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BERTHOLD TECHNOLOGIES LB 444 Operating Manual

Density meter
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Density
Meter
LB 444
Id. No
32816BA2
Rev. No.: 04
22.04.03

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Christopher Michael Shaw
March 21, 2025

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Mr. Anderson
March 21, 2025

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Related Manuals for BERTHOLD TECHNOLOGIES LB 444

Summary of Contents for BERTHOLD TECHNOLOGIES LB 444

  • Page 1 Density Meter LB 444 Id. No 32816BA2 Rev. No.: 04 22.04.03...

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    Shieldings for Installation in a Container with Manually Operated Lock..8 3.2.4 Shieldings for Installation in a Container with Pneumatically Operated Lock and Shutter Switch ................9 Detector ..................10 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ..............10 3.4.1 General Description................10 3.4.2 Display.................... 11 3.4.3...
  • Page 4 10.4.3 Plateau Check .................. 79 10.5 Detector ..................82 10.5.1 Checking the Crystal-Multiplier Assembly ..........82 10.6 Replacing the Evaluation Unit LB 444........... 84 11. RADIATION PROTECTION ................85 11.1 Basics and Guidelines ................ 85 11.2 Shielding Installation Safety Instructions..........87 11.3...
  • Page 5 Mounting Device 90° for Pipe Diameter 88.9...304 mm........ 98 13.4 Mounting Device 90° for Pipe Diameter 21.3...76.1 mm ....... 99 13.5 Mounting Device 30 / 45 ° ..............100 13.6 LB 444 ...................101 14. EX- CERTIFICATES FOR EVALUATION UNIT ..........1 15. EX-CERTIFICATE FOR THE DETECTORS ............4...
  • Page 6 Figure 5: Shielding for installation in a container ........8 Figure 6: : Pneumatic locking mechanism, not Ex-protected......9 Figure 7 Shutter switch for ex-protected area ........... 9 Figure 8: Front Panel LB 444 ..............10 Figure 9: Softkeys functions ..............12 Figure 10: Function keys..............13 Figure 11: Installation on a horizontal pipeline ........
  • Page 7 04/03 LB 444 Operating Manual Density Meter LB 444 Revision History Date Comments 22.04.03 Atex certificates, LB 4430...
  • Page 8 04/03 LB 444 Safety Summary Electrical Shock Hazard Disconnect power to ensure that contact with energized part is avoided during installation and servicing. Specific Warnings Never change the installation or the parameter settings without a full knowledge of the relevant part of this manual, the connected controller and the process, if it is controlled by this measuring device.
  • Page 9 04/03 LB 444...

  • Page 11: Overview

    As prescribed by law, these measuring facilities may be operated only by spe- cifically licensed persons with sufficient expertise and training. The hardware and software of the LB 444 system makes it easy to adapt the system to rather different measuring geometries and measuring tasks. Therefore, the settings and parameters of the measuring instrument have to be defined with care for the respective measuring task when taking the system into operation.

  • Page 12: System Description

    04/03 LB 444 2. System Description Use and Function The radiometric density measuring system can be used to measure the density of • liquids • suspensions • pulps and • bulk goods. Measurements can be carried out directly in a product line or in a container. They are not affected by pressure and viscosity fluctuations or the flow rate of the product.

  • Page 13: The Principle Of Measurement

    04/03 LB 444 The Principle of Measurement The density measurement is based on the irradiation method. It utilizes the physical law of the attenuation of gamma radiation passing through the product being measured. The resulting measurement effect is the ratio I/I between the untenanted radiation I the radiation I which is attenuated by the product being measured.

  • Page 14: Measuring Configuration

    • Radioactive source (a) • Shielding container (b) • Detector (c) • Evaluation unit LB 444 (d) • Mounting device (e) • Connection cable (f) • Resistance thermometer Pt 100 (option) (g) • Cooling jacket for detector (option) The detector’s power supply and the measuring signal (pulses) are transmitted via the...

  • Page 15: Instrument Description

    04/03 LB 444 3. Instrument Description Radioactive Source Radioactive sources for industrial applications are always “encapsulated radioactive sub- stances” which are tightly welded into a sturdy stainless steel capsule, so that the radio- active substance cannot leak out. Contamination is therefore ruled out. Moreover, any activation of the product being measured by the sources used is not possible for physical reasons.

  • Page 16: Shieldings

    04/03 LB 444 Shieldings Typically, the source is firmly installed into the working shielding which includes a radia- tion exit channel to release the active beam towards the detector. The active beam can be shielded during transport, installation and servicing.

  • Page 17: Shieldings With Pneumatically Operated Lock And Shutter Switch

    04/03 LB 444 3.2.2 Shieldings with Pneumatically Operated Lock and Shutter Switch NOTE: Option not available in the USA. A pneumatic lock with switch contacts indicating the position of the lock is available as a special version. The pressurized air moves the shutter to the OPEN position. If the pressurized air is turned off or in case of failure the moveable shutter is turned back to the CLOSED posi- tion by the spiral spring.

  • Page 18: Shieldings For Installation In A Container With Manually Operated Lock

    04/03 LB 444 3.2.3 Shieldings for Installation in a Container with Manually Operated Lock The shielding consists of a lead-filled steel pipe, with a guide tube for the ra- dioactive source installed in the center. Locking mechanism The radiation exit channel is located in Covering cap an angle of 90°...

  • Page 19: Shieldings For Installation In A Container With Pneumatically Operated Lock And Shutter Switch

    04/03 LB 444 3.2.4 Shieldings for Installation in a Container with Pneumatically Operated Lock and Shutter Switch NOTE: Option not available in the USA. Connection for pressurized air electr. signal A shielding with a pneumatic lock and OPEN/CLOSED shutter switch is available as a special version.

  • Page 20: Detector

    19" module. It includes the microprocessor- BERTHOLD controlled evaluation elec- LCD display LB 444 - 1 V 1.0 tronics and the power supply Density -Meter for the required operating more voltage. A 32 bit microproc- essor featuring...

  • Page 21: Display

    Calibration data can be uploaded and downloaded via interface using the “UNIBERT LB 444” software. Moreover, the software offers a number of data logging functions. The terminal strip on the instrument rear panel includes all terminals for power supply, for the detector, and for the analog and digital output signals.

  • Page 22: Figure 9: Softkeys Functions

    04/03 LB 444 sk1: General Data sk2: Operating Mode sk1 and sk2 Go to the indicated menu more Go to next display or menu group more done shows the end of the menu and takes you back to the menu group...

  • Page 23: Figure 10: Function Keys

    04/03 LB 444 Enter Accepts the entry and moves the cur- sk1 : General Data sor to the next input field or toggles sk2 : Operating Mode between two input fields. Starts or stops a measurement or more leads directly back to the display and...
  • Page 24 04/03 LB 444 sk1: General Data sk1: Parameter sk1:Calibrate sk2: Product Data sk2: Operating Mode sk2:Live Display more more more Password: xxxx Config instrument Measuring product Product select Product select No.: 1/2/3/4 Nr.: 1/2/3/4 Nr.: 1/2/3/4 Calibrate mode Density without TK...
  • Page 25 04/03 LB 444 sk1: Service Menu sk2: Mass Flow sk1: HV Adjustment sk1: Reset Detector sk1: Plateau sk1: Adj. Cur. input sk1: Test calculate sk2: Status request sk2: Pt 100 adjust sk 2: Adj. Current out sk 2: Relay Delaytime...
  • Page 26 04/03 LB 444 sk1:Calibrate sk1: Service Menu sk2:Live Display sk2: Mass Flow more more sk1: Interface L B 4 4 4 DENSITY more 1.2345 g/cm3 Interface RS 232: Printer/PC Value: 1.2345 g/cm3 RS 485 Printer/LB 447 Temperature: 45.2 °C more 1.2345 g/cm3...

  • Page 27: Software Functions And System Configuration

    LB 444 04/03 4. Software Functions and System Configuration Depending on the selected configuration, some input dialog boxes are dimmed. If e.g. “Density measurement without temperature compensation” has been selected, the input dialog box for temperature compensation is not available.

  • Page 28: Operating Mode

    Select device to which data is to be transferred: select either PC/Printer or modem. Terminal program settings: In LB 444: Printer In terminal program: 9600 baud, 8 data bit, 1 stop bit, no parity, protocol: X on / X off.

  • Page 29: Parameter

    LB 444 04/03 Parameter Measuring product No. 1/2/3/4: Parameters (detector type, current output range, limit values, etc.) for up to 4 different products can be entered and stored. These parameters have to be entered separately for each product. The calibration data measured for a product may be copied to other data sets. Thus, dif- ferent current ranges (0/4-20 mA) can be defined for the same product and can be se- lected externally, by selecting the “new”...
  • Page 30 04/03 LB 444 Select: Measure Mode: Continuous: Continuous measurement; standard setting for most measurements. With this type of measurement, a sliding average is calculated over the selected time constant. Batchmode Batch measurement with external start-stop signal (digital input 22a and 22c) or via the <run>...
  • Page 31 LB 444 04/03 Radiating interference delay time: (only with Radiating interference “ON”) Interference due to radiation is normally only of short duration. After the delay time you have entered here is over, the measurement starts again automatically following detec- tion of Radiating interference.

  • Page 32: Product Data

    04/03 LB 444 Product Data Enter product data for parameter setup and calibration separately for each product. Product select No. 1/2/3/4: Enter product number for calibration. Current Output Select current output signal 0 or 4 mA. Current Output Limits 0/4 mA: Enter density or concentration value which is to correspond to 0 or 4 mA in the defined unit, e.g.

  • Page 33: Calibrate

    LB 444 04/03 Calibrate Product Select No. 1/2/3/4: Select product to be calibrated and confirm with <enter>. Suspension measure Yes/No If you select yes the Solid density and liquid density parameters are taken into account in the calculation (see also chapter 8.4).
  • Page 34 04/03 LB 444 Calibr. Data transfer Select “Yes” to copy the calibration data of a product that has already been calibrated. Sequence: Yes <enter> Product X <enter> Y <enter> etc. Then run through Rate 1. to Rate 10. and correct them if necessary.
  • Page 35 LB 444 04/03 Coefficient a1 Linear absorption coefficient (range -10 to +10). Enter this coefficient for one-point calibration or use the default value for Cs-137 (- 0.066). This value also has to be confirmed with <enter>. One-point calibration is carried out as soon as you press the <enter> button.

  • Page 36: Live Display

    04/03 LB 444 Live Display Start measurement A measurement can be started from any menu item by pressing the <run> button (ex- ception: Service menu). The measured values are displayed continuously in the selected unit for the selected product. RUN appears on the display.

  • Page 37: Installation

    LB 444 04/03 5. INSTALLATION General Safety Precautions The shielding with the radioactive source is delivered in a box in compliance with the re- gulations concerning the transportation of radioactive substances. Take the shielding out of the box just prior to installation. Up to that time, store it in a location that is guarded against unauthorized access.

  • Page 38: Installation

    04/03 LB 444 Installation 5.2.1 Installation on Pipelines Make sure the radiation exit channel of the shielding container is always closed during installation. The detector has to be protected against temperatures > 50°C by a water cool- ing jacket. Cables have to be protected against temperatures > 70°.

  • Page 39: Figure 12: Outdoor Installation

    LB 444 04/03 The distance from the bend must be the larger • the higher the flow rate • the bigger the difference between liquid density and Solid density. Measuring system installed outdoors have to be protected from rain and direct sunshine (e.g.

  • Page 40: Installation In A Container

    04/03 LB 444 Figure 14: External installation of shielding and detector To comply with the Radiation Protection Regulation, areas with dose rates > 3000 µSv/h (300 mrem/h) – so-called restricted areas – must be secured to rule out that personnel is exposed to radiation (see local regulations!) The pipeline must not be subject to heavy vibrations as this could damage the detector.

  • Page 41: Figure 16: Installation In A Container With Horizontal Flow

    LB 444 04/03 a) Side view b) Top view Figure 16: Installation in a container with horizontal flow a) Side view b) Top view Figure 17: Installation in a container with vertical flow For installation in a container, keep in mind: Selection of measuring point.

  • Page 42: Water Cooling Installation

    04/03 LB 444 5.2.3 Water Cooling Installation The maximum operating temperature of a scintillation counter is 50°C. A cooling system (which is available as extra) must be used if the temperature at the detector is likely to be higher, due to heat emission of the pipeline and/or higher ambient tempera- tures.

  • Page 43: Cooling Medium

    LB 444 04/03 5.2.4 Cooling Medium Water should preferably be used as cooling medium, because air does not ensure ade- quate cooling at high temperatures. The water must be clean to avoid dirt deposits in the cooling jacket which would have an adverse effect on the cooling efficiency.

  • Page 44: Installation Of Resistance Thermometer Pt 100

    Max. permissible ambient temperature for the evaluation unit Installation in 19” frame 50°C Installation in wall housing with 1 evaluation unit LB 444 45 °C Installation in wall housing with 2 evaluation units LB 444 40°C...

  • Page 45: Electrical Connections

    LB 444 04/03 Electrical Connections 5.3.1 Detector Switch off the evaluation unit before connecting the scintillation counter. Open the screws and remove the con- nection box cover to expose the connec- tion area. With fail-safe installations, connect the detector to the potential equalization bar of the installation.

  • Page 46: Evaluation Unit Lb 444

    04/03 LB 444 5.3.2 Evaluation Unit LB 444 Connect cable on the rear panel LB 444 2(-) 1 (+) evaluation unit Detector shown in the wiring dia- Voltage gram in the appendix to selector this manual. Spacer 24 V DC...
  • Page 47 Digital input 2 (20a/20c) Calibration data of up to 4 different products can be defined in the evaluation unit LB 444. These data sets can be selected via digital inputs. External Start/Stop Signal (22a/22c) Option to interrupt measurement for the following special applications: - Start/Stop in batch mode - Stop of continuous measurement, e.g.

  • Page 48: Getting Started

    To perform temperature compensation with Pt 100 (option), install resis- tance thermometer on pipeline such that the measured temperature = product temperature. Connect detector to LB 444 via two-wire cable. Connect cable to terminal 2a and 2c of evaluation unit. Install evaluation unit.

  • Page 49: Getting Started

    LB 444 04/03 Getting Started Proceed as follows to take instrument into operation: • Open radiation exit channel. • Shielding container type LB 744. • Insert key in cylinder lock and turn it right to release catch of locking handle.

  • Page 50: Figure 23: Locking Mechanism With Knurled Nut

    04/03 LB 444 Shielding Container for Installation in a Container Version with knurled nut • Open padlock and turn pro- tective cap until it can be ta- ken off. • Open knurled nut and pull source forward to “OPEN” po- sition.

  • Page 51: Basic Settings

    Push <sk1> to select General Data and <more> to call parameters sequentially. Enter password and unlock or lock system with <enter> Check date & time and correct it, if necessary Check instrument version (e.g. LB 444, version 2.0) Select language Print Parameter, only if needed Factory Setting, only if needed (see also Software Functions and System Configuration) Push <done>...

  • Page 52: Calibration

    04/03 LB 444 3.2 Push <sk2> to select Product Data and <more> to call parameters sequentially. Select product Select current output 0 –20 or 4 – 20 mA Define current output limit values 0/4 and 20 mA Define current output error message Define Relay 2: Function (Min), switch point (e.g.
  • Page 53 LB 444 04/03 If the product is very inhomogeneous, take several samples in quick succession and cal- culate an average value from their density or concentration values. Stop measurement by pressing the <run> button again. Accept result with <enter>. Cursor jumps to next row.

  • Page 54: Measurement

    04/03 LB 444 Stop measurement by pressing the <run> button again. Accept result with <enter>. Cursor jumps to next row. Enter the density value of the sample(s) determined in the lab in g/cm and confirm with <enter>. Cursor jumps to third row.

  • Page 55: Error Messages

    LB 444 04/03 Error Messages 6.4.1 Error Messages Reset All error messages must be reset with <enter>. Several simultaneously or consecutively occurring errors are stored in an error register in the order of their appearance; they have to be reset individually by pushing <enter>...

  • Page 56: Error Messages During Measurement

    04/03 LB 444 6.4.4 Error Messages during Measurement Error Message Cause, Notes Remedy Rate Overflow Count rate > 520000 cps, Replace detector, stop with large pipelines, measurement while pipeline possibly empty emptying pipeline, e.g. via digital input No Detector Rate...
  • Page 57 LB 444 04/03 Message Cause, Notes Measurement halted Measurement stopped via digital input <HALT> Measurement stopped because count rate has exceeded or not reached count rate threshold. Rate Overflow Count rate is > 520,000 (e.g. empty measuring path, detector error)

  • Page 58: System Start/Stop

    04/03 LB 444 System Start/Stop To stop operation of the measuring system, proceed as follows: Turn system off. Lock radiation exit channel of shielding container and secure locking handle by a lock. A water cooling device has to be used if the detector temperature may rise above 50°C even though the instrument is not in operation.

  • Page 59: Temperature Compensation

    LB 444 04/03 7. TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION Temperature compensation data (TC1, TC2) and reference temperature have to be en- tered before starting calibration. Temperature fluctuations in the product to be measured are usually associated with den- sity fluctuations. This means that a changed density is indicated, although the concentra- tion of the product did not change.

  • Page 60: Function Of Temperature Compensation

    04/03 LB 444 Function of Temperature Compensation The temperature coefficient of a liquid is not constant over a large temperature range, but usually it increases with rising temperatures. Temperature compensation is carried out according to the following formula: ρ = ρ...
  • Page 61 LB 444 04/03 For other units of measure (e.g. °Bx, %-concentration, g/l, etc.), the temperature coeffi- cient has to be converted accordingly. To do this, one first has to calculate the density change/unit of measure obtained for the measuring range (e.g. %): ρ...

  • Page 62: Calculation Of Square Temperature Coefficient

    04/03 LB 444 Calculation of Square Temperature Coefficient If significant temperature variations are likely to occur in the product (approx. > ± 20°C), it is advisable to enter the square temperature coefficient as well. Calculation: Calculate TC (see above) b) With TC calculate nominal value ρ...

  • Page 63: Reference Temperature

    LB 444 04/03 Reference Temperature With linear temperature coefficient: If you use only TC , enter the average product temperature as reference temperature, rather than the lab temperature of, say, 20°C. Add a correction value (ϑ - ϑ )*TC to the measured value.
  • Page 64 04/03 LB 444 Square Temperature Coefficient To calculate the square coefficient one first has to calculate the linear coefficient, starting from the reference temperature (here: lowest temperature), as described above. The ini- tial temperature should equal the lowest product temperature.

  • Page 65: Calibration

    LB 444 04/03 8. CALIBRATION Calibration is carried out as follows: The counts supplied by the detector are read into memory at various product densities or concentrations. At the same time, the product temperature is automatically stored. The density or concentration values (analysis values) determined in the lab are entered in another memory.
  • Page 66 04/03 LB 444 Select this calibration mode if • several calibration points are available which are very closely adjacent, so that not the entire measuring range is covered by samples. With minor errors occurring during sampling or in the lab, the calibration curve may be significantly falsified.

  • Page 67: One-Point Calibration

    LB 444 04/03 8.1.2 One-Point Calibration For one-point calibration one needs a value pair (count rate and density or concentration value) and the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient for common products is listed in the enclosed table (see Appendix). For products not listed there, enter the fol-...

  • Page 68: Figure 25: Influence Of Absorption Coefficients On One-Point Calibration

    04/03 LB 444 Line a: absorption coefficient correct Line b: absorption coefficient too small Line c: absorption coefficient too big The curve obtained with one-point calibra- tion always passes through the calibration point. The gradient of the curve is deter-...

  • Page 69: Two And Multi-Point Calibration

    LB 444 04/03 8.1.3 Two and Multi-Point Calibration The gradient of the calibration curve can be determined accurately by two-point calibra- tion. Multi-point calibration helps to exclude errors made during sampling and analysis. Furthermore, the output signal is in linear proportion to the concentration, even though the density is not linear to the concentration.

  • Page 70: Correction Of Analysis Values

    04/03 LB 444 The following additional functions will be initiated for multi-point calibration after selec- tion of the calibration mode with <enter> and <more>: Calculation of curve function: The curve function is calculated in accordance with the selected calibration mode from the value pairs entered and corrected as described below (see 8.1.4 Correction of Analy-...
  • Page 71 LB 444 04/03 Carry out correction as follows: ρ ρ ϑ ϑ − − ρ corrected input value ρ measured density value ϑ product temperature during density determination ϑ reference temperature temperature coefficient The display always relates to ρ Example: Temperature coefficient = 0.5 · 10 ρ...

  • Page 72: Checking The Calibration

    04/03 LB 444 8.1.5 Checking the Calibration One-Point Calibration The absorption coefficient entered under Result a1 must remain unchanged. Also, check the data in the following code numbers: Display Value Coefficient a2 Coefficient a3 Factor Offset Square error If one of these values differs, please check your calibration.

  • Page 73: Radiating Interference Detection

    LB 444 04/03 Radiating Interference Detection Select the function Radiating interference (Parameter menu, page 19) to suppress inter- fering radiation (e.g. weld seam testing). Caution: When this function is on (Radiating Interference <ON>), the automatic switchover of the time constant (function Rapid switchover) is always off.

  • Page 74: Automatic Measuring Time Switchover

    04/03 LB 444 Automatic Measuring Time Switchover To quickly update the measured value if sudden density changes occur, you can enable automatic measuring time switchover (rapid switchover in the Parameter menu, see page 20). The smallest value that can be entered is 8 s.

  • Page 75: Measurements Of Suspensions

    LB 444 04/03 Measurements of Suspensions Clear correlation of density and concentration is possible only when • liquid density and • solid density are constant. Density or concentration measurements of suspensions can be carried out in these units: Density in g/cm...
  • Page 76 04/03 LB 444 Conversion is carried out according to the formula: Concentration in g/l: ρ ρ − ρ 1000 1000 ρ Density of suspension in g/cm Solids content in g/l ρ Solid density in g/cm Concentration in G%/100 ρ Liquid density in g/cm Concentration in %: ρ...

  • Page 77: Figure 30: Conversion Scheme

    LB 444 04/03 Figure 30: Conversion scheme...

  • Page 78: Calculating The Density Of Individual Components

    04/03 LB 444 8.4.1 Calculating the Density of Individual Components With suspensions one can usually assume that liquid and solid density are constant, ex- cept when the liquid contains dissolved substances with different concentrations. With solutions, one can use the suspension formula to allow simple calibration. It is bet- ter, however, to use multi-point calibration without the suspension formulas (input “Sus-...

  • Page 79: Correcting The Results: Addition And Multiplication

    LB 444 04/03 b) Table values of the example given under a) are available as concentration in g/l ρ ⋅ ρ ρ + − ρ Concentration in g/l / 1000 (for example, at 100 g/l S = 0.1 Example: Concentration S = 219.6 g/l: S = 0.2196...

  • Page 80: Multiplication Factor

    04/03 LB 444 8.5.2 Multiplication Factor Each measured value is multiplied by the value stored as Factor. This allows you to chan- ge the gradient of the calibration curve. Example: Measuring range 1.1 - 1.3 g/cm If you enter 1.1 at Factor, 1.21 g/cm will be displayed instead of 1.1 g/cm...

  • Page 81: Technical Data

    LB 444 04/03 9. TECHNICAL DATA Evaluation Unit LB 444 Assembly: 19" module 3 HE, 21 TE; Protection type IP 20 Power supply: 115 V ± 10%, 230 V ± 10%, 18-32 V AC/DC Power consumption: approx. 30 VA or 30 W Temperature range: Operating temperature: 0 to +50°C;...

  • Page 82: Detectors

    04/03 LB 444 Analog output: 0/4 - 20 mA isolated (max. 500 Ω) for measured value Limit value outputs: 2 relay outputs for measured value max. / min., detector temperature, mass pulse, correlation freely selectable; 1 relay output for collective failure message Loading capacity: AC: Max.
  • Page 83 LB 444 04/03 Connection cable Cross section in mm² Max. cable length in m 1000 1500 2500 With fail-safe installations, the following values have to be observed as well: EEX ib IIC EEX ib IIB Lmax 0.15 mH 1.8 mH...

  • Page 84: Service Instructions

    Any work in the direct vicinity of the shielding containing the radioactive source may be performed only following proper training and/or professional guidance. 10.2 Evaluation Unit LB 444 The evaluation unit is provided with an error control which also monitors the detector functions.
  • Page 85 LB 444 04/03 Liquid density / Solid den- Liquid density and/or Solid density not entered sity not entered (Rho.S/RhoL) I.Max/I.Min value Current output entered incorrectly Current input error Current input range entered incorrectly Current output limit value Current output range entered incorrectly Current input error Current input too high >...

  • Page 86: Shielding And Source

    04/03 LB 444 10.3 Shielding and Source Shieldings do not include any wearing parts or mechanically moving parts that under normal operating conditions require maintenance. For safety reasons, however, it should be possible any time to lock the useful beam.

  • Page 87: Service Menu

    04/03 LB 444 10.4 Service Menu 10.4.1 Overview sk1: Service Menu sk2: Mass Flow more sk1: HV Adjustment sk1: Reset Detector sk1: Plateau sk1: Adj. Cur. input sk1: Test calculate sk2: Status request sk2: Pt 100 adjust sk 2: Adj. Current out...

  • Page 88: Service Menu

    04/03 LB 444 10.4.2 Service Menu The Service menu functions support • input of test values (output current, count rates) to simulate instrument functions • check of outputs and inputs • adjustment of analog outputs and inputs • adjustment of Pt 100 input •...

  • Page 89: Plateau Check

    Gamma sensitivity appears to have changed or obvious instabilities are apparent. In the case of detectors with NaI-crystals, this error can be de- tected only by means of a plateau check. The evaluation unit LB 444 includes a function for automatic plateau recording.

  • Page 90: Figure 31: Plateau Curve

    04/03 LB 444 The following calculation only applies to detectors working with Cs-137 or Co-60. For detectors working with Am-241 the plateau should be recorded at the measuring lo- cation with product. The thickness of steel plates can be calculated as follows: ρ...
  • Page 91 LB 444 04/03 Request Plateau The value pairs of the plateau measurement may be displayed here and may be plotted to assess the curve. Adjust current output Current 1.8 or 18 mA: Adjustment of output current to the values 1.8 mA and 18 mA by incrementing or dec- rementing the numerical value on the display.

  • Page 92: Detector

    04/03 LB 444 10.5 Detector 10.5.1 Checking the Crystal-Multiplier Assembly A plateau that is too small or too steep indicates faults in the crystal-multiplier assembly. Please proceed as follows to perform a visual inspection of crystal and multiplier: Switch off the scintillation counter before opening the instrument.
  • Page 93 LB 444 04/03 components. Attach the Mu-metal screen and fix it with screws, making sure that the Mu-metal screen is only under light tension. Re-assembly: Set the crystal again onto the front face of the photo multiplier and twist both compo- nents several times counter-clockwise.

  • Page 94: Replacing The Evaluation Unit Lb 444

    04/03 LB 444 10.6 Replacing the Evaluation Unit LB 444 To replace the entire LB 444 evaluation unit, please proceed as follows: 1. Connect new evaluation computer. 2. Enter data using the set-up protocol and date of the original set-up.

  • Page 95: Radiation Protection

    LB 444 04/03 11. RADIATION PROTECTION 11.1 Basics and Guidelines Radioactive isotopes used for density measurements emit gamma radiation. Gamma ra- diation consists of electromagnetic waves, i.e. a type of radiation which resembles light, but has a much higher energy, so that it can pass through matter. This high-energy ra- diation is hazardous to living beings;...
  • Page 96 04/03 LB 444 Distance This means the distance between radioactive source and DISTANCE human body. The radiation intensity (dose rate) decreases – like light – in proportion to the square of the distance, i.e. doubling the distance to the source reduces the dose rate to one quarter.

  • Page 97: Shielding Installation Safety Instructions

    LB 444 04/03 11.2 Shielding Installation Safety Instructions To keep the radiation exposure of personnel as low as possible, only licensed personnel who have been trained on how to handle radioactive substances are allowed to assemble or disassemble the shielding with the source. Work is performed according to the instruc- tions and under supervision of the Radiation Safety Officer.
  • Page 98 04/03 LB 444 To calculate the dose rate generated by a source, you need to know the gamma radiation constant (k), in order to take into account the different energies of the various isotopes. The following table lists the constants for the radioactive sources most frequently used in...

  • Page 99: Emergency Instructions

    LB 444 04/03 The result indicates that if you stay for one hour in a distance of 60 cm from the above mentioned radioactive source, which is shielded by 50 mm lead, you will incorporate a dose of 17.3 µSv/h or 1.73 mrem/h. If one stays for a longer (or shorter) time in the vi- cinity of the source, the dose increases (decreases) accordingly.

  • Page 100: Appendix

    04/03 LB 444 12. APPENDIX 12.1 Absorption Coefficients Absorption coefficients are valid for: • 137-Cs at one-point calibration. • crystal size 25/25 and 40/35 • frontal irradiation When using a 50/50 crystal, multiply the values listed below by 0.9. With radial irradia- tion, these values have to be multiplied by 0.85.

  • Page 101: Temperature Coefficients

    LB 444 04/03 12.2 Temperature Coefficients Input value at Product Concen- Aver. tration in Temp. g/cm3 °Be weight % in °C H2O - H2SO4 5,9500E-04 1,0220E+00 8,0000E-02 5,3100E-03 6,9500E-04 1,9320E+00 1,0300E-01 7,7300E-03 1,0150E-03 2,5190E+00 1,0000E-01 4,9900E-03 6,3500E-04 1,1070E+00 8,8000E-02 1,2920E-02...

  • Page 102: Density Of Water As A Function Of The Temperature

    04/03 LB 444 12.3 Density of Water as a Function of the Temperature Temp. in °C Density in Temp. in °C Density in Temp. in °C Density in g/cm g/cm g/cm 0.99973 0.99224 0.97781 0.99963 0.99185 0.97723 0.99951 0.99146 0.97665 0.99939...

  • Page 103: Setup Protocol

    LB 444 04/03 12.4 Setup Protocol Measuring Point ..........Date ....... Radioactive source: No...... Activity ....Isotope ....Pipeline ........mm Material ........Irradiation angle: 90°/45°/30°/others ....Product ............Parameters Range Value Password Instrument ID Program version Configure instrument...
  • Page 104 04/03 LB 444 Data input: Count rate cps Density (Lab values) Date Temperature °C Calculation: Parameter Range Value Calibrate mode one/lin/squ/cub/auto Result a1 Zero count rate Io Coefficient a1 Coefficient a2 Coefficient a3 Square error Factor Offset Density TC...

  • Page 105: Dimensional Drawings

    LB 444 04/03 13. Dimensional Drawings 13.1 Detectors M 16 for cable ∅ 7...10 mm M 12 for cable ∅ 4...6 mm WITH water cooling Type Ident # Crystal Weight approx. kg LB 5441-01 32732 25/25 LB 5441-02 32733 40/35...
  • Page 106 04/03 LB 444 LB 4430/LB 5430 LB 4430 = 530 LB 5430 = 449 LB 4430 LB 5430 Weight 54 kg 52 kg Ex-protected Ex II2G EEx ib d IIC T6 / Nein EEx de IIc T6...

  • Page 107: Detectors With Fm Certificate

    LB 444 04/03 13.2 Detectors with FM Certificate Type Ident # Crystal Weight approx. kg LB 4441-01 FM 33965 25/25 LB 4441-02 FM 33966 40/35 LB 4441-03 FM 33972 50/50...

  • Page 108: Mounting Device 90° For Pipe Diameter 88.9

    04/03 LB 444 13.3 Mounting Device 90° for Pipe Diameter 88.9...304 mm 1 Shielding LB 744... 2 Detector 3 Pipeline 4 Mounting device Pipe diameter LB 7440 LB 7442 LB 7440 LB 7442 88.9 101.6 114.3 141.3 168.3 219.1 1000...

  • Page 109: Mounting Device 90° For Pipe Diameter 21.3

    LB 444 04/03 13.4 Mounting Device 90° for Pipe Diameter 21.3...76.1 mm...

  • Page 110: Mounting Device 30 / 45

    04/03 LB 444 13.5 Mounting Device 30 / 45 ° 1 Shielding 2 Detector 3 Pipeline 4 Mounting device LB 744... 45° Weight approx. 30 kg 45° Weight approx. 30 kg Dimensions in mm Dimensions in mm Pipe Pipe Pipe...
  • Page 111 LB 444 04/03 13.6 LB 444 19” module Installation in 19” rack Installation in wall housing...
  • Page 112 04/03 LB 444...
  • Page 113 LB 444 04/03...
  • Page 114 04/03 LB 444...
  • Page 115 LB 444 04/03...
  • Page 116 04/03 LB 444 0 V (+ 24 V) + 24 V...

  • Page 117: Ex- Certificates For Evaluation Unit

    LB 444 04/03 14. Ex- Certificates for Evaluation Unit...
  • Page 118 04/03 LB 444...
  • Page 119 LB 444 04/03...

  • Page 120: Ex-Certificate For The Detectors

    04/03 LB 444 15. Ex-Certificate for the Detectors...
  • Page 121 LB 444 04/03...
  • Page 122 04/03 LB 444...
  • Page 123 LB 444 04/03...
  • Page 124 04/03 LB 444...
  • Page 125 Evaluation electronics ...... 10 Evaluation Unit Installation ........34 Replacement ........84 Calculation of temperature coefficients 50 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ....4, 10 Calibration ........ 42, 55 Connection......... 36 Calibration data input ...... 23 Extension of measuring path ....4 Calibration mode......
  • Page 126 04/03 LB 444 Installation site ....... 28 Instrument description ....... 5 Offset ........25, 69 Instrument front panel ..... 11 One-point calibration ..24, 25, 55, 57 Instrument rear panel ...... 11 Operating settings ......17 Irradiation........19 Operating temperature..... 53 Irradiation angle ......
  • Page 127 LB 444 04/03 Working principle ........79 Temperature compensation..23, 30 Service Temperature compensation via current Shielding ...........76 input........18, 21 Source..........76 Temperature compensation via Pt100. 18 Service Menu........77 Temperature insulation ....29 Setup protocol ........1 Temperature measurement....49 Shielding......... 6, 8, 85 Temperature range.....71, 72...

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