with a smaller number of test ports provides a subset of the n-port quantities. 3.3.1 S-Parameters S-parameters are the basic measured quantities of a network analyzer. They describe how the DUT modifies a signal that is transmitted or reflected in forward or reverse direction.

  • Page 77: Impedance Parameters

    ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities Meaning of squared amplitudes The squared amplitudes of the incident and outgoing waves and of the matrix elements have a simple meaning: Table 3-1: Squared S-parameters Available incident power at the input of a two-port (= the power pro- vided by a generator with a source impedance equal to the refer- ence impedance Z Available incident power at the output...
  • Page 78 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.3.2.1 Converted Impedances The converted impedance parameters describe the input impedances of a DUT with fully matched outputs. In the figures below the indices I and j number the analyzer/DUT ports, Z is the reference impedance at the DUT port I. The analyzer converts a single measured S-parameter to determine the corresponding converted impedance.
  • Page 79 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities You can also read the converted impedances in a reflection coefficient measurement from the Smith chart. 3.3.2.2 Z-Parameters The Z-parameters describe the impedances of a DUT with open output ports (I = 0). The analyzer provides the full set of Z-parameters including the transfer impedances (i.e.
  • Page 80 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.3.2.4 Admittance Parameters An admittance is the complex ratio between a current and a voltage. The analyzer pro- vides two independent sets of admittance parameters: ● Converted admittances (each admittance parameter is obtained from a single S- parameter) ●...
  • Page 81 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities You can also read the converted admittances in a reflection coefficient measurement from the inverted Smith chart. 3.3.2.6 Y-Parameters The Y-parameters describe the admittances of a DUT with output ports terminated in a short circuit (V = 0). The analyzer provides the full set of Y-parameters including the transfer admittances (i.e.
  • Page 82 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities The network analyzer provides two additional sets of measurement parameters which have a unambiguous meaning even if the DUT is measured outside its linear range: ● "Wave Quantities" provide the power of any of the transmitted or received waves. ●...
  • Page 83 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities Examples: ● Src Port 1 is the outgoing wave at test port 1. In a standard S-parameter mea- surement, this wave is fed to the input port (port 1) of the DUT (forward measure- ment).
  • Page 84 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities With option R&S ZVA-K6, True Differential Mode, the analyzer can generate balanced waves at arbitrary reference planes in the test setup and determine balanced results such as S-parameters, wave quantities and ratios. The true differential mode also pro- vides two additional sweep types, the "amplitude imbalance"...
  • Page 85 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities Balanced port: Differential mode Log. Bal. port port Common mode 3-port analyzers: Reflection and transmission measurements on 1 balanced port Balanced port: Balanced port: Differential mode Differential mode Log. Log. Bal. Bal. port port port port Common mode...
  • Page 86 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities The notation of a general S-parameter is S , where <mout> and <min> <mout><min><out><in> denote the output and input port modes, <out> and <in> denote the output and input port numbers. Meaning of 2-port mixed mode S-parameters The mixed mode 2-port S-parameters can be interpreted as follows: ●...

  • Page 87: Calibration

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration 3. 3. DUT with one balanced and one single-ended port. 4. 4. DUT with two balanced ports or one balanced and two single-ended ports. Both device types are fully characterized by 4x4 mixed mode S-matrices. 3.4 Calibration Calibration or "system error correction"...

  • Page 88: Calibration Standards And Calibration Kits

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration errors, the accuracy requirements of the measurement, on the test setup and on the types of calibration standards available. Due to the analyzer's calibration wizard, calibration is a straightforward, menu-guided process. Moreover, it is possible to perform the entire calibration process automatically using a Calibration Unit (accessories R&S ZV-Z5x).

  • Page 89: Calibration Types

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration ● Imported and user-defined kits can be changed in the "Calibration Kits" dialog and its various sub-dialogs. Calibration kits and connector types are global resources; the parameters are stored independently and are available irrespective of the current setup. 3.4.2 Calibration Types The analyzer provides a wide range of calibration types for one, two or more ports.

  • Page 90: Automatic Calibration

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration Calibration Type Standards Parameters Error Terms General Accuracy Application TRM (2 or more Reflect (equal at all Reflection tracking, High Reflection and ports) ports) and Match at transmission mea- Source match, all ports, surements on DUTs Directivity, with 2 or ports, Through between...
  • Page 91 ® System Overview R&S Calibration ● Within their respective frequency ranges, you may also use one of the calibration units R&S ZN-Z51 (2 or 4 ports) or R&S ZN-Z151 (2 ports) Calibration unit Recommended for Frequency range Connector type No. of ports Order no.
  • Page 92 ® System Overview R&S Calibration Calibration unit Recommended for Frequency range Connector type No. of ports Order no. R&S ZN-Z51 R&S ZVB4, R&S The R&S ZN-Z51 allows a free/mixed port configuration with possible connector types ZVB8 N (m/f), 3.5 mm (m/f) and 7/16 (m/f). custom configura- tion With an N(f)-type CalU serving as base unit, for each available port an alternative con-...

  • Page 93: Power Calibration

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration Automatic calibration is generally faster and more secure than manual calibration, because: ● There is no need to connect several standards manually. The number of connec- tions to be performed quickly increases with the number of ports; see "TOSM Cali- bration".

  • Page 94: Optional R&S Zva Extensions

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions can also auto-determine length and loss parameters, assuming that the actual values should minimize the group delay and loss across the sweep range. 3.5 Optional R&S ZVA Extensions The network analyzer can be upgraded with a number of hardware and software options, providing enhanced flexibility and an extended measurement functionality.

  • Page 95: Time Domain (R&S Zvab-K2)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions Option Option Name Functionality R&S ZVAB-B4 Oven Quartz (OCXO) The R&S ZVA can optionally be equipped with a 10 MHz oven- controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) to enhance the frequency accuracy of the internal generators. R&S ZVAB-B14 Universal Interface Provides digital control signals for an external part handler.

  • Page 96: Mixer Phase Measurement (R&S Zva-K5)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions For a given RF signal, an ideal mixer would produce only two IF outputs: one at the frequency sum of the RF and LO (IF = RF + LO), and another at the frequency differ- ence between the RF and LO (IF = |RF –...

  • Page 97: Measurements On Pulsed Signals (R&S Zva-K7)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions In "True Differential Mode", the vector network analyzer generates true differential and common mode stimuli at arbitrary reference planes in the test setup and determines mixed-mode S-parameters, wave quantities and ratios. The true differential mode also provides two additional sweep types, the amplitude imbalance and phase imbalance sweeps.

  • Page 98: Long Distance Mixer Delay (R&S Zva-K10)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions Compared to conventional measurement methods, the mixer delay measurement offers several additional advantages. ● No external mixers are needed. ● A network analyzer with standard functionality is sufficient. ● Easy calibration using a calibration mixer. 3.5.9 Long Distance Mixer Delay (R&S ZVA-K10) The mixer delay measurement can be performed with two different R&S ZVA or R&S ZVT network analyzers, one providing the source ports, the other the receive port.

  • Page 99: Glossary: Frequently Used Terms

    ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Glossary: Frequently Used Terms Active channel: Channel belonging to the active trace. The active channel is highligh- ted in the channel list below the diagram. The active channel is not relevant in remote control where each channel can contain an active trace. Active marker: Marker that can be changed using the settings of the Marker menu (Delta Mode, Ref.
  • Page 100 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S settings complement the definitions of the Trace menu; they apply to all traces assigned to the channel. Compression point: The x-dB compression point of an S-parameter or ratio is the stimulus signal level where the magnitude of the measured quantity has dropped by x dB compared to its value at small stimulus signal levels (small-signal value).
  • Page 101 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Harmonic distortion: The production of harmonic frequencies (harmonics) by an elec- tronic system when a signal is applied at the input. Harmonic grid: A set of equidistant frequency points fi (i = 1...n) with spacing Delta(f) and the additional condition that f1 = Delta(f).
  • Page 102 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Mathematical trace: Trace that is calculated according to a mathematical expression, e.g. the one defined in the Define Math dialog. The expression is a mathematical rela- tion between constants and the data or memory traces of the active setup. Measurement point: Result of the measurement at a specified stimulus value (fre- quency/power/time).
  • Page 103 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Reverse: A measurement on a two-port DUT is said to be in reverse direction if the source signal (stimulus) is applied to port 2 of the DUT. Setup: A setup comprises a set of diagram areas with all displayed information that can be stored to a NWA setup file (*.zvx).
  • Page 104 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Topology: Assignment of the physical ports of the NWA to the logical ports used for the measurement of mixed mode S-parameters (balance-unbalance conversion). TOSM: A calibration type using a Through plus the one-port standards Open, Short, Match, to be connected to each calibrated port.

  • Page 105: Index

    ® Index R&S Index Symbols 10 MHz REF ..............16 Factory calibration ............. 29 Firmware update ............... 29 Freq. conv. noise figure (R&S ZVA-K31) ......98 Front panel ................7 AC Supply ................. 21 Front panel keys ..............37 Accessories (connect) ............24 Fuses ................
  • Page 106 ® Index R&S Step size ................65 SUPPORT ................. 10 Offset parameters ............. 93 Sweep range selection ............32 On-screen keyboard ............40 Sweep range setting ............41 Windows XP ............... 41 SYSTEM ................10 Options (overview) ............94 Test port ................12 Password ................

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