Page 1: Table Of Contents
Modes Graphing a function Entering numbers Creating… Tables Statistic Data Plots Matrices Split Screens Beyond the Basics Activities Archiving / Unarchiving Programming Functions & Instructions More Information Connectivity Text Editor Number Bases Support & Service 7/7/04 © 2004 Texas Instruments...
Page 2: Important Information
"as-is" basis. In no event shall Texas Instruments be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the...
Page 3 Caution: Any changes or modifications to this equipment not expressly approved by Texas Instruments may void your authority to operate the equipment. TI-89 Titanium...
Page 4: Installing The Aaa Batteries
Getting Started Initial start-up Installing the AAA Batteries The TI-89 Titanium uses four AAA alkaline batteries and a backup silver oxide battery (SR44SW or 303). The backup batteries are already installed, and the AAA batteries are provided with the product.
Page 5: Adjusting The Contrast
• «. The Apps desktop The Apps desktop is the starting point for operating your TI-89 Titanium. Your installed Apps appear on the Apps desktop as icons organized in categories for easy access. From the Apps desktop, you can: •...
Page 6 Ë Ï Ì Í Î TI-89 Titanium Apps desktop Ê View full name of highlighted App. Ë View time and date. Ì Press ¸ to open highlighted App. Í Scroll down to view additional Apps. Î Check status line information.
Page 7: Turning Off The Calculator
Press 2 ®. The next time you turn on the calculator, the Apps desktop appears with the same settings and memory contents retained. (If you turned off the Apps desktop, the calculator Home screen appears.) You can use either of the following keys to turn off the TI-89 Titanium. Press: Description 2 ®...
Page 8 ® is the second function of the ´ key. Note: The calculator’s Automatic Power Down™ (APD™) feature prolongs battery life by turning the calculator off automatically following several minutes of inactivity. When you turn on the calculator after APD: • The display, cursor, and any error conditions are exactly the same as before APD.
Page 9 TI-89 Titanium keys Ê Ë Í Ì Getting Started...
Page 10: Entering Special Characters
TI-89 Titanium keys Ê Function keys (ƒ– Š) open toolbar menus, access Apps, and edit categories of Apps. Ë Cursor keys (A, B, C, D) move the cursor. Ì Numeric keypad performs math and scientific functions. Í Modifier keys (2, 8, 7) add features by increasing the number of key commands.
Page 11 Example: Enter the right arrow symbol (→) in the Text Editor. Press Result Scroll down for more characters. – or – Press repeatedly to → select 9: Symbol displayed at cursor ¸ and press location. To open the keyboard map, press 8 ”. The keyboard map appears. Getting Started...
Page 12 To type most characters, press 2 and the corresponding key. Press N to close the map. Example: Use the keyboard map to find the “not equal to” symbol (ƒ) shortcut and enter the symbol in the Program Editor. Press Result 8 ”...
Page 13: Modifier Keys
Modifier keys Modifier keys add features by increasing the number of keyboard operations at your fingertips. To access a modifier function, press a modifier key and then press the key for the corresponding operation. Keys Description Accesses Apps, menu options, and other operations.
Page 14: Function Keys
Example: Access the VAR-LINK [All] screen, where you can manage variables and Apps. Press Result 2 ° Function keys Use the function keys to perform the following operations: • On the Apps desktop, open Apps and select or edit Apps categories. •...
Page 15 To enter a number in scientific notation: 1. Type the numbers that precede the exponent. (This value can be an expression.) 2. Press 2 ^. The exponent symbol (í) follows the numbers you entered. 3. Type the exponent as an integer with up to three digits. (As the following example shows, you can use a negative exponent.) Example: On the calculator Home screen, enter 0.00685 using scientific notation.
Page 16 Other important keys Key Command Description Displays the Y= Editor. Displays the Window Editor. Displays the Graph screen. 8 & Sets parameters for the Table screen. Displays the Table screen. These keys let you edit entered ¥ 5 information by performing a cut, ¥...
Page 17: Mode Settings
• With the Apps desktop off, displays the calculator Home screen. Mode settings Modes control how the TI-89 Titanium displays and interprets information. All numbers, including elements of matrices and lists, are displayed according to the current mode Getting Started...
Page 18 When the TI-89 Titanium is turned off, the Constant Memory™ feature retains all of the mode settings you have selected. To view the TI-89 Titanium mode settings: 1. Press 3. Page 1 of the MODE dialog box appears. 2. Press „ or … to display the modes listed on Page 2 or Page 3.
Page 19: Changing Mode Settings
Press Result … Changing mode settings Example: Change the Language mode setting to Spanish (Español). Press Result … Getting Started...
Page 20 Press Result Scroll down to the Language field. Press and then press until 3:Español is highlighted. Your menu list might Note: vary, depending on the languages installed. ¸ ¸ The previous open App Note: appears (in this example, the calculator Home screen). Getting Started...
Page 21 Language field. Using the Catalog to access commands Use the Catalog to access a list of TI-89 Titanium commands, including functions, instructions, and user-defined programs. Commands are listed alphabetically. Commands not beginning with a letter are found at the end of the list (&, /, +, –, etc.).
Page 22 Press Result … (displays Flash Apps commands, if any) † (displays User-Defined commands, if any) Select commands from the Catalog and insert them onto the calculator Home screen entry line or paste them to other Apps, such as the Y= Editor, Text Editor, or CellSheet Apps.
Page 23 Pressing 2 D advances the Catalog list one page at a time. Press Result ½ j Then press until the pointer is at the comDenom( function. ¸ The status line displays any required and optional parameters for the selected command. Optional parameters appear in square brackets. Pressing ƒ...
Page 24 Selected command Command parameters Brackets [ ] indicate optional parameters To exit the Catalog without selecting a command, press N. Calculator Home screen The calculator Home screen is the starting point for math operations, including executing instructions, evaluating expressions, and viewing results. To display the calculator Home screen, press 8 ".
Page 25 Ê Ë Ï Ì Î Í Ê History area lists the entry/answer pairs entered. Ë Tabs display menus for selecting lists of operations. Press ƒ, „, and so on to display menus. Ì Result of last entry is displayed here. (Note that results are not displayed on the entry line.) Í...
Page 26 About the history area The history area displays up to eight entry/answer pairs, depending on the complexity and height of the expressions. When the display is filled, information scrolls off the top of the screen. Use the history area to: •...
Page 27 Interpreting history information on the status line Use the history indicator on the status line for information about the entry/answer pairs. For example: If the cursor is on the entry line: Total number of pairs ________ _______ Maximum number of 8/30 currently saved pairs that can be saved...
Page 28 The App either opens directly or displays a dialog box. The most common dialog box lists these options for the App: Note: The TI-89 Titanium uses the general term variable to refer to the App data files that you create.
Page 29 Option Description Creates a new file with the name typed in the field. Select an option, enter any required information, and press ¸. The App appears. Example: Create a new program using the Program Editor. Press Result Use cursor keys to highlight ¸...
Page 30 Press Result p r o g r a m 1 ¸ ¸ The newly created program variable, program1, is saved to the Main folder. Returning to the Apps desktop from within an App Press O. The icons for the last Apps category selected appear on the Apps desktop with the icon for the last App opened highlighted.
Page 31 Selecting an Apps category On the TI-89 Titanium, the Apps category names appear only in the F1 Menu. To select an Apps category, press ƒ 2:Select Category and use the cursor keys to highlight an Apps category, and then press ¸ to select the highlighted category. You can also use the function key shortcuts to select a category from the keypad (use the 2 key if necessary).
Page 32 Press ¸ or N to clear the message and return to the Apps desktop. Customizing the Apps categories The TI-89 Titanium organizes your Apps into seven categories, six of which you can customize to fit your individual needs. (The All category contains every installed App and cannot be edited.)
Page 33 2. Highlight an Apps category and press ¸. The Edit Categories dialog box appears with a list of installed Apps and a text box with the category name highlighted. 3. To change the Apps category name, type the desired name. Note: Enter a name of up to eight characters, including letters with or without capitalization, numbers, punctuation, and accented characters.
Page 35 Y= Editor and Graph screens simultaneously to see the list of functions and how they are graphed. Select the Split Screen mode from Page 2 of the MODE screen. The TI-89 Titanium displays the selected Apps in the split-screen view as shown. Split the screen horizontally (top-bottom) or vertically (left-right).
Page 36 Top-bottom split screen To return to the Apps desktop, press O. The split-screen status appears at the top of the Apps desktop with the names of the open Apps and the portions of the screen in which each is displayed. The highlighted numeral indicates the split-screen portion where the next App you open will appear.
Page 37 More information is available about using split screens. (For more information, see the electronic Split Screens chapter.) Checking status information Look to the status line, located at the bottom of the screen, for information about the current state of your TI-89 Titanium. Ì Í Ï...
Page 38 Indicator Meaning Ð Entry/Answer pairs 22/30–Number of entry/answer pairs (default is 30, maximum is 99) in the history area of the calculator Home screen. Ñ Displayed when batteries are low (BATT). If Replace batteries BATT is highlighted with a black background, change the batteries as soon as possible Ò...
Page 39: Using The Clock
Press Result … D D B C ¸ ¸ The previous open App Note: appears (in this example, the calculator Home screen). To turn on the Apps desktop, repeat the procedure, selecting ON in the Apps Desktop mode field. To return to the Apps desktop from the calculator Home screen, press O. Using the clock Use the dialog box to set the time and date, select the clock display format, and...
Page 40: Setting The Time
The clock is turned on by default. If you turn off the clock, all Clock dialog box options except Clock ON/OFF are grayed out. indicates you can scroll down for more options) Displaying the CLOCK dialog box 1. Use the cursor keys to highlight the Clock icon on the Apps desktop. 2.
Page 41: Setting The Date
6. If the time format is 24 hours, proceed to step 9. — or — If the time format is 12 hours, press D to highlight the AM/PM field. 7. Press B to open the list of AM/PM options. 8. Press C or D to highlight an AM/PM option, then press ¸. The selected AM/PM option appears.
Page 42 9. Type the day, then press ¸ ¸ to save your settings and exit. The date is updated in the top right corner of the Apps desktop. Example: Set the time and date to 19/10/02 (October 19, 2002) at 1:30 p.m. Press Result Use cursor keys to highlight...
Page 43 Press Result ¸ D Getting Started...
Page 44 Press Result ¸ D 2 0 0 2 Scroll down to October ¸ and press Getting Started...
Page 45 Press Result ¸ ¸ Revised time and date Turning off the clock From the Apps desktop, open the CLOCK dialog box and select OFF in the Clock field. Getting Started...
Page 46 Example: Turn off the clock. Press Result Use cursor keys to highlight Clock on ¸ Scroll down to the Clock field. B C ¸ Getting Started...
Page 47: Using Menus
To turn on the clock, repeat the procedure, selecting ON in the Clock field. Remember to reset the time and date. Using menus To select most TI-89 Titanium menus, press the function keys corresponding to the toolbars at the top of the calculator Home screen and most App screens. Select other menus using key commands.
Page 48 Other menus Use key commands to select the following menus. These menus contain the same options regardless of the screen displayed or the active App. Press To display CHAR menu. Lists characters not available on the keyboard; characters are organized by category (Greek, math, punctuation, special, and international).
Page 49 Example: Select from the Algebra menu on the calculator Home screen. factor( Press Result Press: " – or – From the Apps desktop, use the cursor keys to highlight ¸ and press „ indicates Algebra menu will open when you press „.
Page 50 Selecting submenu options A small arrow symbol (ú) to the right of a menu option indicates that selecting the option will open a submenu. points to additional options. Example: Select from the MATH menu on the calculator Home screen. ord( Press Result Getting Started...
Page 51 Press Result – or – C C B – or – C ¸ Using dialog boxes An ellipsis (…) at the end of a menu option indicates that choosing the option will open a dialog box. Select the option and press ¸. Getting Started...
Page 52 Example: Open the dialog box from the Window Editor. SAVE COPY AS Press Result Use the cursor keys to highlight ¸ and press ƒ Type the name of Press to display – or – the variable. a list of folders. D ¸...
Page 53: More Information
The custom menu provides quick access to your most commonly used options. Use the default custom menu or create your own using the Program Editor. You can include any available TI-89 Titanium command or character. The custom menu replaces the standard toolbar menu on the calculator Home screen.
Page 54 Example: Turn on and turn off the custom menu from the calculator Home screen. Press Result Default custom menu Normal toolbar menu Example: Restore the default custom menu. Getting Started...
Page 55 Restoring the default custom menu erases the previous custom menu. If you Note: created the previous custom menu with a program, you can run the program again to reuse the menu. Press Result (to turn off the custom menu and turn on the standard toolbar menu) 2 ˆ...
Page 56 Press Result ¸ Opening Apps with the Apps desktop turned off If you turn off the Apps desktop, use the APPLICATIONS menu to open Apps. To open the APPLICATIONS menu with the Apps desktop off, press O. If you press O with the Apps desktop turned on, the Apps desktop will appear Note: instead of the APPLICATIONS menu.
Page 57 1:FlashApps Using split screens The TI-89 Titanium lets you split the screen to show two Apps at the same time. For example, display both the Y= Editor and Graph screens to compare the list of functions and how they are graphed.
Page 58 Example: Set split-screen mode to TOP-BOTTOM. Press Result „ ¸ Getting Started...
Page 59 Press Result ¸ Setting the initial Apps for split screen After you select either TOP-BOTTOM or LEFT-RIGHT split-screen mode, additional mode settings become available. Full-screen mode Split-screen mode Mode Description Split 2 App Lets you specify the App displayed in the bottom or right portion of the split screen.
Page 60 Mode Description Number of Graphs Lets you set up and display two independent graphs. To set the initial App for each split-screen portion: 1. Select the Split 1 App mode setting and press B to display a menu of available Apps.
Page 61 If you set Split 1 App and Split 2 App to the same nongraphing App or to the same graphing App with Number of Graphs set to 1, the TI-89 Titanium exits split-screen mode and displays the App in full-screen mode.
Page 62 More information is available about using split screens. (See the electronic Split Screens chapter.) Managing Apps and operating system (OS) versions Using the TI-89 Titanium connectivity features, you can download Apps from: • The TI Educational & Productivity Solutions (E&PS) Web site at: education.ti.com/latest...
Page 63 • A compatible graphing calculator. Adding Apps to your TI-89 Titanium is like loading software on a computer. All you need is TI Connect software and the USB computer cable that came with your TI-89 Titanium. For system requirements and instructions to link to compatible calculators and download TI Connect software, Apps, and OS versions, see the TI E&PS Web site.
Page 64: Deleting An Application
Note that your screen will be different than the one shown above. Deleting an Application Deleting an application removes it from the TI-89 Titanium and increases space for other applications. Before deleting an application, consider storing it on a computer for reinstallation later.
Page 65 Connecting your TI-89 Titanium to other devices The TI-89 Titanium includes both a mini-USB port and a standard I/O port. Ports are used to link two compatible graphing calculators or connect to a computer or peripheral device. In addition, the teacher model of the TI-89 Titanium includes an accessory port. This port is used to output visual data so that a classroom can view the calculator’s display on a...
Page 66 Accessory port TI-89 Titanium ports (teacher model) Batteries The TI-89 Titanium uses four AAA alkaline batteries and a backup silver oxide battery (SR44SW or 303). The backup battery is already installed, and the AAA batteries are provided with your product.
Page 67 Installing the AAA Batteries 1. Remove the battery cover from the back of the calculator. 2. Unwrap the four AAA batteries provided with your product and insert them in the battery compartment. Arrange the batteries according to the polarity (+ and -) diagram in the battery compartment.
Page 68 Before replacing the batteries, turn off the TI-89 Titanium by pressing 2 ® to avoid losing information stored in memory. Do not remove both the back-up battery and the AAA alkaline batteries at the same time. Replacing the backup (silver oxide) battery 1.
Page 69: Battery Precautions
You will then need to replace the depleted batteries with new batteries before downloading. You can also transfer the OS to another TI-89 Titanium using a USB unit-to-unit cable . If you accidentally interrupt the transfer before it is complete, you will need to reinstall the OS via a computer.
Page 70 Getting Started...
Page 71 Performing Computations This section provides several examples for you to perform from the Calculator Home screen that demonstrate some of the computational features of the TI-89 Titanium. The history area in each screen was cleared by pressing ƒ and selecting 8:Clear Home before performing each example, to illustrate only the results of the example’s...
Page 72: Titanium
Finding the Factorial of Numbers Steps and keystrokes Display Compute the factorial of several numbers to see how the TI-89 Titanium handles very large integers. To get the factorial operator (!), press 2 I, select , and then 7:Probability select 5 2 I 7 1 ¸...
Page 73: Expanding Expressions
Finding Prime Factors Steps and keystrokes Display Compute the factors of the rational number 2634492. You can enter “factor” on the entry line by typing on the keyboard, or by FACTOR pressing „ and selecting 2:factor( Press „ 2 2634492 d ¸ (Optional) Enter other numbers on your own.
Page 74 Reducing Expressions Steps and keystrokes Display Reduce the expression (x N2xN5)/(xN1) to its simplest form. You can enter “propFrac” on the entry line by typing on the PROPFRAC keyboard, or by pressing „ and selecting 7:propFrac( Press „ 7 c X Z 2 | 2 X | 5 d e c X | 1 d d ¸...
Page 75: Solving Equations
Solving Equations Steps and keystrokes Display Solve the equation x N2xN6=2 with respect to You can enter “ ” on the entry line by solve( selecting “ ” from the Catalog menu, by solve( typing on the keyboard, or by SOLVE( pressing „...
Page 76 Finding the Derivative of Functions Steps and keystrokes Display Find the derivative of (xNy) /(x+y) with respect to x. This example illustrates using the calculus differentiation function and how the function is displayed in “pretty print” in the history area. Press 2 = c X | Y d Z 3 e c X «...
Page 77 equation, and solve for the value of y. Then substitute the y value back into the first equation to solve for the value of x. Steps and keystrokes Display 1. Display the Home screen and clear the entry line. Solve the equation 2x N 3y = 4 for x.
Page 78 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Highlight the equation for x in the history area. Press C C C 5. Auto-paste the highlighted expression to the entry line. Then substitute the value of y that was calculated from the second equation. ¸...
Page 79 acceleration due to gravity, which is a constant named _g). Convert the result from newtons to kilograms of force. Steps and keystrokes Display 1. Display the dialog box, Page 3. For MODE mode, select for the metric Unit System system of measurements. Results are displayed according to these default units.
Page 80 Steps and keystrokes Display 3. Calculate the force when m = 5 kilograms (_kg) and a = 20 meters/second (_ms2). If you know the abbreviation for a unit, you can type it from the keyboard. 5 8 5 2 ™ KG j p 20 8 5 2 ™...
Page 81 Home screen. Explore the graphing capabilities of the TI-89 Titanium by graphing the function y=(|x N3|N10)/2.
Page 82 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Turn on Trace The tracing cursor, and the x and y coordinates are displayed. Press … tracing cursor 5. Open the menu and select MATH 3:Minimum Press ‡ D D ¸ 6. Set the lower bound. Press B (right cursor) to move the tracing cursor until the lower bound for x is just to the left of the minimum node before...
Page 83 Steps and keystrokes Display 8. Find the minimum point on the graph between the lower and upper bounds. Press ¸ minimum point minimum coordinates 9. Transfer the result to the Home screen, and then display the Home screen. 8 ? " Basic Function Graphing II Graph a circle of radius 5, centered on the origin of the coordinate system.
Page 84 Steps and keystrokes Display 2. Display the Home screen. Then store the radius, 5, in variable r. " 5 9 j R ¸ 3. Display and clear the . Then Y= Editor define y1(x) = – , the top half of a circle.
Page 85: Parametric Graphing
Steps and keystrokes Display 5. Select the viewing window, ZoomStd which automatically graphs the functions. In the standard viewing window, both the Notice slight gap x and y axes range from L10 to 10. between top and However, this range is spread over a bottom halves.
Page 86 Ignoring air resistance and other drag forces, what is the maximum height of the ball and when does it hit the ground? Steps and keystrokes Display 1. Display the dialog box. For MODE Graph mode, select PARAMETRIC Press 3 B 2 ¸ 2.
Page 87 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Display the . Enter Window Editor Window variables appropriate for this example. You can press either D or ¸ to enter a value and move to the next variable. Press 8 $ 0 D 3 D .02 D ? 2 D 25 D 5 D ? 2 D 10 D 5 5.
Page 88 Polar Graphing The graph of the polar equation r1(q) = A sin B q forms the shape of a rose. Graph the rose for A=8 and B=2.5. Then explore the appearance of the rose for other values of A and B. Steps and keystrokes Display 1.
Page 89 Steps and keystrokes Display 3. Select the viewing window, ZoomStd which graphs the equation. • The graph shows only five rose petals. In the standard viewing window, the Window variable qmax = 2p. The remaining petals have q values greater than 2p. •...
Page 90: Sequence Graphing
Steps and keystrokes Display 5. Select , which regraphs the ZoomSqr equation. increases the range along the ZoomSqr x axis so that the graph is shown in correct proportion. Press „ 5 You can change values for A and B as necessary and regraph the equation.
Page 91 Steps and keystrokes Display 1. Display the dialog box. For MODE Graph mode, select SEQUENCE Press 3 B 4 ¸ 2. Display and clear the . Then Y= Editor define the sequence as u1(n) = iPart(.8…u1(nN1)+1000). to take the integer part of the iPart result.
Page 92 Steps and keystrokes Display 5. Set the x and y Window variables to appropriate values for this example. Press 0 D 50 D 10 D 0 D 6000 D 1000 6. Display the Graph screen. Press 8 % 7. Select .
Page 93 3D Graphing Graph the 3D equation z(x,y) = (x y N y x) / 390. Animate the graph by using the cursor to interactively change the eye Window variable values that control your viewing angle. Then view the graph in different graph format styles. Steps and keystrokes Display 1.
Page 94 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Select the viewing cube, which ZoomStd automatically graphs the equation. As the equation is evaluated (before it is graphed), “evaluation percentages” are shown in the upper-left part of the screen. Press „ 6 If you have already used 3D Note: graphing, the graph may be shown in expanded view.
Page 95 Steps and keystrokes Display 6. Return the graph to its initial orientation. Then move the viewing angle along the “viewing orbit” around the graph. Press 0 (zero, not the letter O) A A A 7. View the graph along the x axis, the y axis, and then the z axis.
Page 96 Steps and keystrokes Display 9. Display the graph in different graph format styles. Í (press Í to switch from each style to the next) HIDDEN SURFACE CONTOUR LEVELS (may require extra time to calculate contours) WIRE AND CONTOUR WIRE FRAME Previews...
Page 97 You can also display the graph as an implicit plot by using the Note: GRAPH FORMATS dialog box (8 Í). If you press: Í to switch between styles, the implicit plot is not displayed. Differential Equation Graphing Graph the solution to the logistic 1st-order differential equation y' = .001y…(100Ny). Start by drawing only the slope field.
Page 98 Steps and keystrokes Display 2. Display and clear the . Then Y= Editor define the 1st-order differential equation: y1'(t)=.001y1…(100Ny1) Press p to enter the … shown above. Do not use implied multiplication between the variable and parentheses. If you do, it is treated as a function call.
Page 99 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Display the , and set the Window Editor Window variables as shown to the right. Press 8 $ 0 D 10 D .1 D 0 D ? 10 D 110 D 10 D ? 10 D 120 D 10 D 0 D .001 D 20 5.
Page 100 Steps and keystrokes Display 8. Return to the and change Y= Editor enter two initial conditions as a list: yi1={10,20} Press 8 # C ¸ 2 [ 10 b 20 2 \ ¸ 9. Return to the Graph screen. Press 8 % 10.
Page 101 Additional Graphing Topics From the Home screen, graph the piecewise defined function: y = Lx when x < 0 and y = 5 cos(x) when x ‚ 0. Draw a horizontal line across the top of the cosine curve. Then save a picture of the displayed graph.
Page 102 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Draw a horizontal line across the top of the cosine curve. The calculator remains in “line” mode until you select a different operation or press 2 ‰ 5 C (until the line is positioned) ¸ 5.
Page 103 Tables Evaluate the function y=x N2x at each integer between M10 and 10. How many sign changes are there, and where do they occur? Steps and keystrokes Display 1. Display the dialog box. For the MODE mode, select Graph FUNCTION Press 3 B 1 ¸...
Page 104 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Display the Table screen. Press 8 ' 5. Scroll through the table. Notice that changes sign at x = M1, 1, and 2. To scroll one page at a time, use 2 D and 2 C. Press D and C as necessary 6.
Page 105 Split Screens Split the screen to show the and the Graph screen. Then explore the behavior Y= Editor of a polynomial as its coefficients change. Steps and keystrokes Display 1. Display the dialog box. MODE , select Graph FUNCTION , select Split Screen LEFT-RIGHT , select...
Page 106 Steps and keystrokes Display 3. Select the viewing window, ZoomStd which switches to the Graph screen and graphs the function. The thick border is now around the Graph screen. Press „ 6 4. Switch to the . Then edit Y= Editor y1(x) change .1x to .5x...
Page 107 Steps and keystrokes Display 7. Open the Home screen. Then exit to a full-sized Home screen. Press 2 K twice. Data/Matrix Editor Use the to create a one-column list variable. Then add a second Data/Matrix Editor column of information. Notice that the list variable (which can have only one column) is automatically converted into a data variable (which can have multiple columns).
Page 108 Steps and keystrokes Display 2. Enter a column of numbers. Then move the cursor up one cell (just to see that a highlighted cell’s value is shown on the entry line). is shown in the upper-left corner to LIST indicate a list variable. You can use D instead of ¸...
Page 109 Steps and keystrokes Display 5. Clear the contents of the variable. Simply clearing the data does not convert the data variable back into a list variable. Press , 8 ¸ If you don’t need to save the current variable, use it as a scratchpad. The next time Note: you need a variable for temporary data, clear the current variable and re-use it.
Page 110 Steps and keystrokes Display 2. Use•O to display the Data/Matrix . Create a new data variable named Editor BUILD Press 3 D D BUILD ¸ ¸ 3. Using the sample data below, enter the population in column 1. Pop. (in 1000s) Bldgs >...
Page 111 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Move the cursor to row 1 in column 2 (r1c2). Then enter the corresponding number of buildings. 8 C moves the cursor to the top of the page. After typing data for a cell, you can press ¸...
Page 112 Steps and keystrokes Display 6. Display the dialog box. Set Calculate Calculation Type = MedMed x = C1 y = C2 Store RegEQ to = y1(x) ‡ B 7 D C j 1 D j C2 D B D ¸ 7.
Page 113 Steps and keystrokes Display 10. Perform the calculation to display the LinReg regression equation. This equation is stored in y2(x) Press ¸ 11. Close the screen. The STAT VARS displays. Data/Matrix Editor Press ¸ 12. Display the Plot Setup screen. is highlighted by default.
Page 114 Steps and keystrokes Display 14. Save the plot definition and return to the Plot Setup screen. Notice the shorthand notation for Plot 1’s definition. Press ¸ twice 15. Display the . For , the Y= Editor y1(x) MedMed regression equation, set the display style to Depending on the previous contents Note:...
Page 115 Steps and keystrokes Display 17. Use to graph and the ZoomData Plot 1 regression equations y1(x) y2(x) examines the data for all ZoomData selected stat plots and adjusts the viewing window to include all points. Press „ 9 18. Return to the current session of the Data/Matrix Editor Press 2a 19.
Page 116 Steps and keystrokes Display 20. Enter a title for column 4. Define column 4’s header as the residuals (difference between observed and predicted values) for MedMed. B C 2 ™ RESID j ¸ j C2 | j C3 ¸ 21. Enter a title for column 5. Define column 5’s header as the values predicted by the LinReg line.
Page 117 Steps and keystrokes Display 25. Highlight and define it as: Plot 3 Plot Type = Scatter Mark = Plus x = C1 (LinReg residuals) y = C6 D , D B 3 D C j 1 D j C6 ¸ ¸ 26.
Page 118 Steps and keystrokes Display 29. Use the MedMed ( ) and y1(x) LinReg ( ) regression equations to y2(x) calculate values for x = 300 (300,000 population). function (2 I 1 3) round ensures that results show an integer number of buildings. After calculating the first result, edit the entry line to change Press 2 I 1 3 Y1 c 300 d b 0 d...
Page 119 Steps and keystrokes Display 3. Display the “template” for a new program. The program name, , and Prgm EndPrgm are shown automatically. After typing in an input box such as Variable, you must press ¸ twice. Press ¸ twice Previews...
Page 120 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Type the following program lines. Request "Enter an integer",n Displays a dialog box that prompts “Enter an integer”, waits for the user to enter a value, and stores it (as a string) to variable n. expr(n) Converts the string to a numeric expression.
Page 121 Steps and keystrokes Display 5. Go to the Home screen. Enter the program name, followed by a set of prog1() parentheses. You must include ( ) even when there are no arguments for the program. The program displays a dialog box with the prompt specified in the program.
Page 122 Steps and keystrokes Display 8. Leave the Program I/O screen and return to the Home screen. You can also press N, 2 K, or " to return to the Home screen. Press ‡ Text Operations Start a new session. Then practice using the by typing whatever Text Editor Text Editor...
Page 123 Steps and keystrokes Display 2. Create a text variable called , which TEST will automatically store any text you enter in the new session. Use the folder, shown as the default MAIN on the dialog box. After typing in an input box such as , you must press ¸...
Page 124: Numeric Solver
Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Leave the and display the Text Editor Home screen. Your text session was stored automatically as you typed. Therefore, you do not need to save the session manually before exiting the Text Editor " 5. Return to the current session on the Text .
Page 125 Steps and keystrokes Display 2. Enter the equation. When you press ¸ or D, the screen lists the variables used in the equation. j A Á c j M2 | j M1 d e c j M2 « j M1 d p j G ¸...
Page 126 Steps and keystrokes Display 5. Solve for the unknown variable. To check the solution’s accuracy, the left and right sides of the equation are evaluated separately. The difference is shown as left-rt. If the solution is precise, left-rt=0. marks the calculated values.
Page 127 Number Bases Calculate 10 binary (base 2) + F hexadecimal (base 16) + 10 decimal (base 10). Then, use the 4 operator to convert an integer from one base to another. Finally, see how changing the Base mode affects the displayed results. Steps and keystrokes Display 1.
Page 128 Steps and keystrokes Display 3. Add 1 to the result and convert it to binary. 2 4 displays the 4 conversion operator. « 1 2 4 2 ™ BIN j ¸ 4. Add 1 to the result and convert it to hexadecimal.
Page 129 Steps and keystrokes Display 8. Change the mode to Base Press 3 „ (use D to move to Base mode) B 3 ¸ 9. Re-enter 0b10+0hF+10. Press ¸ Memory and Variable Management Assign values to a variety of variable data types. Use the screen to view a list VAR-LINK of the defined variables.
Page 130 variables are locked automatically.) Finally, unarchive the variable and delete the unused variables so that they will not take up memory. Steps and keystrokes Display 1. From the Home screen, assign variables with the following variable types. Expression: 5 !x1 +4 !f(x) Function: {5,10} !l1...
Page 131 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Change the screen’s view to show only function variables. Although this may not seem particularly useful in an example with four variables, consider how useful it could be if there were many variables of all different types. Press „...
Page 132 Archiving a variable Steps and keystrokes Display 1. Redisplay , and highlight the VAR-LINK variable you want to archive. The previous change in view is no longer in effect. The screen lists all defined variables. Press 2 ° (use D to highlight 2.
Page 133 Steps and keystrokes Display 5. Cancel the error message. Press N 6. Use to unarchive the variable. VAR-LINK Press 2 ° (use D to highlight ) , 9 7. Return to the Home screen and store a different value to the unarchived variable. "...
Page 134: Deleting Variables
Deleting variables Steps and keystrokes Display , and use the ‡ 1. Display VAR-LINK toolbar menu to select all variables. A Ÿ mark indicates items that are selected. Notice that this also selected folder. MAIN Instead of using ‡ (if you don’t Note: want to delete all your variables), you can select individual variables.
Page 135 Steps and keystrokes Display 4. Because ‡ also selected the MAIN folder, an error message states that you cannot delete the folder. MAIN Acknowledge the message. When is redisplayed, the VAR-LINK deleted variables are not listed. Press ¸ 5. Close and return to the current VAR-LINK application (Home screen in this...
Page 136: Turning The Calculator On And Off
Operating the Calculator Turning the Calculator On and Off You can turn your graphing calculator on and off manually by using the ´ and 2 ® (or 8 ®) keys. To prolong battery life, the APD™ (Automatic Power Down™) feature lets the calculator turn itself off automatically.
Page 137 Turning the Calculator Off You can use either of the following keys to turn off your graphing calculator. Press: Description 2 ® Settings and memory contents are retained by the Constant Memory™ feature. However: (press ® 2 ® then press •...
Page 138: Setting The Display Contrast
APD does not occur if a calculation or program is in progress, unless the program is paused. Setting the Display Contrast The brightness and contrast of the display depend on room lighting, battery freshness, viewing angle, and the adjustment of the display contrast. The contrast setting is retained in memory when the graphing calculator is turned off.
Page 139: When To Replace Batteries
The status line along the bottom of the display also gives battery information. Indicator in status line Description Batteries are low. Replace batteries as soon as possible. The TI-89 Titanium Keyboard Most keys can perform two or more functions, depending on whether you first press a modifier key. Operating the Calculator...
Page 140 Ê Í Ë Î Ì Ï Ê ƒ 2 Š – open toolbar menus. Select applications (when used with Ë 2 ¤ , and add functionality by increasing the available key commands. Ì X, Y, and Z are often used in symbolic calculations. Í...
Page 141 The N key is one of several keys that can perform three operations, depending on whether you first press 2 or 8. The following TI-89 Titanium example shows using the 2 or 8 modifier key with the N key. Operating the Calculator...
Page 142 Some keys perform only one additional operation, which may require either 2 or 8, depending on the color in which the operation is printed on the keyboard and where it is positioned above the key. On the TI-89 Titanium, accesses CUT, which is the same color as the key.
Page 143 Description Displays the Table screen. These keys let you edit entered information by performing a cut, copy, or paste operation. Toggles between the last two chosen Apps or between split screen portions. 2 ¾ Toggles the custom menu on and off. 2 ...
Page 144: Entering Alphabetic Characters
Entering a Letter Character on the TI-89 Titanium The letters x, y, z, and t are commonly used in algebraic expressions. So that you can type them quickly, these letters are primary keys on the TI-89 Titanium keyboard. Operating the Calculator...
Page 145 , which is [A] displays an A, the same color as the which is the same color as key. key. Typing Alphabetic Characters on the TI-89 Titanium Press: Type a single and then the letter lowercase alpha key (status line shows character.
Page 146 • On the TI-89 Titanium, you do not need j or alpha-lock to type x, y, z, or t. But you must use ¤ or uppercase ALPHA-lock for X, Y, Z, or T. • On the TI-89 Titanium, alpha-lock is always turned off when you change applications, such as going from the Text Editor to the Home screen.
Page 147: Entering Numbers
To type a number, press j to turn alpha-lock off. Press j or 2 ™ to Note: resume typing letters. Alpha-lock is not turned on in dialog boxes that require numeric-only entries. The dialog boxes that accept only numeric entries are: Resize Matrix, Zoom Factors, and Table Setup.
Page 148 module. For example, it is important to know that functions such as x are evaluated before negation. Use c and d to include parentheses if you Evaluated as have any doubt about how a negation will be evaluated. If you use | instead of · (or vice versa), you may get an error message or you may get unexpected results.
Page 149: Entering Expressions And Instructions
2. Press: í appears in the display. 3. Type the exponent as an integer with up to 3 digits. You can use a negative exponent. Entering a number in scientific notation does not cause the answers to be displayed in scientific or engineering notation.
Page 150 Definitions Expression Consists of numbers, variables, operators, functions, and their arguments that evaluate to a single answer. For example: • Enter an expression in the same order that it normally is written. • In most places where you are required to enter a value, you can enter an expression.
Page 151: Implied Multiplication
• This guidebook uses the word command as a generic reference to both functions and instructions. Implied Multiplication The graphing calculator recognizes implied multiplication, provided it does not conflict with a reserved notation. If you enter: The calculator interprets it as: ùp Valid ù...
Page 152: Entering An Expression
MATH menu. – or – • Type the name letter-by-letter from the keyboard. (On the TI-89 Titanium, use j and 2 ™ to type letters.) You can use any mixture of uppercase or lowercase letters. For example, type...
Page 153 TI-89 Titanium Press Display 3.76 3.76/( 7.9+ ‡ c · « 2 ] inserts ‡( because its argument must be in parentheses. 3.76/( 7.9+ ‡ (5)) once to close ‡ (5) and again to close ( 7.9 + ‡ «...
Page 154 Entering Multiple Expressions on a Line Ê To enter more than one expression or instruction at a time, separate them with a colon by pressing 2 Ë. Ë Ê Displays last result only. Ë ! § is displayed when you press to store a value to a variable.
Page 155: Continuing A Calculation
2. As necessary, use C and D to highlight the entry or answer you want to view. For example, C moves from answer to entry, up through the history area. 3. Use B and A or 2 B and 2 A to scroll right and left.
Page 156: Formats Of Displayed Results
TI-89 Titanium Press Display e c · « 3.76 ¸ « 2 ™ « When you press , the ¸ entry line is replaced with the variable ans(1), which contains the last answer. Stopping a Calculation When a calculation is in progress, BUSY appears on the right end of the status line. To stop the calculation, press ´.
Page 157 Pretty Print Mode By default, . Exponents, roots, fractions, etc., are displayed in the same Pretty Print = ON form in which they are traditionally written. You can use 3 to turn pretty print off and Pretty Print π – -- - ---------- - ‡...
Page 158 — Any result that is not a whole number is displayed in a fractional or symbolic EXACT form (1/2, p, , etc.). Shows whole-number results. Shows simplified fractional results. Shows symbolic Shows symbolic form of roots that cannot be evaluated to a whole number. 8 ¸...
Page 159 — All numeric results, where possible, are displayed in floating-point APPROXIMATE (decimal) form. Results are rounded to the precision of your graphing calculator and displayed Note: according to current mode settings. Fractional results are evaluated numerically. Symbolic forms, where possible, are evaluated numerically Because undefined variables cannot be evaluated, they are treated algebraically.
Page 160 To retain an EXACT form, use fractions instead of decimals. For example, use 3/2 Note: instead of 1.5. The following chart compares the three settings. Exact Approximate Auto Entry Result Result Result 1.33333 ù 51/2 25.5 25.5 — A decimal in the entry forces a .707107 (2)/2...
Page 161 Internally, the calculator calculates and retains all decimal results with up to 14 significant digits (although a maximum of 12 are displayed). Setting Example Description 123. (FIX 0) Results are rounded to the (0–12) 123.5 (FIX 1) selected number of decimal 123.46 (FIX 2) places.
Page 162: Editing An Expression In The Entry Line
Setting Example Description NORMAL 12345.6 If a result cannot be displayed in the number of digits specified by the calculator Display Digits mode, the switches from NORMAL to SCIENTIFIC for that result only. SCIENTIFIC 1.23456E 4 1.23456 × 10 Ê Ë...
Page 163: Moving The Cursor
Removing the Highlight from the Previous Entry After you press ¸ to evaluate an expression, the calculator leaves that expression on the entry line and highlights it. To edit the expression, you must first remove the highlight; otherwise, you may clear the expression accidentally by typing over it. To remove the highlight, move the cursor toward the side of the expression you want to edit.
Page 164 Deleting a Character To delete: Press: The character to the left of Hold to delete multiple the cursor. characters. The character to the right of the cursor. All characters to the right of If there are no characters to the cursor. the right of the cursor, (once only) erases the entire entry line.
Page 165 Inserting or Overtyping a Character The calculator has both an insert and an overtype mode. By default, the calculator is in the insert mode. To toggle between the insert and overtype modes, press 2 /. If in: The next character you type: Will be inserted at the cursor.
Page 166 To highlight multiple characters: 1. Move the cursor to either side of the characters you want to highlight. To replace sin( with cos(, place the cursor beside sin. 2. Hold ¤ and press A or B to highlight characters left or right of the cursor. ¤...
Page 167: Displaying A Menu
are described in the appropriate modules. Displaying a Menu Press: To display: ƒ „ A toolbar menu — Drops down from the toolbar at the , etc. top of most application screens. Lets you select operations useful for that application. Apps desktop or APPLICATIONS menu —...
Page 168: Selecting An Item From A Menu
Selecting an Item from a Menu To select an item from the displayed menu, either: • Press the number or letter shown to the left of that item. For a letter on the TI-89 Titanium, press j and then a letter key. –...
Page 169 Because of limited screen size, the TI-89 Titanium overlaps these menus. For example, List displays a submenu that lets you select a specific List function. indicates that you can use the cursor pad to scroll down for additional items. For items that have a submenu, you can use the cursor pad as described below. To display the submenu for the highlighted item, press B.
Page 170 An input box indicates that you must type a value. (Alpha-lock is automatically turned on for the TI-89 Titanium.) After typing in an input box such as Variable, you must press ¸ twice to save the information and close the dialog box.
Page 171 Press the key (ƒ, „, etc.) for the other toolbar menu. • – or – Use the cursor pad to move to the next (press B) or previous (press A) toolbar • menu. Pressing B from the last menu moves to the first menu, and vice versa. When using B, be sure that an item with a submenu is not highlighted.
Page 172 Selecting an Application The graphing calculator has different applications that let you solve and explore a variety of problems. You can select an application from a menu, the Apps desktop, or you can access commonly used applications directly from the keyboard. From the APPLICATIONS Menu 1.
Page 173: Text Editor
Application: Lets you: Table Display a table of variable values that correspond to an entered function. Data/Matrix Editor Enter and edit lists, data, and matrices. You can perform statistical calculations and graph statistical plots. Program Editor Enter and edit programs and functions. Text Editor Enter and edit a text session.
Page 174 The most common dialog box lists these options for the application: Option Description Current Returns the screen displayed when you last viewed the App. (If there is no current file/variable for the selected ¸ App, this option defaults to New if you press Open Lets you select an existing file.
Page 175 From the Keyboard Operating the Calculator...
Page 176: Setting Modes
You can access commonly used applications from the keyboard. On the TI-89 Titanium for example, 8 # is the same as pressing 8 and then ƒ. This guidebook uses the notation 8 #, similar to the notation used in second functions.
Page 177 Ê Ì Ë Ê ƒ „ … There are three pages of mode listings. Press , or to quickly display a particular page. Ë Indicates you can scroll down to see additional modes. Ì ! indicates that you can press to display and select from a menu.
Page 178 • Press the number or letter for that setting. To cancel a menu and return to the dialog box without making a Note: MODE selection, press N. 4. Change other mode settings, if necessary. 5. When you finish all your changes, press ¸ to save the changes and exit the dialog box.
Page 179 Mode Description Exponential Notation used to display results: NORMAL, SCIENTIFIC, Format or ENGINEERING. Complex Format used to display complex results, if any: Format REAL (complex results are not displayed unless you use a complex entry), RECTANGULAR, or POLAR. Vector Format Format used to display 2- and 3-element vectors: RECTANGULAR, CYLINDRICAL, or SPHERICAL.
Page 180: Using The Clean Up Menu To Start A New Problem
Mode Description Unit System Lets you select from three systems of measurement to specify the default units for displayed results: SI (metric or MKS); Eng/US (feet, pounds, etc.); or Custom. Custom Units Lets you select custom defaults. The mode is dimmed until you select Unit System, 3:CUSTOM.
Page 181 Menu Item Description Clear a–z Clears (deletes) all single-character variable names in the current folder, unless the variables are locked or ¸ archived. You will be prompted to press to confirm the action. Single-character variable names are often used in symbolic calculations such as: solve(a ¦...
Page 182: Using The Catalog Dialog Box
• When defining a variable that you want to retain, use more than one character in the name. This prevents it from being deleted inadvertently by 1:Clear a–z • For information about checking and resetting memory or other system defaults, refer to Memory and Variable Management.
Page 183 Ê „ Defaults to Built-in. Ë ƒ Help displays a command’s parameters in a dialog box. Ì … † allow access to Flash application functions and User-Defined functions and programs. Options that are not currently valid are dimmed. For example, … Note: Flash Apps dimmed if you have not installed a Flash application.
Page 184 3. Move the 8 indicator to the command, and press ¸. Press or type: To move the indicator: One function or program at a time One page at a time To the first function that The letter key. (On the TI-89 begins with a specified letter Titanium, do not press first.
Page 185 From the example above, the syntax for factor required factor(expression) – or – factor(expression,variable) optional For details about the parameters, refer to that command’s description in the Note: Technical Reference module. Viewing CATALOG Help You can display a command's parameters in a dialog box by pressing ƒ .
Page 186 Selecting a Flash Application Function A Flash application may contain one or more functions. When you select a function, its name is inserted in the entry line at the cursor location. Therefore, you should position the cursor as necessary before selecting the function. 1.
Page 187 Selecting a User-Defined Function or Program You can create your own functions or programs and then use † to access User-Defined them. For instructions on how to create functions, see “Creating and Evaluating User-Defined Functions” in Calculator Home Screen, and “Overview of Entering a Function”...
Page 188: Storing And Recalling Variable Values
3. Move the 8 indicator to the function or program, and press ¸. Press or type: To move the indicator: One function or program at a time One page at a time To the first function or program that The letter key. (On the TI-89 begins with a specified letter Titanium, do not press first.
Page 189: Data Types
• Cannot be the same as a name that is preassigned by the calculator. Preassigned names include: Built-in functions (such as ) and instructions (such as ). Refer to the LineVert Technical Reference module. System variables (such as , which are used to store graph- xmin xmax related values).
Page 190: Storing A Value In A Variable
1. Enter the value you want to store, which can be an expression. 2. Press §. The store symbol (!) is displayed. 3. Type the variable name. TI-89 Titanium users should use Note: j as necessary when typing variable names.
Page 191: Using A Variable In An Expression
Displaying a Variable 1. Type the variable name. 2. Press ¸. If the variable is undefined, the variable name is shown in the result. In this example, the variable a is undefined. Therefore, it is used as a symbolic variable. Refer to Symbolic Manipulation for Note: information about symbolic manipulation.
Page 192: Status Line Indicators In The Display
Recalling a Variable’s Value In some cases, you may want to use a variable’s actual value in an expression instead of the variable name. 1. Press 2 £ to display a dialog box. 2. Type the variable name. 3. Press ¸ twice. In this example, the value stored in will be inserted at the cursor position in the num1...
Page 193 ¤ — will type the uppercase letter for the next key you ¤ press. On the TI-89 Titanium, you can use to type a letter without having to use — will type the lowercase letter for the next key you press.
Page 194 Indicator Meaning Angle Mode Shows the units in which angle values are interpreted and displayed. To change the Angle mode, use the key. Radians Degrees Exact/Approx Shows how answers are calculated and displayed. To Mode change the Exact/Approx mode, use the key.
Page 195 Indicator Meaning History Pairs, The information shown in this part of the status line Busy/Pause, depends on the application you are using. Archived 23/30 Displayed on the Home screen to show the number of entry/answer pairs in the history area. Refer to History Information on the Status Line in the Calculator Home Screen module.
Page 196 “Home screen.” Both terms are interchangeable and refer to the same screen. Displaying the Calculator Home Screen When you first turn on your TI-89 Titanium, the Apps desktop is displayed. To display the calculator Home screen, highlight the Home icon and press ¸. You can also display the calculator Home screen by pressing "...
Page 197 Parts of the Calculator Home Screen The following example contains previously entered data and describes the main parts of the calculator Home screen. Entry/answer pairs in the history area are displayed in “pretty print.” Pretty print displays expressions in the same form in which they are written on the board or in textbooks.
Page 198 Ï Last Answer 8 ¸ Result of your last entry. Note that results are not displayed on the entry line. Note: (Approx) was used in this example. The following example shows an answer that is not on the same line as the expression. Note that the answer is longer than the screen width.
Page 199 History Area The history area shows up to eight previous entry/answer pairs (depending on the complexity and height of the displayed expressions). When the display is filled, information scrolls off the top of the screen. You can use the history area to: •...
Page 200 Do this: Return the cursor to the Press , or press until the cursor is entry line back on the entry line. An example of viewing a long answer is available. Note: History Information on the Status Line Use the history indicator on the status line for information about the entry/answer pairs. For example: If the cursor is Total number of...
Page 201 Modifying the History Area Do this: ƒ Change the number of Press and select 9:Format, or press pairs that can be saved 8 Í Then press , use to highlight the ¸ new number, and press twice. ƒ Clear the history area Press and select 8:Clear Home, or enter and delete all saved pairs...
Page 202 2. Specify a folder and text variable that you want to use to store the entries. Only the entries are saved, not the Note: answers. Item Description Type Automatically set as Text and cannot be changed. Folder Shows the folder in which the text variable will be stored.
Page 203 1. Use the Text Editor to open the variable containing the saved calculator Home screen entries. The saved entries are listed as a series of command lines that you can execute individually, in any order. 2. Starting with the cursor on the first line of the script, press †...
Page 204 1. Use C and D to highlight the item in the history area. 2. Press ¸ to auto-paste that item to the entry line. To copy or move information in the entry line, you must use a cut, copy, or paste operation.
Page 205 Clipboard = (empty or the previous contents) After cut After copy Clipboard = x^4–3x^3–6x^2+8x Clipboard = x^4–3x^3–6x^2+8x You can cut, copy or paste without having to use the ƒ toolbar menu. Press: Note: 8 5, 8 6, or 8 7 Cutting is not the same as deleting.
Page 206 2. Press ƒ and select , or use the key shortcut: 6:Paste Example: Copying and Pasting Suppose you want to reuse an expression without retyping it each time. 1. Copy the applicable information. a) Use ¤ B or ¤ A to highlight the expression.
Page 207 b) Press … to select the (differentiate) function. c) Press: to paste the copied expression. d) Complete the new entry, and press ¸. You can also reuse an expression by creating a user-defined function. Note: 3. Paste the copied information into a different application. a) Press 8 # to display the Y= Editor.
Page 208 Reusing the Expression on the Entry Line When you press ¸ to evaluate an expression, the TI-89 Titanium leaves that expression on the entry line and highlights it. You can type over the entry, or you can reuse it as necessary.
Page 209 TI-89 Titanium Display ¸ ¸ Reexecuting an entry “as is” is useful for iterative calculations that involve Note: variables. Using the equation , use trial and error to find the radius of a circle that covers 200 square centimeters. Editing an entry lets you make minor changes without retyping the entire entry.
Page 210 TI-89 Titanium Display A 8 8 ¸ 7.95 When the entry contains a decimal point, the result is automatically displayed in Note: floating-point. Recalling a Previous Entry You can recall any previous entry that is stored in the history area, even if the entry has scrolled off the top of the screen.
Page 211 If the entry line is edited or cleared, recalls this entry. Recalling the Last Answer Each time you evaluate an expression, the TI-89 Titanium stores the answer to the . To insert this variable in the entry line, press 2 ±. variable ans(1) For example, calculate the area of a garden plot that is 1.7 meters by 4.2 meters.
Page 212 Auto-Pasting an Entry or Answer from the History Area You can select any entry or answer from the history area and “auto-paste” a duplicate of it on the entry line. This lets you insert a previous entry or answer into a new expression without having to retype the previous information.
Page 213 Auto-Pasting an Entry or Answer 1. On the entry line, place the cursor where you want to insert the entry or answer. 2. Press C to move the cursor up into the history area. This highlights the last answer. 3. Use C and D to highlight the entry or answer to auto-paste. C moves from answer to entry •...
Page 214 User-defined functions can be a great time-saver when you need to repeat the same expression (but with different values) multiple times. User-defined functions can also extend your TI-89 Titanium’s capabilities beyond the built-in functions. Format of a Function The following examples show user-defined functions with one argument and two arguments.
Page 215 Arguments (x and y in these examples) are placeholders that represent whatever values you pass to the function. They do not represent the variables x and y unless you specifically pass x and y as the arguments when you evaluate the function. Creating a User-Defined Function Use one of the following methods.
Page 216 Creating a Multi-Statement Function You can also create a user-defined function whose definition consists of multiple statements. The definition can include many of the control and decision-making structures ( , etc.) used in programming. ElseIf Return For information about similarities and differences between functions and Note: programs, refer to Programming.
Page 217 Ì Returns a message if nn is not an integer or if nn Í Sums the reciprocals. Î Returns the sum. When entering a multi-statement function on the calculator Home screen, you must enter the entire function on a single line. Use the command just as you would for a Define single-statement function.
Page 218 Evaluating a Function You can use a user-defined function just as you would any other function. Evaluate it by itself or include it in another expression. Displaying and Editing a Function Definition Do this: 2 ° Display a list of all Press to display the VAR-LINK user-defined functions...
Page 219 In some cases, an entry or answer may be “too long” and/or “too tall” to be displayed completely in the history area. In other cases, the TI-89 Titanium may not be able to display an answer because there is not enough free memory.
Page 220 Ì Ë Í Í Press to scroll right If There Is not Enough Memory A << ...>> symbol is displayed when the TI-89 Titanium does not have enough free memory to display the answer. Calculator Home Screen...
Page 221: Using The Custom Menu
Using the Custom Menu The TI-89 Titanium has a custom menu that you can turn on and off at any time. You can use the default custom menu or create your own as described in the Programming module.
Page 222 Turning the Custom Menu On and Off When you turn on the custom menu, it replaces the normal toolbar menu. When you turn it off, the normal menu returns. For example, from the calculator Home screen’s normal toolbar menu, press 2 ½ to toggle the custom menu on and off. 2 ¾...
Page 223 Menu Function International Commonly accented characters such as è, é,and ê. 2 ˆ Tool ClrHome, NewProb, and CustmOff. 2 ‰ A custom menu can give you quick access to commonly used items. The Note: Programming module shows you how to create custom menus for the items you use most often.
Page 224 Finding the Software Version and ID Number In some situations, you may need to find out information about your TI-89 Titanium, particularly the software version and the unit’s ID number. Displaying the “About” Screen 1. From either the calculator Home screen or the Apps desktop, press ƒ...
Page 225 The About screen displays the following information about your calculator: • Hardware version • OS (Advanced Mathematics Software) version • Product identifier (Product ID) • Unit ID • Apps certificate revision number (Cert. Rev.) Ê Í Ë Î Ì Ê OS version Ë...
Page 226: Using Undefined Or Defined Variables
Otherwise, you may get a number for a result instead of the algebraic expression that you anticipated. How Undefined and Defined Variables Are Treated When you enter an expression that contains a variable, the TI-89 Titanium treats the variable in one of two ways. •...
Page 227 • If x is defined, the result may be in a form you did not expect. When defining a variable, it’s a good Note: practice to use more than one character Unless you knew that 5 had been stored to in the name.
Page 228 Use 2 ° to view a list of defined variables, as described in Memory and Note: Variable Management. Deleting a Defined Variable You can “undefine” a defined variable by deleting it. To delete: Do this: One or more specified variables Use the function.
Page 229 Using Exact, Approximate, and Auto Modes The Exact/Approx mode settings, which are described briefly in Operating the Handheld, directly affect the precision and accuracy with which the TI-89 Titanium calculates a result. This section describes these mode settings as they relate to symbolic manipulation.
Page 230 • Transforms irrational numbers to standard forms as much as possible without approximating them. For example, transforms to transforms ln(1000) 3 ln(10) • Converts floating-point numbers to rational numbers. For example, 0.25 transforms 1/4. The functions , ‰, , and use only exact solve cSolve...
Page 231 APPROXIMATE Setting When Exact/Approx = APPROXIMATE, the handheld converts rational numbers and irrational constants to floating-point. However, there are exceptions: • Certain built-in functions that expect one of their arguments to be an integer will convert that number to an integer if possible. For example: transforms d(y(x), x, 2.0) d(y(x), x, 2).
Page 232 Advantages Disadvantages If you do not plan to use symbolic Symbolic operations such as limits computations, approximate results and integration are less likely to give are similar to familiar, traditional satisfying results in the numeric calculators. APPROXIMATE setting. Approximate results are sometimes less compact and comprehensible than exact results.
Page 233: Automatic Simplification
Moreover, you might exhaust the memory seeking those exact results. Automatic Simplification When you type an expression on the entry line and press ¸, the TI-89 Titanium automatically simplifies the expression according to its default simplification rules. Symbolic Manipulation...
Page 234 Default Simplification Rules All of the following rules are applied automatically. You do not see intermediate results. • If a variable has a defined value, that value replaces the variable. If the variable is defined in terms of another variable, the variable is replaced with its “lowest level”...
Page 235 Products and sums involving undefined variables are sorted according to the first letter of the variable name. Undefined variables r through z are assumed to be true variables, and are placed in alphabetical order at the beginning of a sum. Undefined variables a through q are assumed to represent constants, and are placed in alphabetical order at the end of a sum (but before numbers).
Page 236 • Common denominators are formed unless no key cancellation can occur. No key cancellation • Functional identities are exploited. For example: ln(2x) = ln(2) + ln(x) sin(x) + cos(x) How Long Is the Simplification Process? Depending on the complexity of an entry, result, or intermediate expression, it can take a long time to expand an expression and cancel common divisors as necessary for simplification.
Page 237 Functions that Use Delayed Simplification Functions that use delayed simplification have a required var argument that performs the function with respect to a variable. These functions have at least two arguments with the general form: [, ... ] function(expression, var Not all functions that use a var argument use delayed simplification.
Page 238: Substituting Values And Setting Constraints
For example: x cannot be simplified. x is not simplified. The function uses x and then substitutes 5 for x. Note: The example to the right finds the derivative of x at x=5. If x was initially simplified to 75, you would find the derivative of 75, which is not what you want.
Page 239 Typing the “With” Operator To type the with operator ( | ), press: “ ” Í Substituting for a Variable For every occurrence of a specified variable, you can substitute a numeric value or an expression. First derivative of x at x = 5 To substitute for multiple variables at the same time, use the Boolean and operator.
Page 240 Substituting for a Simple Expression For every occurrence of a simple expression, you can substitute a variable, numeric value, or another expression. Substituting s for sin(x) shows that the expression is a polynomial in terms of sin(x). By replacing a commonly used (or long) term, you can display results in a more compact form.
Page 241 Note: • For an overview of complex numbers, refer to the Technical Reference module. , press 2 ). Do not simply type the letter • To get the complex on the keyboard. Be Aware of the Limitations of Substitutions • Substitution occurs only where there is an Only x exact match for the substitution.
Page 242 • Infinite recursions can occur when you define a substitution variable in terms of itself. Substitutes sin(x+1), sin(x+1+1), sin(x+1+1+1), etc sin(x)|x=x+1 When you enter a substitution that causes an infinite recursion: An error message is displayed. When you press N, an error is shown in the history area.
Page 243 Substituting for more general No match for substitution ø expressions (either ø ) may not work as you anticipate. Use the function to help determine Note: solve the single-variable substitution. Specifying Domain Constraints Many identities and transformations are valid for only a particular domain. For example: only if and/or ln(x...
Page 244 Enter instead of ; otherwise, xy is interpreted as a single variable Note: ln(x ln(xy) † named xy. Because sin (sin( )) = is not always valid, the expression is not simplified. With a constraint, the expression can be simplified. For ‚...
Page 245: Overview Of The Algebra Menu
Storing 1 x affects the subsequent calculations.calculation. After x is defined, it can affect all calculations that involve x (until you delete x). Caution: Overview of the Algebra Menu You can use the „ toolbar menu to select the most commonly used algebraic Algebra functions.
Page 246 For a complete description of each function and its syntax, refer to the Technical Note: Reference module. Menu Item Description solve Solves an equation for a specified variable. This returns real solutions only, regardless of the Complex Format mode setting. Displays answers with " "...
Page 247 Menu Item Description Trig Displays the submenu: tExpand — Expands trig expressions with angle sums and multiple angles. TCollect — Collects the products of integer powers of trig functions into angle sums and multiple angles. tCollect is the opposite of tExpand. Complex Displays the submenu: These are the same as solve, factor, and zeros;...
Page 248: Common Algebraic Operations
Menu Item Description right — Returns the right-hand side of an equation or inequality. functions are also used to return a specified number of elements Note: left right or characters from the left or right side of a list or character string. Common Algebraic Operations This section gives examples for some of the functions available from the „...
Page 249 Factoring and Expanding Polynomials Use the („ ) and („ ) functions. factor expand factor(expression for factoring with respect to a variable expand(expression for partial expansion with respect to a variable Factor . Then expand the result. Notice that perform factor expand opposite operations.
Page 250: Solving An Equation
Finding Partial Expansions With the („ ) function’s optional var value, you can do a partial expansion that expand collects similar powers of a variable. Do a full expansion of with x) (y respect to all variables. Then do a partial expansion with respect to x. Solving an Equation Use the („...
Page 251 To see intermediate results, you can manually solve the equation step-by-step. « Á « An operation such as | p subtracts 2x from both sides. Note: Solving a System of Linear Equations Consider a set of two equations with two 3y = 4 unknowns: x + 7y =...
Page 252 Method Example Use the simult function with a Enter the coefficients as a matrix and matrix. the results as a constant column matrix. Use the rref function with a matrix. Enter the coefficients as an augmented matrix. The simult and rref matrix functions are not on the „ menu.
Page 253 Finding the Zeros of an Expression Use the („ ) function. zeros zeros(expression var) Use the expression sin(x) + cos(x) with Use the “ ” Find the zeros with respect to x in the interval operator to specify   the interval.
Page 254 Finding Proper Fractions and Common Denominators Use the („ ) and („ ) functions. propFrac comDenom propFrac(rational expression for proper fractions with respect to a variable comDenom(expression for common denominators that collect similar powers of this variable Find a proper fraction for the expression + x) / (2x + x + 4) Then transform the answer into a ratio of a...
Page 255: Overview Of The Calc Menu
-------------------- - • is the remainder of divided by +x+4 • ---- - – -- - – 15/8 is the quotient. Overview of the Calc Menu You can use the … toolbar menu to select commonly used calculus functions. Calc The Calc Menu From the Home screen, press …...
Page 256 Integrates an expression with respect to a specified integrate ‰ variable. limit Calculates the limit of an expression with respect to a specified variable. Evaluates an expression at discrete variable values within a range and then calculates the sum. Π Evaluates an expression at discrete variable values product within a range and then calculates the product.
Page 257 Common Calculus Operations This section gives examples for some of the functions available from the … toolbar Calc menu. For complete information about any calculus function, refer to the Technical Reference module. Integrating and Differentiating Use the ‰ (… ) and (…...
Page 258 Finding a Limit Use the (… ) function. limit limit(expression point direction negative number = from left positive number= from right omitted number or 0 = both Find the limit of as x approaches 0. sin(3x) / x You can find a limit for an expression, list, or matrix. Note: Symbolic Manipulation...
Page 259 Degree-mode scaling by p/180 may cause calculus application results to Important: appear in a different form. User-Defined Functions and Symbolic Manipulation You can use a user-defined function as an argument for the TI-89 Titanium ’s built-in algebra and calculus functions. Symbolic Manipulation...
Page 260 For Information about Creating a User-Defined Function Refer to: • “Creating and Evaluating User-Defined Functions” in the Calculator Home Screen module. • “Graphing a Function Defined on the Home Screen” and “Graphing a Piecewise Defined Function” in the Calculator Home Screen module. •...
Page 261 Use 9 to create a user-defined secant function, where: • ---------- - Then find the limit of as x sec(x) approaches p/4. To select from the Calc toolbar Note: limit menu, press … 3. • to create a user-defined function , where: Define h(x)
Page 262 In some cases, you may be able to create an equivalent single-statement function. For example, consider a piecewise function with two pieces. When: Use expression: x < 0 5 cos(x) • If you were to create a multi-statement user-defined function with the form: Func Define If x<0 Then...
Page 263 If You Get an Out-of-Memory Error The TI-89 Titanium stores intermediate results in memory and then deletes them when the calculation is complete. Depending on the complexity of the calculation, the handheld may run out of memory before a result can be calculated.
Page 264 Clear the history area (, ) or delete unneeded history pairs. You can also use , to reduce the number of history pairs that will be saved. Use 3 to set Exact/Approx = APPROXIMATE. (For results that have a large •...
Page 265: Special Constants Used In Symbolic Manipulation
• Reformulate a problem to avoid fractional powers. • Omit relatively small terms to find an approximation. Special Constants Used in Symbolic Manipulation The result of a calculation may include one of the special constants described in this section. In some cases, you may also need to enter a constant as part of your entry. true, false These indicate the result of an identity or a x=x is true for...
Page 266 @n1 ... @n255 This notation indicates an “arbitrary integer” A solution is at every that represents any integer. integer multiple of When an arbitrary integer occurs multiple times in the same session, each occurrence is numbered consecutively. After it reaches 255, arbitrary integer consecutive numbering restarts at @n0.
Page 267 undef This indicates that the result is undefined. Mathematically undefined (undetermined sign) „ˆ Non-unique limit Symbolic Manipulation...
Page 268 Constants and Measurement Units Entering Constants or Units You can use a menu to select from a list of available constants and units, or you can type them directly from the keyboard. From a Menu The following shows how to select a unit, but you can use the same general procedure to select a constant.
Page 269 Constant and unit names always begin with an underscore ( _ ). From the Keyboard If you know the abbreviation that the TI-89 Titanium uses for a particular constant or unit, you can type it directly from the keyboard. For example: 256_m •...
Page 270 Combining Multiple Units You may need to combine two or more units from different categories. For example, suppose you want to enter a velocity in meters per second. In the UNITS dialog box, however, the category Velocity does not contain this unit. You can enter meters per second by 9.8_m/_s †...
Page 271 Using Parentheses with Units in a Calculation In a calculation, you may need to use parentheses ( ) to group a value and its units so that they are evaluated properly. This is particularly true for division problems. For example: To calculate: Enter: 100_m...
Page 272 Converting from One Unit to Another You can convert from one unit to another in the same category, including any user- defined units. For All Units Except Temperature If you use a unit in a calculation, it is converted and displayed automatically in the current default unit for that category, unless you use the 4 conversion operator as described later.
Page 273 If you want to convert to a unit other than the default, use the 4 conversion operator. expression_unit1 _unit2 , press To convert 4 light years to kilometers: 4_ltyr To convert 186000 miles/second to kilometers/hour: 186000_mi/_s _km/_hr Constants and Measurement Units...
Page 274 If an expression uses a combination of units, you can specify a conversion for some of the units only. Any units for which you do not specify a conversion will be displayed according to your defaults. To convert 186000 miles/second from miles to Because a Time kilometers: conversion is not...
Page 275 For Temperature Values To convert a temperature value, you must use nstead of the 4 operator. tmpCnv( ) i tmpCnv(expression_ ¡ tempUnit1, _ ¡ tempUnit2) 2 v“ , press ¡ For example, to convert 100_¡C to _¡F: tmpCnv(100_ ¡ c, _ ¡...
Page 276: Setting The Default Units For Displayed Results
For Temperature Ranges To convert a temperature range (the difference between two temperature values), use tmpCnv( ). tmpCnv(expression_ ¡ tempUnit1, _ ¡ tempUnit2) For example, to convert a 100_¡C range to its equivalent range in _¡F: tmpCnv(100_ ¡ c, _ ¡...
Page 277 If You’re Using the SI or ENG/US System The SI and ENG/US systems of measurement (set from of the MODE screen) use Page 3 built-in default units, which you cannot change. If Unit System=SI or The default units for these systems are ENG/US, the Custom available.
Page 278 4. For each category, you can highlight its default, press B, and select a unit from the list. 5. Press ¸ twice to save your changes and exit the screen. MODE You can also move the cursor by typing the first letter of a unit.
Page 279 • If the defaults are (meters), area results are shown Area = _acre Length = _m with units. _acre • If you set , area results are shown with units. Area = NONE NONE is not available for base categories such as that have no Note: Length...
Page 280 Rules for User-Defined Unit Names The naming rules for units are similar to variables. • Can have up to 8 characters. • First character must be an underscore. For , press: • Second character can be any valid variable name character except or a digit.
Page 281 definition _newUnit , press For example, to define a dekameter unit: 10_m To define an acceleration unit: Assuming unit _m/_s^2 _ms2 defaults for Length and Time are set to _m and _s. To calculate 195 blinks in 5 minutes as _blinks/_min: 195_blinks/(5_min) Assuming unit...
Page 282 List of Pre-Defined Constants and Units This section lists the pre-defined constants and units by category. You can select any of these from the UNITS dialog box. If you use 3 to set default units, note that categories with only one defined unit are not listed. Defaults for SI and ENG/US The SI and ENG/US systems of measurement use built-in default units.
Page 283 Description Value neutron rest mass 1.6749286E 27_kg ‘M proton rest mass 1.6726231E 27_kg ‘M Avogadro’s number 6.0221367E23 /_mol electron charge 1.60217733E 19_coul ‘M Bohr radius 5.29177249E ‘M 11_m molar gas constant 8.31451_J/_mol/_ ¡ _Rdb Rydberg constant 10973731.53413 /_m molar volume 2.241409E /_mol ‘M...
Page 284 Length _Ang angstrom mile astronomical unit _mil 1/1000 inch centimeter millimeter _fath fathom _Nmi nautical mile fermi parsec foot (ENG/US) _rod inch yard kilometer micron _ltyr light year _Å angstrom meter (SI) Area _acre acre NONE (SI) (ENG/US) hectare Volume _cup milliliter _floz...
Page 285 _gal gallon _tbsp tablespoon _galUK British gallon _tsp teaspoon liter NONE (SI) (ENG/US) Time _day second (SI) (ENG/US) hour _week week _min minute year millisecond microsecond nanosecond Velocity _knot knot _mph miles per hour _kph kilometers per hour NONE (SI) (ENG/US) Acceleration no pre-defined units Constants and Measurement Units...
Page 286 Temperature ¡ ¡ Celsius (For ¡ , press ¡ ¡ Kelvin 2 “ Fahrenheit Rankine (no default) ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Luminous Intensity candela (no default) Amount of Substance _mol mole (no default) Mass _amu atomic mass unit ounce gram _slug slug kilogram (SI)
Page 287 Force _dyne dyne newton (SI) _kgf kilogram force _tonf ton force _lbf pound force (ENG/US) Energy _Btu British thermal unit joule (SI) (ENG/US) _cal calorie _kcal kilocalorie _erg _kWh kilowatt-hour electron volt _latm liter-atmosphere _ftlb foot-pound Power horsepower (ENG/US) watt (SI) kilowatt Pressure _atm...
Page 288 _inH2O inches of water _psi pounds per square inch (ENG/US) _inHg inches of mercury _torr millimeters of mercury _mmH2O millimeters of water Viscosity, Kinematic stokes Viscosity, Dynamic poise Frequency _GHz gigahertz _kHz kilohertz hertz (SI) (ENG/US _MHz megahertz Electric Current ampere (SI) (ENG/US) milliampere kiloampere...
Page 289 Charge _coul coulomb (SI) (ENG/US) Potential kilovolt volt (SI) (ENG/US) millivolt _volt volt Resistance kilo ohm _ohm megaohm ohm (SI) (ENG/US) Conductance _mho mho (ENG/US) _siemens siemens (SI) _mmho millimho micromho Capacitance farad (SI) (ENG/US) picofarad nanofarad microfarad Constants and Measurement Units...
Page 290 Mag Field Strength oersted NONE (SI) (ENG/US) Mag Flux Density gauss tesla (SI) (ENG/US) Magnetic Flux weber (SI) (ENG/US) Inductance _henry henry (SI) (ENG/US) nanohenry millihenry microhenry Constants and Measurement Units...
Page 291: Graphing Functions
Basic Function Graphing Overview of Steps in Graphing Functions To graph one or more functions, use the general steps shown below. For a detailed y(x) description of each step, refer to the following pages. You may not need to do all the steps each time you graph a function.
Page 292: Exploring The Graph
4. Set the display style for a function. 2 ˆ This is optional. For multiple equations, this helps visually distinguish one from another. 5. Define the viewing window ( 8 $). „ also changes the viewing Zoom window. 6. Change the graph format if necessary. ƒ...
Page 293: Setting The Graph Mode
Setting the Graph Mode Before graphing functions, you must select FUNCTION graphing. You may also y(x) need to set the Angle mode, which affects how the TI-89 Titanium graphs trigonometric functions. Graph Mode 1. Press 3 to display the dialog...
Page 294: Defining Functions For Graphing
Graph Mode Setting Description POLAR ) polar equations SEQUENCE u(n) sequences z(x,y) 3D equations DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION y'(t) differential equations Angle Mode When using trigonometric functions, set the Angle mode for the units (RADIAN or DEGREE) in which you want to enter and display angle values. Checking the Status Line To see the current Graph mode and Angle mode, check the status line at the bottom of the screen.
Page 295 the current graphing mode. For example, in POLAR graphing mode, function names are , etc.) Defining a New Function 1. Press 8 # to display the Y= Editor. Plots — You can scroll above y1= to see a list of stat plots. Function List —...
Page 296: Editing A Function
The function list now shows the new function, which is automatically selected for graphing. If you accidentally move the cursor to the entry line, press N to move it back to Note: the function list. Editing a Function From the Y= Editor: 1.
Page 297 Clearing a Function From the Y= Editor: To erase: Do this: A function from the function Highlight the function and press list A function from the entry line Press once or twice (depending on the cursor’s location) and then press ¸...
Page 298: Selecting Functions To Graph
From the Home Screen or a Program You can also define and evaluate a function from the Home screen or a program. • Use the commands. Refer to: Define Graph “Graphing a Function Defined on the Home Screen” and “Graphing a Piecewise Defined Function”...
Page 299 numbers are Selected PLOT displayed, those stat plots are selected. In this example, Plots 1 and 2 Deselected are selected. To view them, scroll above y1=. To select or deselect: Do this: A specified function • Move the cursor to highlight the function. †...
Page 300: Setting The Display Style For A Function
commands (available from the Home screen’s † • Use the FnOn FnOff Other toolbar menu) for functions. Refer to the Technical Reference module. • Use the commands for stat plots. Refer to the Technical PlotsOn PlotsOff Reference module. Setting the Display Style for a Function For each defined function, you can set a style that specifies how that function will be graphed.
Page 301 4:Reset Styles If You Use Above or Below Shading The TI-89 Titanium has four shading patterns, used on a rotating basis. If you set one function as shaded, it uses the first pattern. The next shaded function uses the second pattern, etc.
Page 302: Defining The Viewing Window
From the Home Screen or a Program You can also set a function’s style from the Home screen or a program. Refer to the Style command in the Technical Reference module. Defining the Viewing Window The viewing window represents the portion of the coordinate plane displayed on the Graph screen.
Page 303 Variable Description xscl, yscl Distance between tick marks on the x and y axes. xres Sets pixel resolution (1 through 10) for function graphs. The default is 2. • At 1, functions are evaluated and graphed at each pixel along the x axis. •...
Page 304: Changing The Graph Format
From the Home Screen or a Program You can also store values directly to the Window variables from the Home screen or a program. Refer to “Storing and Recalling Variable Values” in Operating the Calculator. Changing the Graph Format You can set the graph format to show or hide reference elements such as the axes, a grid, and the cursor’s coordinates.
Page 305 Format Description Graph Order Graphs functions one at a time (SEQ) or all at the same time (SIMUL). Grid Shows (ON) or hides (OFF) grid points that correspond to the tick marks on the axes. Axes Shows (ON) or hides (OFF) the x and y axes. Leading Cursor Shows (ON) or hides (OFF) a reference cursor that tracks the functions as they are graphed.
Page 306: Graphing The Selected Functions
When you are ready to graph the selected functions, display the Graph screen. This screen uses the display style and viewing window that you previously defined. Displaying the Graph Screen Press 8 %. The TI-89 Titanium automatically graphs the selected functions. BUSY indicator shows while graphing is in progress.
Page 307: Smart Graph
To pause graphing temporarily, press ¸. (The • indicator replaces .) To PAUSE BUSY resume, press ¸ again. To cancel graphing, press ´. To start graphing again from the beginning, press • † ( ReGraph If You Need to Change the Viewing Window Depending on various settings, a function may be graphed such that it is too small, too large, or offset too far to one side of the screen.
Page 308 • Changed a stat plot definition. Displaying Coordinates with the Free-Moving Cursor To display the coordinates of any location on the Graph screen, use the free-moving cursor. You can move the cursor to any pixel on the screen; the cursor is not confined to a graphed function.
Page 309 To move the free-moving cursor: Press: In increments of 10 pixels and then a cursor pad arrow. To hide the cursor and its coordinates temporarily, press M, N, or ¸. Note: The next time you move the cursor, it moves from its last position. When you move the cursor to a pixel that appears to be “on”...
Page 310 Tracing a Function To display the exact coordinates of any plotted point on a graphed function, use the … tool. Unlike the free-moving cursor, the trace cursor moves only along a function’s Trace plotted points. Beginning a Trace From the Graph screen, press …. The trace cursor appears on the function, at the middle x value on the screen.
Page 311 To move the trace cursor: Do this: To a specified x value on the function Type the x value and ¸ press If you enter an x value, it must be between Note: xmin xmax The trace cursor moves only from plotted point to plotted point along the function, not from pixel to pixel.
Page 312 Moving from Function to Function Press C or D to move to the previous or next selected function at the same x value. The new function number is shown on the screen. The “previous or next” function is based on the order of the selected functions in the Y= Editor, not the appearance of the functions as graphed on the screen.
Page 313 Using QuickCenter If you trace a function off the top or bottom of the viewing window, you can press ¸ to center the viewing window on the cursor location. Before using QuickCenter After using QuickCenter After QuickCenter, the cursor stops tracing. If you want to continue tracing, press …. You can use QuickCenter at any time during a trace, even when the cursor is still on the screen.
Page 314 For more information about the other items, refer to the Technical Reference module. If you select a tool from the Y=Editor or Window Editor, the TI-89 Titanium Note: Zoom automatically displays the Graph screen.
Page 315 Zoom Tool Description ZoomStd Sets Window variables to their default values. xmin = ymin = xres = 2 xmax = 10 ymax = 10 xscl = 1 yscl = 1 ZoomTrig Sets Window variables to preset values that are often appropriate for graphing trig functions.
Page 316 Zooming In with a Zoom Box 1. From the „ menu, select Zoom 1:ZoomBox The screen prompts for 1st Corner? 2. Move the cursor to any corner of the box ø y1(x)=2 sin(x) you want to define, and then press ¸. The cursor changes to a small square, and the screen prompts for 2nd Corner?
Page 317 A cursor appears, and the screen prompts for New Center? 2. Move the cursor to the point where you want to zoom in or out, and then press ¸. The TI-89 Titanium adjusts the Window variables by the factors defined in Zoom SetFactors •...
Page 318 1. From the „ menu, select to display the dialog Zoom C:SetFactors ZOOM FACTORS box. Zoom factors must be ‚ 1, but they do not have to be integers. The default setting is To exit without saving any changes, press N. Note: 2.
Page 319: Using Math Tools To Analyze Functions
Select: 1:ZoomPrev Return to the viewing window displayed before the previous zoom. 2:ZoomSto Save the current viewing window. (The current Window variable values are stored to the system variables zxmin, zxmax, etc.) 3:ZoomRcl Recall the viewing window last stored with ZoomSto. You can store only one set of Window variable values at a time.
Page 320 Overview of the Math Menu Press ‡ from the Graph screen. On the Derivatives submenu, only dy/dx is available for function graphing. The other derivatives are available for other graphing modes (parametric, polar, etc.). Math Tool Description Value Evaluates a selected y(x) function at a specified x value. Zero, Finds a zero (x-intercept), minimum, or maximum point Minimum,...
Page 321 Math Tool Description Shade Depends on the number of functions graphed. • If only one function is graphed, this shades the function’s area above or below the x axis. • If two or more functions are graphed, this shades the area between any two functions within an interval.
Page 322 You can also display function coordinates by tracing the function (…), typing an x value, and pressing ¸. Finding a Zero, Minimum, or Maximum within an Interval screen, press ‡ and select 1. From the , or Graph 2:Zero 3:Minimum 4:Maximum 2.
Page 323 5. Press ¸. A 4 at the top of the screen marks the lower bound. 6. Set the upper bound, and press ¸. y2(x)=2x The cursor moves to the intersection, and its coordinates are displayed. Finding the Derivative (Slope) at a Point screen, press ‡...
Page 324 3. Set the lower limit for x. Either use A and B to move the cursor to the lower limit or type its x value. 4. Press ¸. A 4 at the top of the screen marks the lower limit. To erase the shaded area, press †...
Page 325 2. As necessary, use D and C to select the function for the first point. 3. Set the first point. Either use A or B to move the cursor to the point or type its x value. 4. Press ¸. A marks the point.
Page 326 Finding an Arc Length screen, press ‡ and select 1. From the Graph B:Arc 2. As necessary, use D and C to select the applicable function. 3. Set the first point of the arc. Either use A or B to move the cursor or type the x value.
Page 327 3. Set the lower bound for x. Either use A and B to move the cursor to the lower bound or type its x value. If you do not press A or B, or type an x value when setting the lower and Note: upper bound, will be used as the lower and upper bound,...
Page 328 6. Set the lower bound for x. Either use A and B to move the cursor to the lower bound or type its x value. If you do not press A or B, or type an x value when setting the lower and Note: upper bound, will be used as the lower and upper bound,...
Page 329 Polar Graphing Overview of Steps in Graphing Polar Equations To graph polar equations, use the same general steps used for functions as y(x) described in Basic Function Graphing. Any differences that apply to polar equations are described on the following pages. Graphing Polar Equations 1.
Page 330 4. Set the display style for an equation. You can set either the x or y component. 2 ˆ This is optional. For multiple equations, this helps visually distinguish one from another. 5. Define the viewing window (8 $). „ also changes the viewing Zoom window.
Page 331: Differences In Polar And Function Graphing
Use the „ • toolbar menu to zoom in or out on a portion of the graph. Zoom Use the ‡ • toolbar menu to find derivatives, tangents, etc. Some menu items Math are not available for polar graphs. Differences in Polar and Function Graphing This module assumes that you already know how to graph functions as described in y(x)
Page 332 You can use the command from the Home screen (see the Technical Reference Define module) to define functions and equations for any graphing mode, regardless of the current mode. The Y= Editor maintains an independent function list for each mode setting. For Graph example, suppose: •...
Page 333: Setting The Graph Format
Variable Description step Increment for the value. Polar equations are evaluated min) min+ step) min+2( step)) ... not to exceed ... max) xmin, xmax, Boundaries of the viewing window. ymin, ymax xscl, yscl Distance between tick marks on the x and y axes. You can use a negative q .
Page 334 ƒ – or – 8 Í to set . If , the polar equations will be graphed Coordinates = POLAR Coordinates = RECT properly, but coordinates will be displayed as x and y. When you trace a polar equation, the q coordinate is shown even if Coordinates = RECT Exploring a Graph As in function graphing, you can explore a graph by using the following tools.
Page 335 • Automatic panning is not available. If you move the cursor off the left or right side of the screen, the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 graphing calculator will not automatically pan the viewing window. However, you can use QuickCenter.
Page 336 Parametric Graphing Overview of Steps in Graphing Parametric Equations To graph parametric equations, use the same general steps used for functions as y(x) described in Basic Function Graphing. Any differences that apply to parametric equations are described on the following pages. Graping Parametic Equations 1.
Page 337 4. Set the display style for an equation. You can set either the x or y component. 2 ˆ This is optional. For multiple equations, this helps visually distinguish one from another. 5. Define the viewing window (8 $). „ also changes the viewing Zoom window.
Page 338 Use the „ • toolbar menu to zoom in or out on a portion of the graph. Zoom Use the ‡ • toolbar menu to find derivatives, tangents, etc. Some menu items Math are not available for parametric graphs. Differences in Parametric and Function Graphing This module assumes that you already know how to graph functions as described in y(x)
Page 339 In most cases, this refers to a nonexistent function. So the TI-89 Titanium simply returns the function name, not a number. When using , be sure implied multiplication is valid for your situation. You can use...
Page 340 Selecting the Display Style You can set the style for either the x or y component. For example, if you set the x component to , the TI-89 Titanium automatically sets the y component to Use the styles for interesting projectile-motion effects.
Page 341 Variable Description xscl, yscl Distance between tick marks on the x and y axes. from the „ Standard values (set when you select toolbar menu) are: 6:ZoomStd Zoom tmin = 0 xmin = ymin = (6.2831853... radians xmax = 10. ymax = 10.
Page 342 Tool For Parametric Graphs: „ Works just as it does for function graphs, with the Zoom following exceptions: xmin xmax xscl ymin ymax yscl • Only ) and Window variables are affected. tmin tmax tstep • Window variables ( ) are not 6:ZoomStd affected unless you select (which sets...
Page 343: Graphing Sequences
Sequence Graphing Overview of Steps in Graphing Sequences To graph sequences, use the same general steps used for functions as described in y(x) Basic Function Graphing. Any differences are described on the following pages. Graphing Sequences 1. Set mode (3) to Graph SEQUENCE Also set...
Page 344 5. Define the viewing window (8 $). „ also changes the viewing Zoom window. 6. Change the graph format if necessary. — or — 8 Í 7. Graph the selected equations (8 %). Exploring the Graph From the Graph screen, you can: •...
Page 345 Differences in Sequence and Function Graphing This module assumes that you already know how to graph functions as described in y(x) Basic Function Graphing. This section describes the differences that apply to sequences. Setting the Graph Mode Use 3 to set before you define sequences or set Window Graph = SEQUENCE variables.
Page 346 If a sequence requires an initial value but you do not enter one, you will get an error when graphing. On the Y= Editor, Axes lets you select the axes that are used to graph the sequences. Optionally, for sequences only, you can select different axes for the graph. TIME is the default.
Page 347 Selecting Sequences With TIME and WEB axes, the TI-89 Titanium graphs only the selected sequences. If you entered any sequences that require an initial value, you must enter the corresponding ui value. With TIME and CUSTOM axes, all defined sequences are evaluated even if they Note: are not plotted.
Page 348 Window Variables The Window Editor maintains an independent set of Window variables for each Graph mode setting (just as the Y= Editor maintains independent function lists). Sequence graphs use the following Window variables. Variable Description nmin, nmax Smallest and largest n values to evaluate. Sequences are evaluated at: u(nmin) u(nmin+1)
Page 349 from the „ Standard values (set when you select toolbar menu) are: 6:ZoomStd Zoom nmin = 1. xmin = ymin = nmax = 10. xmax = 10. ymax = 10. plotstrt = 1. xscl = 1. yscl = 1. plotstep = 1. You may need to change the standard values for the n and plot variables to ensure that sufficient points are plotted.
Page 350 With TIME axes (from Axes on the Y= Editor), you can set and still graph only plotstrt = 1 a selected part of the sequence. Simply define a viewing window that shows only the area of the coordinate plane you want to view. You could set: •...
Page 351 Tool For Sequence Graphs: „ Works just as it does for function graphs. Zoom xmin xmax xscl ymin ymax yscl • Only ) and Window variables are affected. nmin nmax plotStrt • The n and plot Window variables ( plotStep ) are not affected unless you select 6:ZoomStd (which sets all Window variables to their standard values).
Page 352 During a trace, you can evaluate a sequence by typing a value for n and pressing ¸. You can use QuickCenter at any time during a trace, even if the cursor is still on the screen. Setting Axes for Time, Web, or Custom Plots For sequences only, you can select different types of axes for the graph.
Page 353: Using Web Plots
Must be recursive with only one recursion level; but not • Cannot reference n directly. • Cannot reference any other defined sequence except itself. When You Display the Graph Screen After you select WEB axes and display the Graph screen, the TI-89 Titanium: Sequence Graphing...
Page 354 5 u1 n 1 – – and an initial value of ui1=1 The TI-89 Titanium draws the reference line and then plots y = – Drawing the Web After the sequence is plotted, the web may be displayed manually or automatically, depending on how you set on the AXES dialog box.
Page 355 3. Moves horizontally to the reference line. 4. Repeats this vertical and horizontal movement until n=nmax The web starts at . The value of n is incremented by 1 each time the web Note: plotstrt moves to the sequence ( is ignored).
Page 356 6. On the Window Editor, change the Window variables. nmin=1 xmin= ymin= nmax=25 xmax=10 ymax=10 plotstrt=1 xscl=1 yscl=1 plotstep=1 7. Regraph the sequence. u(n) Web plots are always shown as .8x + 3.6 lines, regardless of the selected display style. During a trace, you can Note: move the cursor to a specified n...
Page 357 Example: Divergence 1. On the Y= Editor (8 #), define u1(n) = 3.2u1(nN1) N .8(u1(nN1)) . Set initial value ui1 = 4.45. 2. Set Axes = TIME 3. On the Window Editor (8 $), set the Window variables. nmin=0 xmin=0 ymin= nmax=10 xmax=10...
Page 358 7. Regraph the sequence. The web plot shows how quickly the sequence diverges to large negative values. y=3.2x Example: Oscillation This example shows how the initial value can affect a sequence. 1. On the Y= Editor (8 #), use the same sequence defined in the divergence example: u1(n) = 3.2u1(nN1) N .8(u1(nN1)) .
Page 359: Using Custom Plots
6. On the Window Editor (8 $), set the Window variables. nmin=1 xmin=2.68 ymin=4.7 nmax=100 xmax=6.47 ymax=47 plotstrt=1 xscl=1 yscl=1 plotstep=1 7. Regraph the sequence. u(n) The web moves to an orbit Note: oscillating between two stable points. y=3.2x 8. Press …. Then use B to trace the web. As you trace to larger values of nc, notice that xc and yc oscillate between 2.05218 and 3.19782.
Page 360 Example: Predator-Prey Model Using the predator-prey model in biology, determine the numbers of rabbits and foxes that maintain population equilibrium in a certain region. Number of rabbits Growth rate of rabbits if there are no foxes (use .05) Rate at which foxes can kill rabbits (use .001) Number of foxes Growth rate of foxes if there are rabbits (use .0002) Death rate of foxes if there are no rabbits (use .03)
Page 361 3. On the Window Editor (8 $), set the Window variables. nmin=0 xmin=0 ymin=0 nmax=400 xmax=400 ymax=300 plotstrt=1 xscl=100 yscl=100 plotstep=1 4. Graph the sequence u(n) (8 %). u1(n) Use … to individually Note: trace the number of rabbits u2(n) and foxes over time u1(n)
Page 362 Using a Sequence to Generate a Table Previous sections described how to graph a sequence. You can also use a sequence to generate a table. Refer to for detailed information. Tables Example: Fibonacci Sequence In a Fibonacci sequence, the first two terms are 1 and 1. Each succeeding term is the sum of the two immediately preceding terms.
Page 363 3. Set Window variables (8 $) so that has the same value as nmin tblStart 4. Display the table (8 '). Fibonacci sequence is in column 2. 5. Scroll down the table (D or 2 D) to see more of the sequence. Sequence Graphing...
Page 364 3D Graphing Overview of Steps in Graphing 3D Equations To graph 3D equations, use the same general steps used for functions as described y(x) in Basic Function Graphing. Any differences that apply to 3D equations are described on the following pages. Graphing 3D Equations 1.
Page 365 5. Change the graph format if necessary. ƒ – or - 8 Í To help you see the orientation of Note: 3D graphs, turn on Axes and Labels 6. Graph the selected equations (8 %). Before displaying the graph, the Note: screen shows the “percent evaluated.”...
Page 366 Differences in 3D and Function Graphing This module assumes that you already know how to graph functions as described in y(x) Basic Function Graphing. This section describes the differences that apply to 3D equations. Setting the Graph Mode Use 3 to set before you define equations or set Window variables.
Page 367 • When you return to FUNCTION graphing mode, your functions are still defined y(x) in the Y= Editor. When you return to 3D graphing mode, your equations are z(x,y) still defined. You can use the command from the Home screen (see the Technical Note: Define Reference module) to define functions and equations for any graphing mode, regardless...
Page 368 Variable Description xmin, xmax, Boundaries of the viewing cube. ymin, ymax, zmin, zmax xgrid, ygrid The distance between xmin and xmax and between ymin and ymax is divided into the specified number of grids. The z(x,y) equation is evaluated at each grid point where the grid lines (or grid wires) intersect.
Page 369 If you enter a fractional number for , it is rounded to the nearest whole Note: xgrid ygrid number | 1. The 3D mode does not have Window variables, so you cannot set tick marks on the axes. from the „ Standard values (set when you select toolbar menu) are: 6:ZoomStd...
Page 370 8 Í to set Coordinates = POLAR Tool For 3D Graphs: Free-Moving The free-moving cursor is not available. Cursor „ Works essentially the same as it does for function graphs, Zoom but remember that you are now using three dimensions instead of two.
Page 371: Moving The Cursor In 3D
Tool For 3D Graphs: ‡ Only 1:Value is available for 3D graphs. This tool displays Math the z value for a specified x and y value. ¸ After selecting 1:Value, type the x value and press ¸ Then type the y value and press .
Page 372 You can move the cursor only within the x and y boundaries set by Window Note: variables , and xmin xmax ymin ymax Although the rules are straightforward, the actual cursor movement can be confusing unless you know the orientation of the axes. In 2D graphing, the x and y axes always have the same orientation relative to the Graph screen.
Page 373 … When you press , the trace cursor appears at the midpoint of the xy grid. Use the cursor pad to move the cursor to any edge. moves in a negative moves in a positive y direction, back to ymin. x direction, up to xmax.
Page 374 For example, consider a saddle shape z1(x,y) = (x ) / 3. The following graph shows the view looking down the y axis. Now look at the same shape at 10¡ from the x axis (eyeq = 10). You can move the cursor so If you cut away the front side, that it does not appear to be you can see the cursor is...
Page 375 For example, suppose you trace the paraboloid z(x,y) = x + .5y graphed with the indicated Window variables. You can easily move the cursor to a position such as: Trace cursor Valid trace coordinates Although the cursor is actually tracing the paraboloid, it appears off the curve because the trace coordinates: •...
Page 376 How the Viewing Angle Is Measured The viewing angle has three components: • q — angle in degrees from the positive x axis. • f — angle in degrees from the positive z axis. ψ — angle in degrees by which the •...
Page 377 Effect of Changing eyeq theta The view on the Graph screen is always oriented along the viewing angle. From this point of view, you can change q to rotate the viewing angle around the z axis. In this example eye z1(x,y) = (x y –...
Page 378 Effect of Changing eyef By changing f, you can elevate your viewing angle above the xy plane. If 90 < eye < , the viewing angle is below the xy plane. In this example eye z1(x,y) = (x y – y x) / 390 = 90 = 70...
Page 379 During rotation, the axes expand or contract to fit the screen’s width and height. Note: This causes some distortion as shown in the example. In this example, =20 and eye z1(x,y)=(x y–y x) / 390 ψ ψ = 45 ψ = 90 ψ...
Page 380: Animating A 3D Graph Interactively
As the z axis rotates 90¡, its range (L10 to 10 in this example) expands to almost twice its original length. Likewise, the x and y axes expand or contract. From the Home Screen or a Program ψ. You can access values are stored in the system variables f, and or store to these variables as necessary.
Page 381 The viewing orbit affects the eye Window variables in differing amounts. Note: Animating the Graph Do this: Animate the graph incrementally. Press and release the cursor quickly. Move along the viewing orbit. Change the viewing orbit’s elevation. (primarily increases or decreases Animate the graph continuously.
Page 382: Animating A Series Of Graph Pictures
Changing the Axes and Style Formats With its default settings, the TI-89 Titanium displays hidden surfaces on a 3D graph but does not display the axes. However, you can change the graph format at any time. Displaying the GRAPH FORMATS Dialog Box From the Y= Editor, Window Editor, or Graph screen, press: ƒ...
Page 383 – or - 8 Í • The dialog box shows the current graph format settings. • To exit without making a change, press To change any of these settings, use the same procedure that you use to change other types of dialog boxes, such as the MODE dialog box. Examples of Axes Settings To display the valid settings, highlight...
Page 384 Setting Labels = ON is helpful when you display either type of 3D axes. Note: Examples of Style Settings WIRE FRAME is faster to graph and may be more convenient when you’re Note: experimenting with different shapes. To display the valid Style settings, highlight the current setting and press B.
Page 385: Contour Plots
Optical illusions may be more noticeable with box axes. For example, it may not be immediately obvious which is the “front” of the box. Looking down Looking up from above the xy plane from below the xy plane ψ ψ = 20, eye = 55, eye = 20, eye...
Page 386 Selecting the Graph Format Style In 3D graphing mode, define an equation and graph it as you would any 3D equation, with the following exception. Display the GRAPH FORMATS dialog box by pressing ƒ from the Y= Editor, Window editor, or Graph screen. Then set: Style = CONTOUR LEVELS –...
Page 387 format as it does if you use: 8 Í Style z1(x,y)=(x y–y x) / 390 z1(x,y)=x +.5y –5 Looking down z axis CONTOUR LEVELS ψ Using eye =20, eye =70, eye CONTOUR LEVELS WIRE AND CONTOUR These examples use the same x, y, and z Window variable values as a Note: ZoomStd viewing cube.
Page 388 How Are Z Values Determined? You can set the ncontour Window variable (8 $) to specify the number of contours that will be evenly distributed along the displayed range of z values, where: – zmax zmin increment = -------------------------------- - ncontour The z values for the contours are: zmin + increment...
Page 389 Drawing a Contour for the Z Value of a Selected Point Interactively If a contour graph is currently displayed, you can specify a point on the graph and draw a contour for the corresponding z value. 1. To display the menu, press: Draw 2 ˆ...
Page 390 Drawing Contours for Specified Z Values From the Graph screen, display the Draw menu and then select . The Home 8:DrwCtour screen is displayed automatically with in the entry line. You can then specify DrwCtour one or more z values individually or generate a sequence of z values. Some examples are: DrwCtour 5 Draws a contour for z=5.
Page 391 • Because of possible long evaluation times, you first may want to experiment with your 3D equation by using Style=WIRE FRAME. The evaluation time is much shorter. Then, after you’re sure you have the correct Window variable values, display the Graph Formats dialog box and set Style=CONTOUR LEVELS or WIRE AND CONTOUR.
Page 392 4. Display the Graph Formats dialog box: 8 Í Turn on the axes, set , and return to Style = CONTOUR LEVELS the Window editor. 5. Press 8 % to graph the equation. It will take awhile to evaluate the graph; so be patient. When the graph is displayed, the complex modulus surface touches the xy plane at exactly the complex zeros of the polynomial: , and...
Page 393: Implicit Plots
Notes: • For more accurate estimates, increase the Window variables. xgrid ygrid However, this increases the graph evaluation time. When you animate the graph, the screen changes to normal view. Use p to toggle • between normal and expanded views. Implicit Plots An implicit plot is used primarily as a way to graph 2D implicit forms that cannot be graphed in function graphing mode.
Page 394 By using implicit plots in 3D graphing mode, you can graph these implicit forms without solving for y or x. Rearrange the implicit form as an f(x,y)–g(x,y)=0 equation set to zero. In the Y= Editor, enter the non-zero side z1(x,y)=f(x,y)–g(x,y) of the equation.
Page 395 From the Graph screen, you can switch to the other graph format styles by Note: and then set Style = IMPLICIT PLOT pressing: Í However, to return to IMPLICIT PLOT press: 8 Í • The viewing angle is set initially so that you are viewing the plot by looking down the z axis.
Page 396 These examples use the same x, y, and z Window variable values as a Note: ZoomStd viewing cube. If you use , press Z to look down the z axis. ZoomStd Notes About Implicit Plots For an implicit plot: • Window variable has no affect.
Page 397 Example Graph the equation sin(x +y–x y) = .1. 1. Use 3 to set Graph=3D 2. Press 8 #, and define the equation: z1(x,y)=sin(x^4+y– x^3y)–.1 3. Press 8 $, and set the Window variables as shown. 4. Press: 8 ÍTurn on the axes, set , and return to the Style = IMPLICIT PLOT Window editor.
Page 398 6. Use the cursor keys to animate the graph and view it from different eye angles. For more detail, increase the Note: xgrid In expanded view, this Window variables. However, ygrid example shows this increases the graph evaluation time. 127.85, =52.86, and ψ...
Page 399 Differential Equation Graphing Overview of Steps in Graphing Differential Equations To graph differential equations, use the same general steps used for functions as y(x) described in Basic Function Graphing. Any differences are described on the following pages. Graphing Differential Equations 1.
Page 400 4. Set the display style for a function. 2 ˆ 5. Set the graph format. Solution Method are unique to differential Fields equations. — or — 8 Í The Fields format is critical, Note: depending on the order of the equation. 6.
Page 401 8. Graph the selected functions (8 %). Differences in Diff Equations and Function Graphing This module assumes that you already know how to graph functions as described in y(x) Basic Function Graphing. This section describes the differences. Setting the Graph Mode Use 3 to set before you define differential equations or set Graph = DIFF EQUATIONS...
Page 402 You can use the command from the Home screen to define functions and Note: Define equations. When entering equations in the Y= Editor, do not use formats to refer to results. For y(t) example: Do not use implied multiplication between a variable and parenthetical expression.
Page 403 Selecting the Display Style With the Style menu, only the , and styles are Line Square Thick Animate Path available. mark only those discrete values (in increments) at which Square tstep a differential equation is plotted. 2 ˆ Setting Graph Formats From the Y= Editor, Window Editor, or Graph screen, press: —...
Page 404 Graph format Description Fields Specifies whether to draw a field for the differential equation. • SLPFLD — Draws a slope field for only one 1st-order equation, with t on the x axis and the solution on the y axis. • DIRFLD —...
Page 405 Axes Description TIME Plots t on the x axis and y (the solutions to the selected differential equations) on the y axis. CUSTOM Lets you select the x and y axes. Window Variables Differential equation graphs use the following Window variables. Depending on the graph formats, not all of these variables are listed in the Solution Method Fields...
Page 406 Variable Description tplot First t value plotted. If this is not a tstep increment, plotting begins at the next tstep increment. In some situations, the first points evaluated and plotted starting at t0 may not be interesting visually. By setting tplot greater than t0, you can start the plot at the interesting area, which speeds up the graphing time and avoids unnecessary clutter on the Graph screen.
Page 407 Variable Description When ncurves is used, t0 is set temporarily at the middle of the screen and initial conditions are distributed evenly along the y axis, where: ymax ymin – increment ------------------------------- - ncurves The y values for the initial conditions are: ymin + increment ù...
Page 408 . If you perform an operation that regraphs the plotted fldpic equations but does not affect the field, the TI-89 Titanium reuses the picture in fldpic instead of having to redraw the field. This can speed up the regraphing time significantly.
Page 409 Tool For Differential Equation Graphs: „ Works just as it does for function graphs. Zoom xmin xmax xscl ymin ymax yscl • Only ) and Window variables are affected. tmax tstep tplot • Window variables ( ) are not 6:ZoomStd affected unless you select (which sets all Window variables to their standard values).
Page 410 Setting the Initial Conditions You can enter initial conditions in the Y= Editor, let the TI-89 Titanium calculate initial conditions automatically, or select them interactively from the Graph screen. Entering Initial Conditions in the Y= Editor You can specify one or more initial conditions in the Y= Editor. To specify more than one, enter them as a list enclosed in braces { } and separated by commas.
Page 411 If You Do Not Enter an Initial Condition in the Y= Editor Window variable (8 $) specifies If you do not enter initial conditions, the ncurves the number of solution curves graphed automatically. By default, . You can ncurves = 0 enter a value from 0 through 10.
Page 412 Selecting an Initial Condition Interactively from the Graph Screen When a differential equation is graphed (regardless of whether a solution curve is displayed), you can select a point on the Graph screen and use it as an initial condition. If Fields = Do this: SLPFLD Press:...
Page 413 If Fields = Do this: FLDOFF • Press: 2 Š You are prompted to select the axes for which you want to enter initial conditions. t is a valid selection. It will let you specify a value for t0. Your selections will be used as the axes for the graph. •...
Page 414 Defining a System for Higher-Order Equations In the Y= Editor, you must enter all differential equations as 1st-order equations. If you have an nth-order equation, you must transform it into a system of n 1st-order equations. Transforming an Equation into a 1st-Order System A system of equations can be defined in various ways, but the following is a general method.
Page 415 In place of: Substitute: y'' = e Do not substitute y''' on the left side at y(4) this time. © © d) On the left side of the equation, substitute for the derivative value as shown below. In place of: Substitute: y’...
Page 416 2. On the applicable lines in the Y= Editor, define the system of equations as: y1' = y2 y2' = y3 y3' = y4 – up to – yn ' = your nth-order equation Based on the above substitutions, the y' lines in the Y= Editor represent: Note: y1' = y' y2' = y''...
Page 417 Example 1. Press 3 and set Graph=DIFF EQUATIONS 2. Define a system of equations for the 2nd- y'' + y = 0 order equation. y'' = y'' = Rewrite the equation and make the y2' = necessary substitutions. 3. In the Y= Editor (8 #), enter the yi1 is the initial system of equations.
Page 418 6. In the Y= Editor, press: 2 ‰and make sure with as the Axes = CUSTOM axes. cannot plot a Important: Fields=DIRFLD time axis. An error occurs if Invalid Axes or if t is set as a axis. Axes=TIME CUSTOM 7.
Page 419 To examine this harmonic oscillator in more detail, use a split screen to graph the manner in which y and y' change with respect to time (t). 9. Press 3 and change the mode settings on as shown. Then close Page 2 dialog box, which redraws the MODE...
Page 420 14. In the Window Editor, change ymin ymin= as shown to the right. ymax=2. ymax When you enter 2 mode, Note: -graph Window variables for the right side are set to their defaults. 15. Press 8 % to display the Graph screen for graph #2.
Page 421 Example 1. Press 3 and set Graph=DIFF EQUATIONS 2. Define a system of equations for the 3rd- y''' + 2y'' + 2y' + y = sin(x) order equation. y''' = sin(x) 2y'' Rewrite the equation and make the necessary substitutions. y''' = sin(t) 2y'' y''' = sin(t)
Page 422 6. Press: — or — 8 ÍSet Axes = ON Labels = ON , and Solution Method = RK Fields = FLDOFF For 3rd- or higher-order Important: equations, you must set Fields=FLDOFF Otherwise, an error Undefined variable occurs when graphing. 7.
Page 423: Setting Axes For Time Or Custom Plots
9. Display the Graph screen (8 %). To find the solution at a particular Note: time, use … to trace the graph. Setting Axes for Time or Custom Plots Setting the axes can give you great flexibility in graphing differential equations. Custom axes are particularly effective for showing different kinds of relationships.
Page 424: Example Of Time And Custom Axes
Item Description X Axis, Y Axis Active only when Axes = CUSTOM, these let you select what you want to plot on the x and y axes. t — time y — solutions (y1, y2, etc.) of all selected differential equations y' —...
Page 425 Predator-Prey Model Use the two coupled 1st-order differential equations: y1' = Ly1 + 0.1y1 ùy2 and y2' = 3y2 Ny1 ùy2 where: = Population of foxes yi1 = Initial population of foxes (2) = Population of rabbits yi2 = Initial population of rabbits (5) 1.
Page 426 4. In the Y= Editor, press: 2 ‰ Set Axes = TIME 5. In the Window Editor (8 $), set the Window variables. t0=0 ncurves=0 xmin= tmax=10 diftol=.001 xmax=10 tstep= xscl=5 tplot=0 ymin= ymax=40 yscl=5 6. Graph the differential equations (8 %).
Page 427 8. Return to the Y= Editor. Press: — or — 8 Í Fields = DIRFLD In this example, is used for Note: DIRFLD two related differential equations that do not represent a 2nd-order equation. 9. Press: 2 ‰ Confirm that the axes are set as shown. 10.
Page 428: Example Comparison Of Rk And Euler
13. Return to the Graph screen, which displays a curve for each pair of initial conditions. 14. Press … to trace. Then press ¸ to see the number of foxes ( ) and rabbits ) at Because , you can trace t0=0 tmax=10 in the range 0 ...
Page 429 ù 2. Express the 1st-order equation in terms of y1'=.001y1 (100 Do not use implied multiplication between the variable and parentheses. If you do, it is treated as a function call. 3. Enter the equation in the Y= Editor (8 #). 4.
Page 430 t0=0. ncurves=0. xmin= tmax=100. diftol=.001 xmax=100. Ê tstep=1. xscl=1. tplot=0. ymin= ymax=10 yscl=1. Ê Change from .1 (its default) to 1. Otherwise, calculates too Important: tstep BldData many rows for the data variable and a Dimension error occurs. 7. In the Home screen BldData rklog "...
Page 431 10. Use the (O) to Data/Matrix Editor create a new data variable named errorlog lets you combine the data Note: errorlog so that you can view rklog eulerlog the two sets of data side by side. Ê Ë Ì 11. In this new data variable, define the , and column headers to refer to data .
Page 432 15. The exact solution to the differential equation is given below. Enter it as y1. y1 = (100ùe^(x/10))/(e^(x/10)+9) You can use to find this Note: deSolve( ) You can use C to exact, general solution. , scroll up to see Plot 1 and Plot 2.
Page 433 20. Press … to trace, and then press C or D Euler (Plot 2) until is selected. (1 shows in upper RK (Plot 1) right corner.) Then enter 40. Exact solution (y1) y1 is selected when 1 shows here By moving the trace cursor to trace each solution to , you can find that: xc = 40 •...
Page 434 Example For a general solution, use the following syntax. For a particular solution, refer to the Technical Reference module. deSolve(1stOr2ndOrderODE, independentVar, dependentVar) Using the logistic 1st-order differential equation, find the general solution for y with respect to t. y' = 1/1000 yù(100Ny),t,y deSolve( Do not use implied multiplication between the 2 È...
Page 435 Before using , clear any existing t and y variables. Otherwise, an error occurs. deSolve( ) 1. In the Home screen " "use deSolve( ) find the general solution. @1 represents a constant. You may get a different constant (@2, etc.). 2.
Page 436: Troubleshooting With The Fields Graph Format
4. Evaluate the general solution ( ) with the constant to obtain the particular @1=9/100 solution shown. You can also use to solve this problem directly. Enter: deSolve( ) y' = 1/1000 yù(100Ny) and y(0)=10,t,y deSolve( Troubleshooting with the Fields Graph Format If you have difficulties graphing a differential equation, this section can help you correct the problem.
Page 437 If the equation is: Valid Fields settings are: 2nd-order DIRFLD or FLDOFF (system of two 1st-order equations) 3rd- or higher-order FLDOFF (system of three or more 1st-order equations) Because is the default Fields = SLPFLD setting, a common error message is shown to the right.
Page 438 Fields=SLPFLD † In the to select one and only one 1st-order equation. You Y= Editor can enter mulNotele equations, but only one at a time can be selected. The selected equation must not refer to any other equation in the Y= Editor. For example: If y1'=y2, an Undefined variable error occurs when you graph.
Page 439 Fields=DIRFLD In the Enter a valid system of two 1st-order equations. For Y= Editor information about defining a valid system for a 2nd-order equation, refer to Example of a 2nd-Order Equation. Set Axes = CUSTOM: 2 ‰ If Axes = TIME, an Invalid axes error occurs when you graph.
Page 440 In the Graph If the direction field is drawn but no curve is plotted, enter screen initial conditions in the Y= Editor or select one interactively from the Graph screen. If you did enter initial conditions, select ZoomFit: „ j The ncurves Window variable is ignored with DIRFLD.
Page 441 With custom If X Axis is not t, you must enter at least one initial condition axes for each equation in the Y= Editor (whether the equation is selected or not). Otherwise, a Diff Eq setup error occurs when you graph. In the Graph If no curve is graphed, set an initial condition.
Page 442: Generating A Table
Tables Overview of Steps in Generating a Table To generate a table of values for one or more functions, use the general steps shown below. For specific information about setting table parameters and displaying the table, refer to the following pages. Generating a Table 1.
Page 443: Setting Up The Table Parameters
5. Display the table (8 '). Exploring the Table From the Table screen, you can: • Scroll through the table to see values on other pages. • Highlight a cell to see its full value. • Change the table’s setup parameters. By changing the starting or incremental value used for the independent variable, you can zoom in or out on the table to see different levels of detail.
Page 444 Displaying the TABLE SETUP Dialog Box To display the TABLE SETUP dialog box, press 8 &. From the Table screen, you can also press „. Setup Parameter Description tblStart If Independent = AUTO and Graph < > Table = OFF, this specifies the starting value for the independent variable.
Page 445 Setup Parameter Description Independent AUTO — The TI-89 Titanium automatically generates a series of values for the independent variable based on tblStart, tbl, and Graph < - > Table. ASK — Lets you build a table manually by entering specific values for the independent variable.
Page 446 1. Use D and C to highlight the value or setting to change. 2. Specify the new value or setting. To change: Do this: tblStart Type the new value. The existing value is erased when you start to type. — or — Press to remove the highlighting.
Page 447: On/Off
• and Independent by using the function. Refer to the Graph < > Table setTable Technical Reference module. Displaying an Automatic Table on the dialog box, a table is generated Independent = AUTO TABLE SETUP automatically when you display the Table screen. If Graph < - > Table , the table = ON matches the trace values from the Graph screen.
Page 448 First column shows values of Other columns show corresponding the independent variable. values of the functions selected in the Y= Editor. Header row shows names of independent variable (x) and selected functions (y1). Entry line shows full value of highlighted cell. You can scroll back from the starting value by pressing C or 2 C.
Page 449 Changing the Cell Width Cell width determines the maximum number of digits and symbols (decimal point, minus sign, and “í” for scientific notation) that can be displayed in a cell. All cells in the table have the same width. By default, the cell width is Note: To change the cell width from the Table...
Page 450 • If a number’s magnitude is too large for the current cell width, the number is rounded and shown in scientific notation. • If the cell width is too narrow even for scientific notation, “...” is shown. Notes: • If a function is undefined at a particular value, undef is displayed in the cell. Use 3 to set the display modes.
Page 451 If Results are Complex Numbers A cell shows as much as possible of a complex number (according to the current display modes) and then shows “...” at the end of the displayed portion. When you highlight a cell containing a complex number, the entry line shows the real and imaginary parts with a maximum of four digits each (FLOAT 4).
Page 452 Press „ or ¹ & to display the TABLE SETUP dialog box. Then make your changes. Building a Manual (Ask) Table on the TABLE SETUP dialog box, the TI-89 Titanium lets you build Independent = ASK a table manually by entering specific values for the independent variable.
Page 453 Header row shows names of independent variable (x) and selected functions (y1). Enter a value here. If you first display an automatic table and then change it to , the table Independent = ASK continues to show the same values. However, you can no longer see additional values by scrolling up or down off the screen.
Page 454 Enter values in any numerical order. Enter a new value here. Shows full value of highlighted cell. In this example, you can move the cursor to column 2, but you can enter values in Note: column 1 only. Entering a List in the Independent Variable Column 1.
Page 455 Adding, Deleting, or Clearing Do this: Insert a new row Highlight a cell in the specified row and above a specified row press: 2 ˆ The new row is undefined (undef) until you enter a value for the independent variable. ‡...
Page 456 Tables...
Page 457: Collecting Data Points From A Graph
Additional Graphing Topics Collecting Data Points from a Graph From the Graph screen, you can store sets of coordinate values and/or math results for later analysis. You can store the information as a single-row matrix (vector) on the Home screen or as data points in a system data variable that can be opened in the Data/Matrix Editor.
Page 458 8 · Displayed coordinates are Displayed coordinates are added to the Home screen’s stored in a data variable named history area (but not the entry sysData, which you can open in line) as a single-row matrix or the Data/Matrix Editor. vector.
Page 459: Graphing A Function
• If the Graph screen contains a function or stat plot that references the current contents of , this command will not operate. sysData Graphing a Function Defined on the Home Screen In many cases, you may create a function or expression on the Home screen and then decide to graph it.
Page 460 Copying from the Home Screen to the Y= Editor If you have an expression on the Home screen, you can use any of the following methods to copy it to the Y= Editor. Method Description ƒ Copy and 1. Highlight the expression on the Home screen. Press paste and select 5:Copy.
Page 461 Method Description 2 £ If the expression is already stored to a variable: 1. Display the Y= Editor, highlight the desired function, and ¸ press 2 £ 2. Press . Type the variable name that contains ¸ the expression, and press twice.
Page 462 If the expression is in Use the Graph command terms of: as shown in this example: A non-native independent ù Graph 1.25a cos(a),a variable Specify the independent variable; otherwise, you may get an error. uses the current Window variable settings and is available from the Home Note: Graph screen’s †...
Page 463: Graphing A Piecewise Defined Function
command (available from the Home screen’s † • Execute the toolbar ClrGraph Other menu). – or – • Display the Y= Editor. The next time you display the Graph screen, it will use the functions selected on the Y= Editor. Extra Benefits of User-Defined Functions You can define a user-defined function in terms of any independent variable.
Page 464 two-piece functions. For three or more pieces, it may be easier to create a multi- statement, user-defined function. Using the When Function To define a two-piece function, use the syntax: when(condition, trueExpression, falseExpression) For example, suppose you want to graph a function with two pieces. When: Use expression: x <...
Page 465 To enter , type it or use the Note: when CATALOG When: Use expression: 4 sin(x) x < 2x + 6 and x < 0 | M p 6 – x In the Y= Editor: where: ù y1(x)=when(x<0,when(x< sin(x),2x+6),6 x^2) This nested function is in effect when x<0.
Page 466 For example, consider the previous three-piece function. When: Use expression: 4 sin(x) x < 2x + 6 and x < 0 | M p 6 – x For information about similarities and differences between functions and Note: programs, refer to Programming. A multi-statement, user-defined function can have many of the control and decision- making structures ( , etc.) used in programming.
Page 467: Graphing A Family Of Curves
Use a colon (:) to separate each statement. ù Func:If x< Then:Return 4 sin(x): ... :EndIf:EndFunc In the Y= Editor: Only Func is shown for a multi-statement function. Enter a multi-statement function on one line. Be sure to include colons. From the Home Screen or a Program From the Home screen, you can also use the command to create a multi-...
Page 468 Examples Using the Y= Editor Enter the expression and graph the functions. {2,4,6} sin(x) Enclose list elements in braces (2 [ and 2 \) and separate them with Note: commas. Graphs three functions: 2 sin(x), 4 sin(x), 6 sin(x) Enter the expression and graph the functions.
Page 469 graph {2,4,6}sin(x) graph {2,4,6}sin({1,2,3}x) Simultaneous Graphs with Lists When the graph format is set for , the functions are graphed in Graph Order = SIMUL groups according to the element number in the list. For these example functions, the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™...
Page 470 Using the Two-Graph Mode In two-graph mode, the calculator’s graph-related features are duplicated, giving you two independent graphing calculators. The two-graph mode is only available in split screen mode. For more information about split screens, refer to Split Screens. Setting the Mode Several mode settings affect the two-graph mode, but only two settings are required.
Page 471 • = application for top or left side Page 2: Split 1 App • = application for bottom or right Split 2 App side • mode for bottom or right side Graph 2 = Graph • 4. Press ¸ to close the dialog box. The Two-Graph Screen A two-graph screen is similar to a regular split screen.
Page 472 • Window Editor variables. • Table setup parameters and Table screens. • Graph formats such as , etc. Coordinates Axes • Graph screens. • Y= Editors. However, both graphs share common function and stat plot definitions. The Y= Editor is completely independent only when the two sides use different Note: graphing modes (as described below).
Page 473 • When both sides use the same graphing mode, each side shows the same function list. You can use † to select different functions and stat plots (indicated by Ÿ) for each side. If you set a display style for a function, that style is used by both sides.2 ˆ...
Page 474 Use 3 to set , or exit the split screen by setting Number of Graphs = 1 Split Screen = FULL – or – Press 2 K twice. This always exits a split screen and returns to a full-sized Home screen. You can display non-graph-related applications (such as the Home screen) on only Note: one side at a time.
Page 475: Drawing A Function Or Inverse On A Graph
To switch the active sides, press 2 a or use the function, switch switch(1) switch(2) Drawing a Function or Inverse on a Graph For comparison purposes, you may want to draw a function over your current graph. Typically, the drawn function is some variation of the graph. You can also draw the inverse of a function.
Page 476 2. On the Graph screen, press: 2 ˆ and select 2:DrawFunc To display the Home screen and put in the entry line, press:2 ˆ DrawFunc 3. On the Home screen, specify the function DrawFunc y1(x) to draw. 4. Press ¸ to draw the function on the Graph screen.
Page 477 1. On the Graph screen, press: 2 ˆ and select 3:DrawInv To display the Home screen and put in the entry line, press: DrawInv 2 ˆ 2. On the Home screen, specify the inverse DrawInv y1(x) function. 3. Press ¸. The inverse is plotted as instead of (y,x)
Page 478 From the Graph screen: 2 ˆ • and select 1:ClrDraw – or – Press † to regraph. • You can also enter on the Home screen’s entry line. Note: ClrDraw You can also do anything that causes the Smart Graph feature to redraw the graph (such as change the Window variables or deselect a function on the Y= Editor).
Page 479 Drawing a Point or a Freehand Line From the Graph screen: 1. 2 ‰ and select 1:Pencil 2. Move the cursor to the applicable location. To draw a: Do this: ¸ Point (pixel-sized) Press ¤ Freehand line Press and hold , and move the cursor to draw the line.
Page 480 Erasing Individual Parts of a Drawing Object From the Graph screen: 1. 2 ‰ and select . The cursor is shown as a small box. 2:Eraser 2. Move the cursor to the applicable location. To erase: Do this: ¸ Area under the box Press ¤...
Page 481: Drawing A Circle
2. Move the cursor to the 1st point, and press ¸. 3. Move to the 2nd point, and press ¸. (As you move, a line extends from the 1st point to the cursor.) Use 2 to move the cursor in larger increments; 2 B, etc. Note: After drawing the line, you are still in Line...
Page 482 Drawing a Horizontal or Vertical Line From the Graph screen: 1. 2 ‰ and select . A horizontal or vertical line and a flashing cursor 5:Horizontal 6:Vertical are displayed on the screen. If the line is initially displayed on an axis, it may be difficult to see. However, you can easily see the flashing cursor.
Page 483 2. As necessary, use D and C to select the applicable function. 3. Move the cursor to the tangent point, and press ¸. The tangent line is drawn, and its equation is displayed. value and press ¸. To set the tangent point, you can also type its Note: Drawing a Line Based on a Point and a Slope To draw a line through a specified point with a specified slope, execute the...
Page 484 Typing Text Labels From the Graph screen: 1. 2 ‰ and select 7:Text 2. Move the text cursor to the location where you want to begin typing. 3. Type the text label. After typing the text, you are still in “text”...
Page 485 Saving and Opening a Picture of a Graph You can save an image of the current Graph screen in a PICTURE (or PIC) variable. Then, at a later time, you can open that variable and display the image. This saves the image only, not the graph settings used to produce it.
Page 486 Saving a Portion of the Graph Screen You can define a rectangular box that encloses only the portion of the Graph screen that you want to save. 1. @ 2 ‰ and select 8:Save Picture A box is shown around the outer edge of the screen.
Page 487 Opening a Graph Picture When you open a graph picture, it is superimposed over the current Graph screen. To display only the picture, use the Y= Editor to deselect any other functions before opening the graph picture. From the Graph screen: 1.
Page 488 Deleting a Graph Picture Unwanted Picture variables take up calculator memory. To delete a variable, use the VAR-LINK screen (2 °) as described in Memory and Variable Management. From a Program or the Home Screen To save ( ) and open ( ) a graph picture, use the store recall...
Page 489 ] [, ] [, CyclePic picNameString wait cycles direction Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ê base name of pictures in quotes, such as "pic" Ë # of pictures to cycle Ì seconds between Í # of times to repeat cycle Example This example program (named ) generates 10 views of a 3D graph, with each view...
Page 490 Technical Reference module. For information about using the Program Editor, refer to Programming. Program Listing Every Other Graph from Program :cyc() :Prgm :local I :¦Set mode and Window variables :setMode(“graph”,”3d”) :70!eyef :M10!xmin :10!xmax :14!xgrid :M10!ymin :10!ymax :14!ygrid :M10!zmin :10!zmax :1!zscl :¦Define the function :(x^3ùy–y^3ùx)/390!z1(x,y) :¦Generate pics and rotate...
Page 491: Saving And Opening A Graph Database
Comments start with ¦. Press: Due to its complexity, this program takes several minutes to run. Note: After entering this program on the Program Editor, go to the Home screen and enter cyc( ) Saving and Opening a Graph Database A graph database is the set of all elements that define a particular graph.
Page 492 A graph database does not include drawn objects or stat plots. In two-graph mode, the elements for both graphs are saved in a single database. Note: Saving the Current Graph Database From the Y= Editor, Window Editor, Table screen, or Graph screen: 1.
Page 493: Deleting A Graph Database
From the Y= Editor, Window Editor, Table screen, or Graph screen: 1. Press ƒ and select 1:Open 2. Select the folder and variable that contain the graph database you want to open. Note: If you start from 3. Press ¸. the Graph screen, be sure to use Type=GDB.
Page 494 Split Screens Setting and Exiting the Split Screen Mode To set up a split screen, use the MODE dialog box to specify the applicable mode settings. After you set up the split screen, it remains in effect until you change it. Setting the Split Screen Mode 1.
Page 495 When you set Split Screen = TOP-BOTTOM or LEFT-RIGHT, previously dimmed modes such as Split 2 App become active. Setting the Initial Applications Before pressing ¸ to close the MODE dialog box, you can use the Split 1 App modes to select the applications Split 2 App you want to use.
Page 496 For a list of drawing commands, refer to “Drawing on the Graph Screen” in Programming. • Due to the border that indicates the active application, split screens have a smaller displayable area than a full screen. TI-89 Titanium: Split 1 App Split 2 App Split Ratio FULL 0 –...
Page 497 Split 1 App Split 2 App Split Ratio TOP–BOTTOM 0 – 154 0 – 34 0 – 154 0 – 34 LEFT–RIGHT 0 – 76 0 – 72 0 – 76 0 – 72 Voyage™ 200: Split 1 App Split 2 App Split Ratio FULL...
Page 498 Press 2 K twice to display a full-sized Home Method 2: screen. When You Turn Off the Calculator Turning the calculator off does not exit the split screen mode. If the calculator is turned off: When you turn the calculator on again: The split screen is still in effect, but the When you press...
Page 499 Split-screen indicator Names of open Apps Split screen indicator Description Top-bottom split screen • indicates the application that will appear in the top portion of the screen. • indicates the application that will appear in the bottom portion of the screen. The highlighted numeral indicates the active portion of the split screen.
Page 500 Selecting the Active Application With a split screen, only one of the two applications can be active at a time. You can easily switch between existing applications, or you can open a different application. The Active Application • The active application is indicated by a thick border. •...
Page 501 Toolbar is for Graph screen. Thick border indicates the Graph screen is active. Graph screen does not have an entry line. Opening a Different Application 1. Use 2 a to switch to the application you Method 1: want to replace. 2.
Page 502 Using 2nd QUIT to Display the Home Screen Pressing 2 K twice always exits the split screen mode. Note: If the Home screen: Pressing Is not already displayed Opens the Home screen in place of the active application. Is displayed, but is not the active Switches to the Home screen and application makes it the active application.
Page 503 Both splits use the same methods to select an Note: Top-Bottom Left-Right application. Split Screens...
Page 504 Data/Matrix Editor Overview of List, Data, and Matrix Variables To use the Data/Matrix Editor effectively, you must understand list, data, and matrix variables. List Variable A list is a series of items (numbers, expressions, or character strings) that may or may not be related.
Page 505: Data Variable
On the Home screen (or anywhere else you can use a list), you can enter a list as a series of elements enclosed in braces { } and separated by commas. Although you must use commas to separate elements on the entry line, spaces separate the elements in the history area.
Page 506 For stat calculations, columns must have the same length. Note: From the Home screen or a program, you NewData data1,list1,list2 can use the command to create NewData Ê Ë a data variable that consists of existing lists. Ê Name of data variable to create Ë...
Page 507 Matrix Variable A matrix is a rectangular array of elements. When you create a matrix in the Data/Matrix Editor, you must specify the number of rows and columns (although you can add or delete rows and columns later). In the Data/Matrix Editor, a matrix variable: •...
Page 508 Starting a Data/Matrix Editor Session Each time you start the Data/Matrix Editor, you can create a new variable, resume using the current variable (the variable that was displayed the last time you used the Data/Matrix Editor), or open an existing variable. Creating a New Data, Matrix, or List Variable 1.
Page 509 Item Lets you: Variable Type a new variable name. If you specify a variable that already exists, an error ¸ message will be displayed when you press . When ¸ you press to acknowledge the error, the NEW dialog box is redisplayed. Row dimension If Type = Matrix, type the number of rows and columns in...
Page 510 Creating a New Variable from the Data/Matrix Editor From the Data/Matrix Editor: 1. Press ƒ and select 3:New 2. Specify the type, folder, and variable name. For a matrix, also specify the number of rows and columns. Opening Another Variable You can open another variable at any time.
Page 511: Entering And Viewing Cell Values
Deleting a Variable Because all Data/Matrix Editor variables are saved automatically, you can accumulate quite a few variables, which take up memory. To delete a variable, use the VAR-LINK screen (2 °). For information about VAR-LINK, refer to Memory and Variable Management. Entering and Viewing Cell Values If you create a new variable, the Data/Matrix Editor is initially blank (for a list or data variable) or filled with zeros (for a matrix).
Page 512 When values are entered, the entry line shows the full value of the highlighted cell. Use the title cell at the very top of each column to identify the information in that Note: column. Entering or Editing a Value in a Cell You can enter any type of expression in a cell (number, variable, function, string, etc.).
Page 513 Scrolling through the Editor To move the cursor: Press: One cell at a time , or One page at a time and then , or Go to row 1 in the current column or to the last row that contains data for any column on the screen, respectively.
Page 514 • In a list variable, a cell in the gap is undefined until you enter a value for the cell. & If you enter more than one column of elements in a list variable, it is converted Note: automatically into a data variable. •...
Page 515 Changing the Cell Width The cell width affects how many characters are displayed in any cell. To change the cell width in the Data/Matrix Editor: 1. To display the dialog box, press: FORMATS ƒ – or – 8 Í Cell width is the maximum number of characters that can be displayed in a cell.
Page 516: Defining A Column Header With An Expression
Clearing a Column or all Columns This procedure erases the contents of a column. It does not delete the column. To clear: Do this: A column 1. Move the cursor to any cell in the column. Press: 2 ˆ and select 5:Clear Column. (This item is not available for a matrix.) ƒ...
Page 517 1. Move the cursor to any cell in the column and press †. – or – , etc.) and press ¸. Move the cursor to the header cell ( Notes: ¸ is not required if you want to type a new definition or replace the existing •...
Page 518 Press A or B to remove the highlighting. Then edit the old expression. • To cancel any changes, press N before pressing ¸. Note: You can use an expression that: For example: Generates a series of numbers. c1=seq(x^2,x,1,5) c1={1,2,3,4,5} ù Refers to another column.
Page 519 Clearing a Header Definition 1. Move the cursor to any cell in the column and press †. – or – , etc.) and press ¸. Move the cursor to the header cell ( 2. Press M to clear the highlighted expression. 3.
Page 520 If you have a CBL 2™ or CBR™, use these techniques for your collected lists. Use Note: 2 ° to see existing list variables. To Fill a Matrix with a List You cannot use the Data/Matrix Editor to fill a matrix with a list. However, you can use command from the Home screen or a program.
Page 521 and you make changes as described above, the header Auto-calculate = OFF definitions are not recalculated until you set Auto-calculate = ON You may want to set to make changes without recalculating Note: Auto-calculate = OFF each time, enter a definition such as c1=c2+c3 before you enter columns 2 and 3, or override any errors in a definition until you can debug the error.
Page 522 Ê Ë Ê c2=shift(c1,2) Ë c3=shift(c1, Ì Shifted columns have the same length as the base Í Last two elements of c1 shift down and out the Ì bottom; undefined elements shift into the top. Î Î Í First two elements of c1 shift up and out the top; undefined elements shift into the bottom.
Page 523 Sorting Columns After entering information in a data, list, or matrix variable, you can easily sort a specified column in numeric or alphabetical order. You can also sort all columns as a whole, based on a “key” column. Sorting a Single Column In the Data/Matrix Editor: 1.
Page 524 Sorting All Columns Based on a “Key” Column Consider a database structure in which each column along the same row contains related information (such as a student’s first name, last name, and test scores). In such a case, sorting only a single column would destroy the relationship between the columns. In the Data/Matrix Editor: 1.
Page 525 Saving a Copy of a List, Data, or Matrix Variable You can save a copy of a list, data, or matrix variable. You can also copy a list to a data variable, or you can select a column from a data variable and copy that column to a list. Valid Copy Types You can copy a: To a:...
Page 526 2. Press ƒ and select 2:Save Copy As 3. In the dialog box: • Select the for the Type Folder copy. • Type a variable name for the copy. Ê • When available, select the column to copy from. If you type the name of an existing Note: variable, its contents will be replaced.
Page 527 Data/Matrix Editor...
Page 528: Overview Of Steps In Statistical Analysis
Statistics and Data Plots Overview of Steps in Statistical Analysis This section gives an overview of the steps used to perform a statistical calculation or graph a statistical plot. For detailed descriptions, refer to the following pages. 1. Set Graph mode (3) to FUNCTION 2.
Page 529: Performing A Statistical Calculation
6. Change the graph format if necessary. 7. , — or — 8 Í Graph the selected equations (8 %). Performing a Statistical Calculation From the Data/Matrix Editor, use the ‡ toolbar menu to perform statistical Calc calculations. You can analyze one-variable or two-variable statistics, or perform several types of regression analyses.
Page 530 From the Data/Matrix Editor: 1. Press ‡ to display the dialog Calculate Pathname of the data box. variable This example shows all items as active. On your calculator, items are active only if they are valid for the current settings of Calculation Type Freq and Categories.
Page 531 2. Specify applicable settings for the active items. Item Description Calculation Select the type of calculation. Type Type the column number in the Data/Matrix Editor (C1, C2, etc.) used for x values, the independent variable. Type the column number used for y values, the dependent variable.
Page 532 To use an existing list variable for x, y, Freq, or Category, type the list name Note: instead of a column number. An example using Freq, Category, and Include Categories is available. 3. Press ¸ after typing in an input box, press ¸ twice). The results are displayed on the screen.
Page 533: Statistical Calculation Types
Previous results are cleared when you: • Edit the data points or change the Calculation Type. • Open another data variable or reopen the same data variable (if the calculation referred to a column in a data variable). Results are also cleared if you leave and then reopen the Data/Matrix Editor with a data variable.
Page 534 Selecting the Calculation Type From the Calculate dialog box (‡), highlight the current setting for the Calculation Type and press B. You can then select from a menu of available types. If an item is dimmed, it is not valid for the current Calculation Type.
Page 535 Calc Type Description LinReg Linear regression — Fits the data to the model y=ax+b (where a is the slope, and b is the y-intercept) using a least- squares fit and x and y. LnReg Logarithmic regression — Fits the data to the model equation y=a+b ln(x) using a least-squares fit and transformed values ln(x) and y.
Page 536: Statistical Variables
Calc Type Description QuartReg Quartic regression — Fits the data to the fourth-order polynomial y=ax + dx+e. You must have at least five data points. • For five points, the equation is a polynomial fit. • For six or more points, it is a polynomial regression. SinReg Sinusoidal regression —...
Page 537 Management. All statistical variables are cleared when you edit the data or change the calculation type. Other conditions that clear the variables are listed. Calculated Variables Statistical variables are stored as system variables. However, regCoef regeq treated as a list and a function variable, respectively. Regressions mean of x values ü...
Page 538 Regressions maximum of x values maxX maxX minimum of y values minY maximum of y values maxY 1st quartile median medStat 3rd quartile regression equation regeq regression coefficients regCoef (a, b, c, d, e) correlation coefficient †† corr coefficient of determination †† summary points medx1, medy1, (MedMed only) †...
Page 539: Defining A Statistical Plot
• 1st quartile is the median of points between , and 3rd quartile is minX medStat the median of points between medStat maxX Defining a Statistical Plot From the Data/Matrix Editor, you can use the entered data to define several types of statistical plots.
Page 540 4. Specify applicable settings for the active items. Item Description Plot Type Select the type of plot. Mark Select the symbol used to plot the data points: Box ( › Cross (x), Plus (+), Square ( ), or Dot ( ¦...
Page 541 • Plots defined with column numbers always use the last data variable in the Data/Matrix Editor, even if that variable was not used to create the definition. • To use an existing list variable for x, y, Freq, or Category, type the list name instead of the column number.
Page 542: Statistical Plot Types
• Execute a Graph command. • Open a different variable in the Data/Matrix Editor. Copying a Plot Definition From Plot Setup 1. Highlight the plot and press „. 2. Press B and select the plot number that you want to copy to. 3.
Page 543 Scatter Data points from x and y are plotted as coordinate pairs. Therefore, the columns or lists that you specify for x and y must be the same length. • Plotted points are shown with the symbol that you select as the Mark. •...
Page 544 Box Plot This plots one-variable data with respect to the minimum and maximum data points ) in the set. minX maxX • A box is defined by its first quartile ( Q1 Med Q3 median ( ), and third quartile ( •...
Page 545 Histogram This plots one-variable data as a histogram. The x axis is divided into equal widths called buckets or bars. The height of each bar (its y value) indicates how many data points fall within the bar’s range. • When defining the plot, xmax –...
Page 546 • When you trace (…) a histogram, the Trace cursor screen shows information about the traced bar. Range of the traced bar # of data points in the traced bar Using the Y= Editor with Stat Plots The previous sections described how to define and select stat plots from the Data/Matrix Editor.
Page 547 Showing the List of Stat Plots Press 8 # to display the Y= Editor. Initially, the nine stat plots are located “off the top” of the screen, above the functions. However, the PLOTS indicator provides some y(x) information. For example, PLOTS 23 means that Plots 2 &...
Page 548: Graphing And Tracing A Defined Stat Plot
Plots defined with column numbers always use the last data variable in the Note: Data/Matrix Editor, even if that variable was not used to create the definition. Do this: … Edit a plot definition Highlight the plot and press . You will see the same definition screen that is displayed in the Data/Matrix Editor.
Page 549 Defining the Viewing Window Stat plots are displayed on the current graph, and they use the Window variables that are defined in the Window Editor. Use 8 $ to display the Window Editor. You can either: • Enter appropriate values. —...
Page 550 Changing the Graph Format Press: — or — 8 Í from the Y= Editor, Window Editor, or Graph screen. Then change the settings as necessary. Tracing a Stat Plot From the Graph screen, press … to trace a plot. The movement of the trace cursor depends on the Plot Type.
Page 551: Using Frequencies And Categories
When you press C or D to move to another plot or function, tracing moves to the y(x) current or beginning point on that plot (not to the nearest pixel). Using Frequencies and Categories To manipulate the way in which data points are analyzed, you can use frequency values and/or category values.
Page 552 • In the Data/Matrix Editor, you can enter the test scores and frequency values in two columns. Test Frequency scores values These weighted scores are equivalent to the single column of scores listed to the right. Ê Ê Ë Ë Ë...
Page 553 Set this to YES. Type the column number (or list name) that contains the frequency values. You can also use frequency values from a list variable instead of a column. Note: Example of a Category Column In a data variable, you can use any column to specify a category (or subset) value for the data points on each row.
Page 554 In the Data/Matrix Editor, you can enter the scores and the category values in two columns. Test scores Category values To use category values, specify the category column and the category values to include in the analysis when you perform a statistical calculation or define a stat plot. Statistics and Data Plots...
Page 555 Set this to YES. Type the column number (or list name) that contains the category values. Within braces { }, type the category values to use, separated by commas. (Do not type a column number or list name.) You can also use category values from a list variable instead of a column. Note: To analyze: Include Categories:...
Page 556 Temperature data in a list variable called temp • Time data in a list variable called time After you store the CBL 2 information on the TI-89 Titanium, there are two ways to use the CBL 2 list variables. Statistics and Data Plots...
Page 557 For specifics about using the CBL 2 and retrieving data to the TI-89 Titanium, refer Note: to the guidebook that comes with the CBL 2 unit. Referring to the CBL 2™ Lists When you perform a statistical calculation or define a plot, you can refer explicitly to the CBL 2 list variables.
Page 558 • From the Home screen or a program, use the command. NewData ] [, ] ... NewData dataVar list1 list2 list3 CBL 2 list variable names. In the new data variable, list1 will be copied to column 1, list 2 to column 2, etc. Name of the new data variable that you want to create.
Page 559 CBR™ You can also use the Calculator-Based Ranger™ (CBR) to explore the mathematical and scientific relationships between distance, velocity, acceleration, and time using data collected from activities you perform. Statistics and Data Plots...
Page 560: Running A Program
Programming Running an Existing Program After a program is created (as described in the remaining sections of this module), you can run it from the Home screen. The program’s output, if any, is displayed on the Program I/O screen, in a dialog box, or on the Graph screen. Running a Program On the Home screen: 1.
Page 561 Arguments specify initial values for a program. Note: When you run a program, the TI-89 Titanium automatically checks for errors. For example, the following message is displayed if you: • Do not enter ( ) after the program name. This error message appears if you: •...
Page 562 • Graph-related commands typically use the Graph screen. After the program stops, the TI-89 Titanium shows the last screen that was displayed. The Program I/O Screen On the Program I/O screen, new output is displayed below any previous output (which may have been displayed earlier in the same program or a different program).
Page 563 On the Program I/O screen: ‡ toolbar is available; all others are dimmed. Last output There is no entry line. To clear any previous output, enter the command in your program. You can Note: also execute from the Home screen. When a program stops on the Program I/O screen, you need to recognize that it is not the Home screen (although the two screens are similar).
Page 564 Starting a Program Editor Session Each time you start the Program Editor, you can resume the current program or function (that was displayed the last time you used the Program Editor), open an existing program or function, or start a new program or function. Starting a New Program or Function 1.
Page 565 Item Lets you: Variable Type a variable name for the program or function. If you specify a variable that already exists, an error message ¸ will be displayed when you press . When you press ¸ to acknowledge the error, the NEW dialog box is redisplayed.
Page 566 Starting a New Program from the Program Editor To leave the current program or function and start a new one: 1. Press ƒ and select 3:New 2. Specify the type, folder, and variable for the new program or function. 3. Press ¸ twice. Opening a Previous Program You can open a previously created program or function at any time.
Page 567: Overview Of Entering A Program
Copying a Program In some cases, you may want to copy a program or function so that you can edit the copy while retaining the original. 1. Display the program or function you want to copy. 2. Press ƒ and select 2:Save Copy As 3.
Page 568 Entering and Editing Program Lines On a blank template, you can begin entering commands for your new program. Program name, which you specify when you create a new program. Enter your program commands between Prgm and EndPrgm. All program lines begin with a colon. Use the cursor pad to scroll through the program for entering or editing commands.
Page 569 Entering Comments A comment symbol (¦) lets you enter a remark in a program. When you run the program, all characters to the right of ¦ are ignored. :prog1() :Prgm Ê :¦Displays sum of 1 thru n :Request "Enter an integer",n Ë...
Page 570 • Control structures such as commands use a conditional test to decide If...EndIf which part of a program to execute. • Loops commands such as repeat a group of commands. For...EndFor Using Indentation For more complex programs that :If x>5 Then and loop structures If...EndIf Disp "x is >...
Page 571: Getting Values Into A Program
Displaying a calculation result :cos(p/4)!maximum does not store that result. If you :Disp maximum need to refer to a result later, store it to a variable. A list of output commands is available. Note: Getting Values into a Program To input values into a program, you can: Require the users to store a value (with §) to the necessary variables before •...
Page 572: Example Of Passing Values To A Program
Example of Passing Values to a Program The following program draws a circle on the Graph screen and then draws a horizontal line across the top of the circle. Three values must be passed to the program: x and y coordinates for the circle’s center and the radius r.
Page 573: Overview Of Entering A Function
• To run the program from the Home screen: The user must specify the circ(0,0,5) applicable values as Passed to r arguments within the ( ). Passed to y Passed to x The arguments, in order, are passed to the program. This example assumes that the user enters values that can be displayed by the Note: viewing window set up by...
Page 574: Differences Between Functions And Programs
• You can create functions that expand on the TI-89 Titanium’s built-in functions. You can then use the new functions the same as any other function. • Functions return values that can be graphed or entered in a table; programs cannot.
Page 575 Information about local variables is available. Note: Entering a Function When you create a new function in the Program Editor, the TI-89 Titanium displays a blank “template.” Use the cursor pad to scroll through the function for entering or editing commands.
Page 576 Function name, which you specify when you create a new function. Enter your commands between Func and EndFunc. Be sure to edit this line to include any All function lines necessary arguments. Remember to use begin with a colon. argument names in the definition that will never be used when calling the function.
Page 577 • . This is useful for :cube(x) Return exiting a function and returning a :Func value at some point other than :If x<0 the end of the function. Return 0 :x^3 :EndFunc This example calculates the cube if ; otherwise, it returns a Note: The argument x is automatically treated as a local variable.
Page 578: Calling One Program From Another
Because x and y in the function are local, they are not affected by any existing x or Note: y variable. Function as defined in Function as called from the Home Screen the Program Editor x:125 ù xroot(3,125) :xroot(x,y) :Func :y^(1/x) :EndFunc Calling One Program from Another...
Page 579: Calling A Separate Program
Calling a Separate Program To call a separate program, use the same syntax used to run the program from the Home screen. :subtest1() :subtest2(x,y) :Prgm :Prgm :For i,1,4,1 Disp x,y subtest2(i,iù1000) :EndPrgm :EndFor :EndPrgm Calling an Internal Subroutine To define an internal subroutine, use the command with Define Prgm...EndPrgm...
Page 580: Notes About Using Subroutines
An internal subroutine is called and executed in the same way as a separate program. :subtest1() :Prgm Ê :local subtest2 Ë :Define subtest2(x,y)=Prgm Disp x,y © Ë :EndPrgm :¦Beginning of main program :For i,1,4,1 Ì subtest2(i,I*1000) :EndFor :EndPrgm Ê Declares the subroutine as a local variable. Ë...
Page 581: Using Variables In A Program
commands are local to the programs in which they are located. Therefore, a Goto command in the calling program cannot branch to a label in a subroutine or vice versa. Using Variables in a Program Programs use variables in the same general way that you use them from the Home screen.
Page 582 Scope Description Folder Variables Variables that are stored in a particular folder. • If you store to a variable name only, it is stored in the current folder. For example: start • If you refer to a variable name only, that variable must be in the current folder.
Page 583 If a program has local variables, a graphed function cannot access them. For Note: example: Local a Graph aùcos(x) may display an error or an unexpected result (if is an existing variable in the current folder). Circular Definition Errors When evaluating a user-defined function or running a program, you can specify an argument that includes the same variable that was used to define the function or create the program.
Page 584 Variable-Related Commands Command Description § Stores a value to a variable. As on the Home screen, § pressing enters a symbol. Archive Moves specified variables from RAM to user data archive memory. BldData Lets you create a data variable based on the graph information entered in the Y= Editor, Window Editor, etc.
Page 585: Using Local Variables In Functions Or Programs
Command Description NewPic Creates a picture variable based on a matrix. Rename Renames a variable. Unarchiv Moves specified variables from user data archive memory to RAM. Unlock Unlocks a locked variable. , and commands are available from the Program Editor’s Note: Define DelVar...
Page 586: What Causes An Undefined Variable Error Message
Ê Declares variable i as local. As often as possible, use local variables for any variable that is used only within a Note: program and does not need to be stored after the program stops. If you declare variable as local, it is deleted automatically when the program stops so that it does not use up memory.
Page 587: You Must Initialize Local Variables
In the example above, the local variable exists independently of any variable that exists outside of the function. You Must Initialize Local Variables All local variables must be assigned an initial value before they are referenced. Define fact(n)=Func: Ê Local m: 1!m: While n>1: nùm!m: n–1!n: EndWhile:...
Page 588 String Operations Strings are used to enter and display text characters. You can type a string directly, or you can store a string to a variable. How Strings Are Used A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in "quotes." In programming, strings allow the program to display information or prompt the user to perform some action.
Page 589 Although you cannot use a string such as " " or " " in a calculation, you can convert 2x+4 a string into a numeric expression by using the command. expr String Commands See the Technical Reference module for syntax for all commands and functions. Note: Command Description...
Page 590: Conditional Tests
Command Description Returns a specified number of characters from any position within a string. Returns the character code of the first character within a string. This is the opposite of the char command. right Returns a specified number of characters from the right side (end) of a string.
Page 591 Entering a Test Operator • Type the operator directly from the keyboard. – or – Press 2 I and select • . Then 8:Test select the operator from the menu. – or – • Display the built-in functions. Press: ½The test operators are listed near the bottom of the „...
Page 592 From the keyboard, you can type: Note: >= for | <= for { /= for ƒ (To get the / character, press e.) Boolean Tests Boolean operators let you combine the results of two separate tests. Operator True if: Example Both tests are true a>0 and a At least one test is true...
Page 593 Using If, Lbl, and Goto to Control Program Flow structure uses a conditional test to decide whether or not to execute one or If...EndIf more commands. (label) and commands can also be used to branch (or jump) Goto from one place to another in a program. F2 Control Toolbar Menu To enter structures, use the Program...
Page 594 If Command To execute only one command if a conditional test is true, use the general form: :If x>5 Ê Disp "x is greater than 5" Ë :Disp x Ê Executed only if x>5; otherwise, skipped. Ë Always displays the value of x. In this example, you must store a value to x before executing the command.
Page 595 marks the end of the block that is executed if the condition is true. Note: EndIf Then If...Then...Else... EndIf Structures To execute one group of commands if a conditional test is true and a different group if the condition is false, use this structure: :If x>5 Then Ê...
Page 596: Lbl And Goto Commands
Refer to the Technical Reference module for more information and an example. Lbl and Goto Commands You can also control the flow of your program by using (label) and commands. Goto Use the command to label (assign a name to) a particular location in the program. Lbl labelName name to assign to this location (use the same naming convention as a variable name)
Page 597: Using Loops To Repeat A Group Of Commands
Because a command is unconditional (it always branches to the specified label), it Goto is often used with an command so that you can specify a conditional test. For example: :If x>5 Ê Goto GT5 Ë :Disp x :-------- :-------- :Lbl GT5 :Disp "The number was >...
Page 598 :For | Ê When you select a loop, the loop command and its corresponding command are :EndFor inserted at the cursor location. Ê If the loop requires arguments, the cursor is positioned after the command. You can then begin entering the commands that will be executed in the loop. A loop command marks the start of the loop.
Page 599 When is executed, the variable value is compared to the end value. If variable does not exceed end, the loop is executed; otherwise, program control jumps to the command following EndFor :For i,0,5,1 i > 5 -------- -------- :EndFor :-------- command automatically increments the counter variable so that the Note: program can exit the loop after a certain number of repetitions.
Page 600 While...EndWhile Loops loop repeats a block of commands as long as a specified condition is While...EndWhile true. The syntax of the command is: While While condition When is executed, the condition is evaluated. If condition is true, the loop is While executed;...
Page 601 For example: Ê :0!x :While x<5 Ë Disp x Ì x+1!x :EndWhile Í :Disp x Ê Initially sets x. Ë Displays 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Ì Increments x. Í Displays 5. When x increments to 5, the loop is not executed. Loop...EndLoop Loops creates an infinite loop, which is repeated endlessly.
Page 602 Typically, the loop contains commands that let the program exit from the loop. Commonly used commands are: , and (label). For example: Exit Goto :0!x :Loop Disp x x+1!x Ê If x>5 Exit :EndLoop Ë :Disp x Ê An If command checks the condition. Ë...
Page 603: Repeating A Loop Immediately
, the loop should contain commands that let the program exit Loop...EndLoop from the loop. Configuring the TI-89 Titanium Programs can contain commands that change the configuration of the calculator. Because mode changes are particularly useful, the Program Editor’s toolbar menu...
Page 604 Configuration Commands Command Description getConfg Returns a list of calculator characteristics. getFold Returns the name of the current folder. getMode Returns the current setting for a specified mode. getUnits Returns a list of default units. setFold Sets the current folder. setGraph Sets a specified graph format (Coordinates, Graph Order, etc.).
Page 605: Getting Input From The User And Displaying Output
1. Position the cursor where you want to insert the command. setMode 2. Press: 2 ˆ to display a list of modes. menu does not let you set Note: Mode mode. To set this Current Folder mode, use the command. setFold 3.
Page 606 To see a submenu that lists additional commands, select 1:Dialog Input Commands Command Description getKey Returns the key code of the next key pressed. See the Technical Reference module for a listing of key codes. Input Prompts the user to enter an expression. The expression is treated according to how it is entered.
Page 607 Command Description Request Displays a dialog box that prompts the user to enter an expression. Request always treats the entered expression as a string. String input cannot be used in a calculation. To convert a string to a numeric Note: expression, use the command.
Page 608 Command Description Text Displays a dialog box that contains a specified character string. Notes: • In a program, simply performing a calculation does not display the result. You must use an output command. • After , the program immediately continues. You may want to add a Disp Output command.
Page 609: Creating A Custom Menu
Command Description DropDown Displays a drop-down menu within a dialog box. Item Displays a menu item for a redefined toolbar. Request Creates an input box within a dialog box. Text Displays a character string within a dialog box. Title Displays the title of a dialog box or a menu title within a toolbar.
Page 610 Turning the Custom Menu On and Off When you create a custom menu, you can let the user turn it on and off manually, or you can let a program turn it on and off automatically. Do this: Turn on the From the Home screen or any other application: custom menu 2 ½...
Page 611 Defining a Custom Menu To create a custom menu, use the following general structure. Custom title of F1 menu: : Title item 1 Item item 2 Item … title of F2 menu : Title … itle of F3 menu : Title t …...
Page 612 Ë :Title "Units" Ë :Item "_m/_s^2":Item "_ft/_s^2":Item "_m":Item "_ft":Item "_l" Ë :Item "_gal":Item "_\o\C":Item "_\o\F":Item "_kph":Item "_mph" :Title "Symbols" :Item "#":Item "\beta\":Item "?":Item "~":Item "&" :Title "Internat'l" :Item "\e`\":Item "\e'\":Item "\e^\":Item "\a`\" :Item "\u`\":Item "\u^\":Item "\o^\":Item "\c,\":Item "\u..\" :Title "Tools" :Item "ClrHome":Item "NewProb":Item "CustmOff"...
Page 613 Editor to create a new program, and paste them into the blank program. Then modify the commands as necessary. This inserts all the commands on a single line. You do not need to split them into Note: separate lines. You can create and use only one custom menu at a time. If you need more, write a separate program for each custom menu.
Page 614 Creating a Table or Graph To create a table or a graph based on one or more functions or equations, use the commands listed in this section. Table Commands Command Description DispTbl Displays the current contents of the Table screen. setTable Sets the Graph <–>...
Page 615 Command Description Graph Graphs one or more specified expressions, using the current graphing mode. Input Displays the Graph screen and lets the user update the variables xc and yc (rc and c in polar mode) by positioning the graph cursor. NewPlot Creates a new stat plot definition.
Page 616: Drawing On The Graph Screen
Command Description CyclePic Animates a series of stored graph pictures. NewPic Creates a graph picture variable based on a matrix. RclGDB Restores all settings stored in a graph database. RclPic Displays the Graph screen and superimposes a stored graph picture by using OR logic. RplcPic Clears the Graph screen and displays a stored graph picture.
Page 617 • — Refer to the pixels that physically make up the screen. These Pixel coordinates are independent of the viewing window because the screen is always: 159 (0 to 158) pixels wide and 77 (0 to 76) pixels tall. • —...
Page 618 Drawing a Point or Pixel Command Description PtChg or Toggles (inverts) a pixel at the specified coordinates. PxlChg PtChg, which uses point coordinates, affects the pixel closest to the specified point. If the pixel is off, it is turned on. If the pixel is on, it is turned off. PtOff or Turns off (erases) a pixel at the specified coordinates.
Page 619 Command Description LineHorz or Draws, erases, or inverts a horizontal line at a specified PxlHorz row coordinate. LineTan Draws a tangent line for a specified expression at a specified point. (This draws the tangent line only, not the expression.) LineVert or Draws, erases, or inverts a vertical line at a specified PxlVert column coordinate.
Page 620 Accessing Another TI-89 Titanium, a CBL 2, or a If you link two graphing calculators (described in the Connectivity module), programs on both units can transmit variables between them. If you link a TI-89 Titanium to a Calculator-Based Laboratory™ (CBL 2™) or a Calculator-Based Ranger™ (CBR™), a program on the TI-89 Titanium can access the CBL 2 or CBR.
Page 621 Accessing Another TI-89 Titanium When two calculators are linked, one acts as a receiving unit and the other as a sending unit. Command Description GetCalc Executed on the receiving unit. Sets up the unit to receive a variable via the I/O port.
Page 622: Debugging Programs And Handling Errors
Command Description Send Sends a list variable from the graphing calculator to the CBL 2 or CBR. Debugging Programs and Handling Errors After you write a program, you can use several techniques to find and correct errors. You can also build an error-handling command into the program itself. Run-Time Errors The first step in debugging your program is to run it.
Page 623 Debugging Techniques Run-time error messages can locate syntax errors but not errors in program logic. The following techniques may be useful. • During testing, do not use local variables so that you can check the variable values after the program stops. When the program is debugged, declare the applicable variables as local.
Page 624 Example: Using Alternative Approaches The example in the Previews module shows a program that prompts the user to enter an integer, sums all integers from 1 to the entered integer, and displays the result. This section gives several approaches that you can use to achieve the same goal. Example 1 This example uses for input, a...
Page 625 For {, type 8 µ (zero). For , press: Note: & 8 p (times) Example 2 This example uses for input, , and to create a loop, and to display Prompt Goto Disp the result. :prog2() :Prgm Ê :Prompt n :0!temp:1!I Ë...
Page 626 Example 3 This example uses to create dialog boxes for input and output. It uses Dialog...EndDlog to calculate the result. Loop...EndLoop :prog3() :Prgm Ê :Dialog Title "Enter an integer" © © Request "Integer",n Ê :EndDlog Ë :expr(n)!n :0!temp:0!I Ì :Loop temp+i!temp ©...
Page 627 Example 4 This example uses built-in functions to calculate the result without using a loop. :prog4() :Prgm Ê :Input "Enter an integer",n Ë :sum(seq(i,i,1,n))!temp Ì :Disp temp :EndPrgm Ê Prompts for input on Program I/O. Ë Calculates sum. Ì Displays output on Program I/O screen. Because returns as a number, you do not need to use...
Page 628 If you have a TI-GRAPH LINK™ computer-to-calculator cable and software for the TI-89 or TI-92 Plus, be aware that the TI-GRAPH LINK software is not compatible with the TI-89 Titanium. The cable, however, works with all units. Use TI Connect software on your computer.
Page 629 You can purchase computer-to-calculator and unit-to-unit cables from the TI Online Store at education.ti.com/buy. Running an Assembly-Language Program After a TI-89 Titanium assembly-language program is stored on your unit, you can run the program from the Home screen just as you would any other program. •...
Page 630 , etc. kbdprgm1( ) You Cannot Edit an Assembly-Language Program You cannot use your TI-89 Titanium to edit an assembly-language program. The built-in Program Editor will not open assembly-language programs. Displaying a List of Assembly-Language Programs To list the assembly-language programs stored in memory: screen (2 °).
Page 631 However, if you have a working knowledge of assembly language, please check the Texas Instruments web site (education.ti.com) for specific information about how to access TI-89 Titanium features. The graphing calculator also includes an...
Page 632 Text Editor Starting a Text Editor Session Each time you start the Text Editor, you can start a new text session, resume the current session (the session that was displayed the last time you used the Text Editor), or open a previous session.
Page 633 Item Description Variable Type a variable name. If you specify a variable that already exists, an error ¸ message will be displayed when you press . When ¸ you press to acknowledge the error, the NEW dialog box is redisplayed. 4.
Page 634 Starting a New Session from the Text Editor To leave the current Text Editor session and start a new one: 1. Press ƒ and select 3:New 2. Specify a folder and text variable for the new session. 3. Press ¸ twice. Opening a Previous Session You can open a previous Text Editor session at any time.
Page 635: Entering And Editing Text
Copying a Session In some cases, you may want to copy a session so that you can edit the copy while retaining the original. 1. Display the session you want to copy. 2. Press ƒ and select 2:Save Copy As 3.
Page 636 Using a USB cable and TI Connect™ software with the TI-89 Titanium, you can use the computer keyboard to type a text file and then send that file to the TI-89 Titanium. This is useful if you need to create a lengthy text file.
Page 637 (turns off upper- and lowercase lock) lock. On the TI-89 Titanium, you do not need j or alpha-lock to type x, y, z, or t. But Note: you must use ¤ or uppercase ALPHA-lock for X, Y, Z, or T. On the TI-89 Titanium, alpha-lock is always turned off when you change applications, such as going from the Text Editor to the Home screen.
Page 638 On the TI-89 Titanium, while either type of alpha-lock is on: • To type a period, comma, or other character that is the primary function of a key, you must turn alpha-lock off. To type a second function character such as 2 [, you do not need to turn alpha- •...
Page 639 Highlighting Text Do this: Highlight text Move the cursor to the beginning or end of the text. ¤ Hold and press: • to highlight characters to the left or right of the cursor, respectively. • to highlight all characters up to the cursor position on the next or previous line, respectively.
Page 640 Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Text Cutting and copying both place highlighted text into the clipboard of the TI-89 Titanium. Cutting deletes the text from its current location (used to move text) and copying leaves the text. 1. Highlight the text you want to move or copy.
Page 641: Finding Text
Finding Text From the Text Editor: 1. Place the text cursor at any location preceding the text you want to search for. All searches start at the current cursor location. 2. Press ‡. 3. Type the search text. The search is not case sensitive. For example: CASE, case, and Case have the same effect.
Page 642 Inserting or Overtyping a Character By default, the TI-89 Titanium is in insert mode. To toggle between insert and overtype mode, press 2 /. If the TI-89 Titanium is in: The next character you type: Will be inserted at the cursor.
Page 643 To access the shortcuts, first press the 2 key. Some special characters are marked on the keyboard, but most are not. On the TI-89 Titanium: Press ¹ ^ to display the keyboard map. •...
Page 644 OFF (¹ :) — Similar to 2 : except: • You can use ¹ : if an error message is displayed. When you turn the TI-89 Titanium on again, it will be exactly as you left it. Text Editor...
Page 645 To help you find the applicable keys, these maps show only the special symbols. Note: On the TI-89 Titanium: Press ¹ and then the key for the symbol. For example: ¹ p (times) displays &. These special symbols are not affected by whether Alpha-Lock is on or off.
Page 646 On the TI-89 Titanium: Press ¹ c to access the Greek character set. ξ ψ ζ τ ∆ α β ε δ Γ γ φ µ λ Σ Π ρ σ π Ω ω If you press a key combination that does not access a Greek letter, you get the Note: normal letter for that key.
Page 647 Press ¹ c 7 + letter to access uppercase Greek letters. Example: • ¹ c 7 [W] displays Ω The exact keys that you press on the TI-89 Titanium depend on whether alpha-lock is on or off. For example: On the TI-89 Titanium, if: Then: ¹...
Page 648: Entering And Executing A Command Script
Entering and Executing a Command Script By using a command script, you can use the Text Editor to type a series of command lines that can be executed at any time on the Home screen. This lets you create interactive example scripts in which you predefine a series of commands and then execute them individually.
Page 649 1. Place the cursor on the line for the command. 2. Press „ to display the Command toolbar menu. 3. Select 1:Command is displayed at the beginning of the text line (to the left of the colon). This does not insert a new line for Note: the command, it simply marks an existing line as a command line.
Page 650 Executing a Command To execute a command, you must first mark the line with a . If you execute a line that is not marked with , it will be ignored. 1. Place the cursor anywhere on the command line. 2.
Page 651 You can also use 3 to set up a split screen manually. However, … sets up a Text Editor/Home screen split much easier than 3. • The active application is indicated by a thick border. (By default, the Text Editor is the active application.) To switch between the Text Editor and the Home screen, press 2 a (second •...
Page 652 Example 1. Type your script. Press „ and select to mark the command lines. 1:Command 2. Press … and select 1:Script view 3. Move the cursor to the first command line. Then press † to execute the command. Some commands take longer to Note: execute.
Page 653 Numeric Solver Displaying the Solver and Entering an Equation After you display the Numeric Solver, start by entering the equation that you want to solve. Displaying the Numeric Solver To display the Numeric Solver, press O and then select. The Numeric Solver screen shows the last entered equation, if any.
Page 654 You can: For example: Refer to a function or equation Suppose you defined y1(x) on either defined elsewhere. the: Notes: • Y= Editor: • Do not use system function y1(x)=1.25x † cos(x) y1(x) names (such as – or – as simple variables ( •...
Page 655 Recalling Previously Entered Equations Your most recently entered equations (up to 11 with the default setting) are retained in memory. To recall one of these equations: 1. From the Numeric Solver screen, press à ‡. A dialog box displays the most recently entered equation.
Page 656 Saving Equations for Future Use Because the number of equations that you can recall with ‡ is limited, a particular Eqns equation may not be retained indefinitely. To store the current equation for future use, save it to a variable. 1.
Page 657: Defining The Known Variables
2. Select the applicable folder and equation variable. 3. Press ¸. Variable eqn contains the current equation; it always appears alphabetically in the list. Defining the Known Variables After you type an equation in the Numeric Solver, enter the applicable values for all variables except the unknown variable.
Page 658 Enter a number or expression for all variables except the one you want to solve for. Notes and Common Errors • If you define a variable: In terms of another variable in the equation, that variable must be defined first. Since a is defined in In terms of another variable that is not terms of g, you must...
Page 659 • If you refer to a previously defined function, any variables used as arguments in the function call are listed, not the variables used to define the function. If f(a,b) was defined previously as (a^2+b^2) and your ‡ equation contains f(x,y), then x and y are listed, not a and b.
Page 660: Editing The Equation
• If you see the error shown to the right, delete the entered variable value. Then edit the equation to use a different variable. For example, y1(x) is undefined and you This error occurs if you use a Note: use y1. reserved name incorrectly or refer to an undefined system function as a simple variable without parentheses.
Page 661: Solving For The Unknown Variable
For the bounds, you can also enter variables or expressions that evaluate to appropriate values ( ) or a valid list variable that contains a two-element list bound={lower,upper} ). The bounds must be two floating point elements with the first one less than bound=list or equal to the second one.
Page 662: Graphing The Solution
To stop (break) a calculation, press ´. The unknown variable shows the value Note: being tested when the break occurred. Using the solution and your entered values, the left and right sides of the equation are evaluated separately. shows the difference, which indicates the solution’s left accuracy.
Page 663: Displaying The Graph
see how many solutions exist and use the cursor to select an accurate initial guess and bounds. Displaying the Graph In the Numeric Solver, leave the cursor on the unknown variable. Press … and select: 1:Graph View Graph View uses the –...
Page 664 You can explore the graph by using the free-moving cursor, tracing, zooming, etc., as described in Basic Function Graphing. How the Graph Affects Various Settings When you use the Numeric Solver to display a graph: • The following modes are changed automatically to these settings: Mode Setting Graph...
Page 665 1. Move the cursor (either free-moving or trace) to the point that you want to use as the new guess. 2. Use 2 a to make the Numeric Solver screen active. 3. Make sure the cursor is on the unknown variable, and press †. Cursor coordinate xc is the Note: †...
Page 666 Clearing Variables Before Leaving the Numeric Solver When you solve an equation, its variables still exist after you leave the Numeric Solver. If the equation contains single-character variables, their values may inadvertently affect later symbolic calculations. Before leaving the Numeric Solver, you may want to: 1.
Page 667: Number Bases
Number Bases Entering and Converting Number Bases Regardless of the Base mode, you must always use the appropriate prefix when entering a binary or hexadecimal number. Entering a Binary or Hexadecimal Number To enter a binary number, use the form: (for example: 0b binaryNumber 0b11100110...
Page 668: Converting Between Number Bases
Converting between Number Bases Use the 4 conversion operator , press . Also, you can integerExpression select base conversions from the integerExpression MATH/Base menu. integerExpression For example, to convert 256 from decimal to For a binary or hex binary: entry, you must use the 0b or 0h prefix.
Page 669 2. From the Home screen, type the number If Base mode = HEX: that you want to convert (using the correct prefix) and press ¸. Performing Math Operations with Hex or Bin Numbers For any operation that uses an integer number, you can enter a hexadecimal or binary number.
Page 670 mode controls the displayed format Base If Base mode = HEX: of integer results only. The Base mode affects output only. You Note: must always use the prefix to enter a hex or binary number. 0h prefix in result Fractional and floating-point results are identifies the base.
Page 671: Comparing Or Manipulating Bits
Size Limitations When Base = HEX or BIN When Base=HEX or BIN, an integer result is stored internally as a signed, 32-bit binary number, which uses the range (shown in hexadecimal and decimal): 0hFFFFFFFF 0h80000000 0h7FFFFFFF 2,147,483,647 ‘L2,147,483,648 If a result’s magnitude is too large to be stored in a signed, 32-bit binary form, a symmetric modulo operation brings the result into the range.
Page 672 Operator with syntax Description integer1 and integer2 In a bit-by-bit and comparison, the result is 1 if both bits are 1; otherwise, the result is 0. The returned value represents the bit results. integer1 or integer2 In a bit-by-bit or comparison, the result is 1 if either bit is 1;...
Page 673 0h7AC36 = 0b00000000000001111010110000110110 0h3D5F 0b00000000000000000011110101011111 0b00000000000000000010110000010110 = 0h2C16 Leading zeros are not shown in the result. If you enter an integer that is too large to be stored in a signed, 32-bit binary form, Note: a symmetric modulo operation brings the value into the range. The result is displayed according to the Base mode.
Page 674 Function with syntax Description shift(integer) If #ofShifts is: – or – • omitted — bits shift once to the right shift(integer,#ofShifts) (default is • negative — bits shift the specified number of times to the right. • positive — bits shift the specified number of times to the left.
Page 675 Each bit shifts to the right. 7AC36 = 0b00000000000001111010110000110110 Dropped Inserts 0 if leftmost bit is 0, or 1 if leftmost bit is 1 b00000000000000111101011000011011 = 0h3D61B Leading zeros are not shown in the result. The result is displayed according to the Base mode. If you enter an integer that is too large to be stored in a signed, 32-bit binary form, Note: a symmetric modulo operation brings the value into the range.
Page 676 Press 2 ;. (The numbers on your screen may vary from those shown.) MEMORY Prgm/Asn: Includes programs written for the TI-89 Titanium as well as any assembly-language programs you have loaded. History: Size of history pairs saved in the Home screen’s history area.
Page 677: Resetting The Memory
To delete individual (instead of all) variables, use Important: VAR-LINK 3. When prompted for confirmation, press ¸. The TI-89 Titanium displays a message when the reset is complete. To cancel the reset, press N instead of ¸. Note: 4. Press ¸ to acknowledge the message.
Page 678 Displaying the VAR-LINK Screen screen lists the variables and folders that are currently defined. After VAR-LINK displaying the screen, you can manipulate the variables and/or folders. Displaying the VAR-LINK Screen Press 2 °. By default, the screen lists all user-defined variables in all VAR-LINK folders and with all data types.
Page 679 This... Indicates this... You can scroll for more variables and/or folders (in bottom left corner of screen). † If selected with Ÿ Locked Œ Archived û To scroll through the list: Press D or C. (Use 2 D or 2 C to scroll one page at a time.) •...
Page 680 Variable Types as Listed on VAR-LINK Type Description Assembly-language program DATA Data EXPR Expression (includes numeric values) FUNC Function Graph database LIST List Matrix Picture of a graph PRGM Program String TEXT Text Editor session Types not listed above are miscellaneous data types used by software applications. Closing the VAR-LINK Screen screen and return to the current application, use ¸...
Page 681 Press: Return to the current application without pasting the highlighted name. Manipulating Variables and Folders with VAR-LINK On the screen, you can show the contents of a variable. You can also select VAR-LINK one or more listed items and manipulate them by using the operations in this section. Showing the Contents of a Variable You can show all variable types except DATA...
Page 682 Folders and Variables Folders give you a convenient way to manage variables by organizing them into related groups. The TI-89 Titanium has one built-in folder named . Unless you create other folders MAIN and designate a user-created folder as the current folder, all variables are stored in the...
Page 683 By creating additional folders, you can store independent sets of user-defined variables (including user-defined functions). For example, you can create separate folders for different TI-89 Titanium applications (Math, Text Editor, etc.) or classes. You can store a user-defined variable in any existing folder.
Page 684 MAIN System variables Variables User-defined a=1, b=2, c=3 f(x)=x³+x²+x ALG102 User-defined Name of current folder b=5, c=100 f(x)=sin(x)+cos(x) DAVE User-defined a=3, b=1, c=2 f(x)=x²+6 MATH User-defined a=42, c=6 f(x)=3x²+4x+25 You cannot create a folder within another folder. The system variables in the folder are always directly accessible, regardless of the MAIN current folder.
Page 685 Creating a Folder from the VAR-LINK Screen 1. Press 2 °. 2. Press ƒ and select Manage 5:Create Folder 3. Type a unique folder name up to eight characters, and press ¸ twice. After you create a new folder from , that folder is not automatically set as the VAR-LINK current folder.
Page 686 When you execute , it returns the name of the folder that was previously set as setFold the current folder. Setting the Current Folder from the MODE Dialog Box 1. Press 3. 2. Highlight the setting. Current Folder 3. Press B to display a menu of existing folders.
Page 687 2. Press ƒ and select Manage 3:Rename 3. Type a unique name, and press ¸ twice. If you selected multiple items, you are prompted to enter a new name for each one. Using Variables in Different Folders You can access a user-defined variable or function that is not in the current folder. Specify the complete pathname instead of only the variable name.
Page 688 For example: If Current Folder = MAIN Folders and Variables MAIN f(x)=x³+x²+x MATH a=42 f(x)=3x²+4x+25 To see a list of existing folders and variables, press 2 °. On the VAR-LINK screen, you can highlight a variable and press ¸ to paste that variable name to the open application's entry line.
Page 689 From the screen: VAR-LINK 1. Press „ View 2. Highlight the setting you want to change, and press B. This displays a menu of valid choices. (To cancel a menu, press — Allows you to choose variables, View Flash applications, or system variables to view.
Page 690 Copying or Moving Variables from One Folder to Another You must have at least one folder other than . You cannot use to copy MAIN VAR-LINK variables within the same folder. 1. On , select the variables. VAR-LINK 2. Press ƒ and select Manage 2:Copy...
Page 691 2. Press ƒ and select Manage 6:Lock 7:UnLock Œ indicates a locked variable or folder in RAM. û indicates an archived variable, which is locked automatically. Deleting a Folder from the VAR-LINK Screen When you delete a folder from the screen, all of the variables in that folder are VAR-LINK also deleted.
Page 692: Pasting A Variable Name To An Application
Deleting a Variable or a Folder from the Home Screen Before deleting a folder from the Home screen, you must first delete all the variables stored in that folder. • To delete a variable, enter the command on the calculator Home screen. DelVar var1 [, var2] [, var3] ...
Page 693 You can also paste a variable name to the current cursor location in many Flash applications. Procedure Starting from an application listed above: 1. Position the cursor where you want to sin(| insert the variable name. 2. Press 2 °. 3.
Page 694 You cannot archive variables with reserved names or system variables. Note: If you acquire additional programs for your TI-89 Titanium, particularly if they are large, you may need to create additional free RAM before you can install those programs.
Page 695 2. Select one or more variables, which can be in different folders. (You can select an entire folder by selecting the folder name.) To select a single variable, highlight it. To select multiple variables, highlight Note: each variable and press † Ÿ. 3.
Page 696 If you use the user data archive extensively, you may see a Garbage Collection message. This occurs if you try to archive a variable when there is not enough free archive memory. However, the TI-89 Titanium will attempt to rearrange the archived variables to make additional room.
Page 697 Why Is Garbage Collection Necessary? The user data archive is divided into sectors. When you first begin archiving, variables are stored consecutively in sector 1. This continues to the end of the sector. If there is not enough space left in the sector, the next variable is stored at the beginning of the next sector.
Page 698 How Unarchiving a Variable Affects the Process When you unarchive a variable, it is copied to RAM but it is not actually deleted from user data archive memory. Sector 1 variable A After you unarchive variables B and C, they Sector 2 continue to take up space.
Page 699 MEMORY get a Garbage Collection message. This TI-89 Titanium memory screen shows free space that will be available after all “marked for deletion” variables are deleted. When you unarchive a variable, the Flash...
Page 700 Note: cannot save any changes to the variable. So that you don’t have to unarchive variables unnecessarily, the TI-89 Titanium performs a “behind-the scenes” copy. For example, if you run a program that is in the user data archive, the TI-89 Titanium: 1.
Page 701 3. Deletes the copy from RAM when the program is finished. The error message is displayed if there is not enough free RAM for the temporary copy. Except for programs and functions, referring to an archived variable does not copy Note: ù...
Page 702: Connecting Two Units
A USB unit-to-unit cable is included with the TI-89 Titanium; use the calculator’s USB port with this cable. The TI-89 Titanium features both a USB port and an I/O port, so you can connect Note: TI graphing calculators with either type of link port.
Page 703 USB unit-to-unit cable USB Port USB Port Two TI-89 Titanium calculators linked together USB unit-to-unit cable Position so that the USB symbols face each other; then insert the connector. Connectivity...
Page 704 I/O unit-to-unit I/O Port cable I/O Port A TI-89 Titanium and a Voyage™ 200 linked together Connectivity...
Page 705 I/O unit-to-unit I/O Port cable TI-89 I/O Port A TI-89 Titanium and a TI-89 linked together Transmitting Variables, Flash Applications, and Folders Transmitting variables is a convenient way to share any variable listed on the VAR-LINK screen — functions, programs, etc. You can also transmit Flash applications (Apps) and folders.
Page 706 Flash applications will transfer only between certain units. For example, you can transfer an App from a TI-89 Titanium to another TI-89 Titanium, or from a TI-89 Titanium to a TI- During transmission, a progress bar is displayed in the status line of the receiving unit.
Page 707 If you select: What happens: Archived variable The variable is transmitted to the current folder and it remains archived on the receiving unit. Unlocked Flash If the receiving unit has the correct certification, the application Flash application is transmitted. It remains unlocked on the receiving unit.
Page 708 Common Error and Notification Messages Shown on: Message and Description: Sending unit This is displayed after several seconds if: • A cable is not attached to the sending unit’s link port. – or – • A receiving unit is not attached to the other end of the cable.
Page 709 Shown on: Message and Description: Receiving unit New Name is active only if you change Overwrite to NO. The receiving unit has a variable with the same name as the specified variable being sent. ¸ • To overwrite the existing variable, press .
Page 710 Many Apps no longer require a certificate. If you try to transfer an App from one unit to another and receive an message, try downloading the Unlicensed OS or Flash application App again from the Texas Instruments Web site at education.ti.com. Connectivity...
Page 711 You can download a Flash application and/or certificate from the Texas Instruments Web site to a computer, and use a to install the application or certificate on your TI-89 Titanium. For Flash App installation instructions, see education.ti.com/guides. Transmitting Variables under Program Control...
Page 712 :Chat() :Prgm :ClrIO :Disp "On first unit to send,"," enter 1;","On first to receive," :InputStr " enter 0",msg :If msg="0" Then While true Ê GetCalc msg Disp msg Ì InputStr msg Ë SendCalc msg EndWhile :Else While true Í InputStr msg SendCalc msg Ï...
Page 713: Running The Program
To synchronize GetCalc and SendCalc, the loops are arranged so that the receiving unit executes GetCalc while the sending unit is waiting for the user to enter a message. Running the Program This procedure assumes that: • The two devices are linked with the connecting cable. •...
Page 714: Important Operating System Download Information
Upgrading the Operating System (OS) You can upgrade the OS on your TI-89 Titanium using your computer. You can also transfer the OS from one unit to another identical model (for example, from a TI-89 Titanium to a TI-89 Titanium or from a Voyage™ 200 to a Voyage™ 200).
Page 715: Where To Get Operating System Upgrades
Use a USB cable or TI Connectivity Cable USB and TI Connect™ software (education.ti.com/downloadticonnect) to send the variables and/or Flash applications to a computer. Where to Get Operating System Upgrades For up-to-date information about available OS upgrades, check the Texas Instruments Web site at education.ti.com/downloadticonnect. Connectivity...
Page 716 For complete information, refer to the instructions on the web. Transferring the Operating System OS software will transfer only from a TI-89 Titanium to a TI-89 Titanium, TI-89 to a TI-89, from a Voyage™ 200 to a Voyage™ 200, or from a TI-92 Plus to a TI-92 Plus.
Page 717 Important: • For each receiving unit, remember to back up information as necessary and install new batteries. • Be sure both the sending and receiving units are in the screen. VAR-LINK During the transfer, the receiving unit shows how the transfer is progressing. When the transfer is complete: •...
Page 718: Error Messages
Error Messages Most error messages are displayed on the sending unit. Depending on when the error occurs during the transfer process, you may see an error message on the receiving unit. Error Message Description The sending and receiving units are not connected properly, or the receiving unit is not set up to receive.
Page 719: Collecting And Transmitting Id Lists
ID VAR-LINK 6:Send ID List numbers from individual TI-89 Titanium, TI-89, Voyage™ 200, or TI-92 Plus devices. ID Lists and Group Certificates The ID list feature provides a convenient way to collect device IDs for group purchase of commercial applications.
Page 720 To send an ID number from one device to another, first connect two units by using a USB unit-to-unit cable or I/O unit-to-unit cable. Step: On the: Do this: Collecting unit Display the Home screen. Press: (Receiving unit) " " 2 °...
Page 721 Manage A:Clear ID List Compatibility among the TI-89 Titanium, Voyage™ 200, TI-89, and TI-92 Plus In general, TI-89 Titanium, TI-89, Voyage™ 200, and TI-92 Plus data and programs are compatible with each other, with a few exceptions. Connectivity...
Page 722 TI-92 Plus. The TI-89 Titanium and the TI-89 are similar, except that the TI-89 Titanium has more memory (more room for Apps and user archive) and the TI-89 Titanium has a USB port. The Voyage™ 200 is the same as the TI-92 Plus except it has more memory, and thus more room for applications (Apps).
Page 723 Link Transmission Table TI-89 Voyage™ & Titanium TI-89 TI-92 Plus From TI-89 Apps Variables Variables Titanium Apps Variables Variables TI-89 Apps Variables Variables Variables Apps Variables Voyage™ Variables Variables Apps Apps Variables Variables TI-92 Plus Variables Variables Apps Variables Apps Variables Connectivity...
Page 724 Activities Analyzing the Pole-Corner Problem A ten-foot-wide hallway meets a five-foot-wide hallway in the corner of a building. Find the maximum length pole that can be moved around the corner without tilting the pole. Maximum Length of Pole in Hallway The maximum length of a pole is the shortest line segment touching the interior corner and opposite sides of the two hallways as shown in the diagram below.
Page 725 a = w+5 b = 10a 1. Define the expression for side in terms and store it in a(w) When you want to define a function, Note: use multiple character names as you build the definition. 2. Define the expression for side in terms and store it in b(w).
Page 726: Deriving The Quadratic Formula
4. Use the function to compute the zeros( ) zeros of the first derivative of to find c(w) the minimum value of c(w) The maximum length of the pole is Note: the minimum value of c(w) 5. Compute the exact maximum length of the pole.
Page 727 +bx+c=0 3. Subtract c from both sides of the equation. 2 ± | j This example uses the result of the Note: last answer to perform computations on the TI-89 Titanium. This feature reduces keystroking and chances for error. Activities...
Page 728 4. Divide both sides of the equation by the leading coefficient Continue to use the last answer Note: (2 ±) as in step 3 in steps 4 through 5. Use the function to expand the expand( ) result of the last answer. 6.
Page 729: Exploring A Matrix
10. Solve for by subtracting from both sides and then dividing by This is only one of the two general Note: quadratic solutions due to the constraint in step 9. Exploring a Matrix This activity shows you how to perform several matrix operations. Exploring a 3x3 Matrix Perform these steps to generate a random matrix, augment and find the identity matrix, and then solve to find an invalid value of the inverse.
Page 730 3. Use “row reduce” matrix rref( ) to The result will have the identity matrix in the first three columns and in the last three columns. Use the cursor in the history area to Note: scroll the result. 4. Solve for the value of that will cause the inverse of the matrix to be invalid.
Page 731 Method 1: Graph Plot Perform the following steps to observe where the graphs of the functions y1(x)=cos(x) intersect. y2(x)=sin(x) 1. In the , set Y= Editor y1(x)=cos(x) 2(x)=sin(x) 2. In the , set Window Editor xmin=0 xmax=3 3. Press „ and select A:ZoomFit 4.
Page 732: Finding Minimum Surface Area Of A Parallelepiped
Method 2: Symbolic Manipulation Perform the following steps to solve the equation with respect to sin(x)=cos(x) 1. On the Home screen, enter solve(sin(x)= cos(x),x) The solution for is where is any integer. 2. Using the functions, ceiling( ) floor( ) find the ceiling and floor values for the intersection points as shown.
Page 733 Exploring a 3D Graph of the Surface Area of a Parallelepiped Perform the following steps to define a function for the surface area of a parallelepiped, draw a 3D graph, and use the tool to find a point close to the minimum surface Trace area.
Page 734: Running A Tutorial Script Using The Text Editor
Finding the Minimum Surface Area Analytically Perform the following steps to solve the problem analytically on the Home screen. 1. Solve for in terms of Enter: solve(d(sa(x,y,v),x)=0 d(sa(x,y,v),y)=0,{x,y}) 2. Find the minimum surface area when the value of equals 300. Enter: Enter: sa(v^(1/3), v^(1/3),v)
Page 735 Running a Tutorial Script Perform the following steps to write a script using the test each line, and Text Editor, observe the results in the history area on the Home screen. 1. Open the , and create a Text Editor new variable named demo1 is accessed from the „...
Page 736: Decomposing A Rational Function
3. Press … and select to show 1:Script view and the Home screen on a Text Editor split-screen. Move the cursor to the first line in the Text Editor 4. Press † repeatedly to execute each line in the script one at a time. Press †...
Page 737 Decomposing a Rational Function To examine the decomposition of the rational function on a f(x)=(x x+50)/(x graph: 1. On the Home screen, enter the rational function as shown below and store it in a function f(x) Enter: (x^3 10x^2 x+50)/(x f(x) Actual entries are displayed in Note:...
Page 738 5. In the , select the thick graphing Y= Editor style for y2(x) 6. Add the original function f(x) y3(x) select the square graphing style. 7. In the , set the window Window Editor variables to: x= [ 10,15,10] y= [ 100,100,10] 8.
Page 739 Observe that the global behavior of the function is basically represented by the f(x) quadratic quotient . The rational expression is basically a quadratic function as y2(x) gets very large in both the positive and negative directions. The lower graph is graphed y3(x)=f(x) separately using the line style.
Page 740 Filtering Data by Categories Each student is placed into one of eight categories depending on the student’s sex and academic year (freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior). The data (weight in pounds) and respective categories are entered in the Data/Matrix Editor Table 1: Category vs.
Page 741 Perform the following steps to compare the weight of high school students to their year in school. 1. Start the , and create a Data/Matrix Editor new Data variable named students 2. Enter the data and categories from Table 2 into columns , respectively.
Page 742 5. Copy Plot 1 Plot 2 6. Repeat step 5 and copy Plot 1 Plot 3 , and Plot 4 Plot 5 7. Press ƒ, and modify the Include item for through Categories Plot 2 Plot 5 the following: Plot 2: {1,2} (freshman boys, girls) Plot 3: {7,8} (senior boys, girls)
Page 743 Ï all girls CBL 2™ Program for the TI-89 Titanium This activity provides a program that can be used when the TI-89 Titanium is connected to a Calculator-Based Laboratory™ (CBL 2™) unit. This program works with the “Newton’s Law of Cooling” experiment, and is similar to the “Coffee To Go” experiment in the CBL System Experiment Workbook.
Page 744 Program Instruction Description :Local i Declare local variable; exists only at run time. :setMode("Graph","FUNCTION") Set up the TI-89 Titanium for function graphing. :PlotsOff Turn off any previous plots. :FnOff Turn off any previous functions. :ClrDraw Clear any items previously drawn on graph screens.
Page 745 Program Instruction Description Label the x axis of the graph. :PtText "T(S)",80, Send the Trigger command to the :Send{3,1, 1,0} CBL 2™; collect data in real-time. :For i,1,99 Repeat next two instructions for 99 temperature readings. :Get data[i] Get a temperature from the CBL 2™ and store it in a list.
Page 746 Studying the Flight of a Hit Baseball This activity uses the split screen settings to show a parametric graph and a table at the same time to study the flight of a hit baseball. Setting Up a Parametric Graph and Table Perform the following steps to study the flight of a hit baseball that has an initial velocity of 95 feet per second and an initial angle of 32 degrees.
Page 747 4. In the , enter the equation for the Y= Editor height of the ball at time t for yt1(t) yt1(t)= † t^2+95 † † sin(32 ¡ 5. Set the Window variables to: t values= [0,4,.1] x values= [0,300,50] y values= [0,100,10] 6.
Page 748: Visualizing Complex Zeros Of A Cubic Polynomial
9. Switch to the right side. Press …, and trace the graph to show the values of when tc=2 As you move the trace cursor from Note: , you will see the position tc=0.0 tc=3.1 of the ball at time Optional Exercise Assuming the same initial velocity of 95 feet per second, find the angle that the ball should be hit to achieve the greatest distance.
Page 749 2. Copy and paste the last answer to the entry line and store it in the function f(x) Move the cursor into the history Note: area to highlight the last answer and press ¸, to copy it to the entry line. 3.
Page 750 5. Set the unit to 3D graph mode, turn on the axes for graph format, and set the Window variables to: eye= [20,70,0] 2,2,20] 2,2,20] 1,2] ncontour= [5] 6. In the , press: Y=Editor 8 Í and set the Graph Format variables to: Axes= Labels= ON Style=...
Page 751: Solving A Standard Annuity Problem
9. Use the Trace tool to explore the function values at 10. Use the Trace tool to explore the function values at Summary Note that is zero for each of the function values in steps 7–9. Thus, the complex zeros of the polynomial can be visualized with the three points where the graph of the modulus surface touches the...
Page 752 Finding the Interest Rate of an Annuity Perform the following steps to find the interest rate ( ) of an annuity where the starting principal ( ) is 1,000, number of compounding periods ( ) is 6, and the future value ( ) is 2,000.
Page 753 Finding the Future Value of an Annuity Find the future value of an annuity using the values from the previous example where the interest rate is 14%. Enter the equation to solve for solve(s=p (1+i)^n,s) | i=.14 p=1000 † Result: The future value at 14% interest is 2,194.97.
Page 754 :If tempi=2 :Return approx(nsolve(tempfunc=0,#tempstr1) | #tempstr1>0 and #tempstr1<100) :Return approx(nsolve(tempfunc=0,#tempstr1)) :EndIf :EndFor :Return "parameter error" :EndFunc You can use your computer keyboard to type lengthy text and then use Note: TI Connect™ software to send it to the TI-89 Titanium. Activities...
Page 755 Finding the Monthly Payment Find the monthly payment on 10,000 if you make 48 payments at 10% interest per year. On the Home screen, enter the values to find Result: The monthly payment is 251.53. Finding the Number of Payments Find the number of payments it will take to pay off the loan if you could make a 300 payment each month.
Page 756: Simulation Of Sampling Without Replacement
Finding Factors Enter the expressions shown below on the Home screen. ¸ displays a rational factor(x^3 result. ¸ displays a rational factor(x^3+5x) result. ¸ displays a real factor(x^3 5x,x) result. ¸ displays a cfactor(x^3+5x,x) complex result. Simulation of Sampling without Replacement This activity simulates drawing different colored balls from an urn without replacing them.
Page 757 certain color. The second parameter is the number of balls to select. This function returns a list where each element is the number of balls of each color that were selected. :drawball(urnlist,drawnum) :For j,1,colordim,1 :Func :cumSum(templist) urncum :Local templist,drawlist,colordim, :If pick ...
Page 758 Using Vectors to Determine Velocity A small fishing boat leaves from the south bank of the Allegheny River and heads at a 80° angle with an engine speed of 20 knots. However, the eastward force of the current carries the boat along so it actually travels at a 60° angle with the shore. How fast is the current, and how fast does the boat actually travel? 1.
Page 759 2. Enter vectors describing the initial path of the boat, water current, and resultant path of the boat. Store these vectors as , and . Use the value for the unknown speed of the current. Use the value for the speed of the boat.
Page 760 When converted to rectangular form, the sum of vectors equals the resultant vector 4. Using function , convert vectors to rectangular form. Enter: p2r(i) p2r(c) p2r(r) Because the vectors are equal, the x- coordinate of must equal the x-coordinate of the resultant vector .
Page 761 6. Solve to calculate the actual speed of the boat. solve(eq2,b) 7. Substitute the known value of into and solve to determine , the speed of the eastward traveling current. solve(eq1,a) | b The boat travels at a speed of 22.7 knots, and the water current is approximately 7.9 knots.
Page 762 Quick-Find Locator ....................760 Alphabetical Listing of Operations ................ 764 This section describes the syntax and action of each TI-89 Titanium/ Voyage™ 200 function and instruction that is included in the operating system (OS). See modules relating to calculator software applications (Apps) for functions and instructions specific to those Apps.
Page 763 Quick-Find Locator This section lists the functions TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 and instructions in functional groups along with the page numbers where they are described. Algebra (" ") with cFactor() comDenom() cSolve() cZeros expand() factor() getDenom() getNum() nSolve() propFrac()
Page 764 ì (subtract) Math ù (add) (multiply) ë (negate) à (divide) (percent) ‡() (factorial) (sqr. root) ^ (power) ¡ ¡, ', " (degree) (angle) 4 (convert) _ (underscore) 10^() 4Bin 4Cylind 0b, 0h 4Dec 4DMS 4Hex 4Polar 4Rect 4Sphere abs() angle() approx() ceiling() conj()
Page 765 ≠ Programming < ≤ ≥ > (indirection) (store) ¦ (comment) ans() Archive checkTmr() ClockOff ClockOn ClrErr ClrGraph ClrHome ClrIO ClrTable CopyVar CustmOff CustmOn Custom Cycle dayOfWk() Define DelFold DelVar Dialog Disp DispG DispHome DispTbl DropDown Else ElseIf EndCustm EndDlog EndFor EndFunc EndIf EndLoop...
Page 766 Statistics (factorial) BldData CubicReg cumSum() ExpReg LinReg LnReg Logistic mean() median() MedMed nCr() NewData NewPlot nPr() OneVar PlotsOff PlotsOn PowerReg QuadReg QuartReg rand() randNorm() RandSeed ShowStat SinReg SortA SortD stdDev() TwoVar variance() Strings (append) (indirection) & char() dim() expr() format() inString() left() mid()
Page 767: Alphabetical Listing Of Operations
Alphabetical Listing of Operations Operations whose names are not alphabetic (such as +, !, and >) are listed at the end of this appendix, starting on page 873. Unless otherwise specified, all examples in this section were performed in the default reset mode, and all variables are assumed to be undefined.
Page 768 AndPic CATALOG In function graphing mode and Y= Editor: picVar [, row, column ] AndPic y1(x) = cos(x) C Displays the Graph screen and logically “ANDS” the 2 ˆ Style = 3:Square picture stored in and the current graph screen picVar at pixel coordinates ˆ...
Page 769 ans() 2 ± key ans() ⇒ To use to generate the Fibonacci value ans() ) ⇒ sequence on the Home screen, press: integer value ans( Returns a previous answer from the Home screen 1 ¸ history area. 1 ¸ 2 ± « 2 ± A 0 2 ¸ , if included, specifies which previous answer integer ¸...
Page 770 ) ⇒ matrix1 matrix2 matrix augment( [1,2;3,4]!M1 ¸ ) ⇒ matrix1 matrix2 matrix augment( Returns a new matrix that is appended to matrix2 [5;6]!M2 ¸ . When the “,” character is used, the matrices matrix1 1 2 5 must have equal row dimensions, and matrix2 augment(M1,M2) ¸...
Page 771 BldData CATALOG In function graphing mode and Radian angle [ dataVar ] BldData mode: Creates data variable based on the dataVar information used to plot the current graph. 8ùsin(x)!y1(x) ¸ BldData Done is valid in all graphing modes. 2ùsin(x)!y2(x) ¸ Done ZoomStd ¸...
Page 772 "&" Returns a character string containing the character char(65) ¸ "A" numbered from the integer TI-89 Titanium/Voyage™ 200 character set. See Appendix B for a complete listing of character codes. The valid range for is 0–255. integer checkTmr() CATALOG ) ⇒...
Page 773 ClockOn CATALOG ClockOn Turns the clock ClrDraw CATALOG ClrDraw Clears the Graph screen and resets the Smart feature so that the next time the Graph Graph screen is displayed, the graph will be redrawn. While viewing the Graph screen, you can clear all drawn items (such as lines and points) by pressing †...
Page 774 ClrHome CATALOG ClrHome Clears all items stored in the entry() ans() Home screen history area. Does not clear the current entry line. While viewing the Home screen, you can clear the history area by pressing ƒ and selecting 8:Clear Home For functions such as that return arbitrary solve()
Page 775 returns a reduced ratio of comDenom((y^2+y)/(x+1) expression1,var comDenom( ^2+y^2+y,x) ¸ numerator and denominator expanded with respect to . The terms and their factors are sorted with the main variable. Similar powers of are collected. There might be some incidental factoring of the collected coefficients.
Page 776 cos() 2 X key X key ) ⇒ In Degree angle mode: expression1 expression cos( ) ⇒ list1 list cos( ‡2 cos((p/4)ô ) ¸ returns the cosine of the argument expression1 cos( as an expression. ‡2 returns a list of the cosines of all elements cos(45) ¸...
Page 777 ) ⇒ In Radian angle mode and Rectangular complex squareMatrix1 squareMatrix cosê( format mode: Returns the matrix inverse cosine of squareMatrix1 This is not the same as calculating the inverse cosê([1,5,3;4,2,1;6,ë 2,1]) cosine of each element. For information about the ¸...
Page 778 MATH/Trig menu ) ⇒ expression1 expression In Degree angle mode: ) ⇒ list1 list (1) ¸ Returns the angle whose cotangent is expression1 In Radian angle mode: or returns a list containing the inverse cotangents of each element of list1 . (1) ¸...
Page 779 Even if is real, equation allows non-real results in real mode. cSolve() Although the TI-89 Titanium/Voyage™ 200 processes all undefined variables that do not end with an underscore (_) as if they were real, cSolve() can solve polynomial equations for complex solutions.
Page 780 You should also use _ for any other variables in ,z) ¸ cSolve(conj(z)=1+ that might have unreal values. Otherwise, equation z=1+ you may receive unexpected results. z_ is treated as complex: ,z_) ¸ cSolve(conj(z_)=1+ z_=1− equation1 equation2 … cSolve( [and varOrGuess1 varOrGuess2 [ …...
Page 781 If you do not include any guesses and if any cSolve(u_+v_= ^(w_) and u_ì v_= equation is non-polynomial in any variable but all , {u_,v_}) ¸ equations are linear in all solution variables, ì uses Gaussian elimination to attempt to cSolve() +1/2ø...
Page 782 CustmOff CATALOG program listing example. CustmOff Custom Removes a custom toolbar. enable a program to CustmOn CustmOff control a custom toolbar. Manually, you can press 2 ¾ to toggle a custom toolbar on and off. Also, a custom toolbar is removed automatically when you change applications.
Page 783 CyclePic CATALOG Save three pics named , and picNameString n [ , [ wait ] , [ cycles ] , CyclePic pic1 pic2 [ direction ]] pic3 Displays all the PIC variables specified and at the Enter: " " ,3,.5,4,ë1 CyclePic specified interval.
Page 784 Complex zeros can include both real and non-real cZeros({u_ù v_ì u_ì v_,v_^2+u_}, zeros, as in the example to the right. {u_,v_}) ¸ Each row of the resulting matrix represents an   1/2 ì øi 1/2 + øi alternate zero, with the components ordered the ...
Page 785 d () key or MATH/Calculus menu ]) ⇒ expression1 order expression (3x^3ì x+7,x) ¸ 9xñ ì 1 ]) ⇒ list1,var order list ]) ⇒ (3x^3ì x+7,x,2) ¸ matrix1,var order matrix 18ø x Returns the first derivative of with expression1 (f(x)ù g(x),x) ¸ respect to variable can be a list or a expression1...
Page 786 Zero, not the letter O, followed by b or h. binaryNumber hexadecimalNumber A binary number can have up to 32 digits. A hexadecimal number can have up to 8. Without a prefix, is treated as decimal. The integer1 result is displayed in decimal, regardless of the mode.
Page 787 Define listinpt()=prgm:Local progName arg1Name, arg2Name, ... Define ) = Prgm n,i,str1,num:InputStr "Enter block name of list",str1:Input "No. EndPrgm of elements",n:For Creates as a program or subprogram, but progName i,1,n,1:Input "element cannot return a result using . Can execute a Return "&string(i),num: block of multiple statements.
Page 788 Apply to an implicit solution if you want to deSolve(y'=(cos(y))^2ù x,x,y) solve() ¸ try to convert it to one or more equivalent explicit solutions. xñ tan(y)= When comparing your results with textbook or solve(ans(1),y) ¸ manual solutions, be aware that different methods xñ...
Page 789 2ndOrderOde boundaryCondition1 deSolve(w''ì 2w'/x+(9+2/x^2)w= deSolve( boundaryCondition2 independentVar xù ^(x) and w(p/6)=0 and ) ⇒ dependentVar a particular solution w(p/3)=0,x,w) ¸ Returns a particular solution that satisfies øxøcos(3øx) and has specified values at two 2ndOrderOde different points. øxøsin(3øx) x⋅e ì det() MATH/Matrix menu ) ⇒...
Page 790 dim() MATH/Matrix/Dimensions menu ) ⇒ dim({0,1,2}) ¸ list integer dim( Returns the dimension of list ) ⇒ dim([1,ë 1,2;ë 2,3,5]) ¸ {2 3} matrix list dim( Returns the dimensions of as a two-element matrix list {rows, columns}. ) ⇒ dim("Hello") ¸ string integer dim(...
Page 791 DispTbl CATALOG 5ù cos(x)! y1(x) ¸ DispTbl DispTbl ¸ Displays the current contents of the Table screen. Note: The cursor pad is active for scrolling. Press N or ¸ to resume execution if in a program. 4DMS MATH/Angle menu In Degree angle mode: expression 4DMS list...
Page 792 DrawParm CATALOG In function graphing mode and expression1 expression2 DrawParm ZoomStd window: tmin tmax tstep ] [, ] [, Draws the parametric equations DrawParm expression1 tù cos(t),tù sin(t),0,10,.1 ¸ , using as the independent variable. expression2 Defaults for , and are the current tmin tmax...
Page 793 Returns e raised to the power. expression1 ^(1.) ¸ 2.718 Note: On the TI-89 Titanium, pressing ¥ s to ^(3)^2 ¸ display e^( is different from pressing j [E ] . the Voyage 200, pressing 2s to display e^ is different from accessing the character e from the QWERTY keyboard.
Page 794 eigVc() MATH/Matrix menu ) ⇒ In Rectangular complex format mode: squareMatrix matrix eigVc( Returns a matrix containing the eigenvectors for a [L1,2,5;3,L6,9;2,L5,7]! m1 ¸ real or complex , where each column in squareMatrix   ë 1 the result corresponds to an eigenvalue. Note that ...
Page 795 EndLoop See Loop, page 814. EndPrgm See Prgm, page 828. EndTBar See ToolBar, page 863. EndTry See Try, page 864. EndWhile See While, page 866. entry() CATALOG entry() ⇒ On the Home screen: expression ) ⇒ integer expression entry( 1+1/x ¸ x + 1 Returns a previous entry-line entry from the Home screen history area.
Page 796 Exec CATALOG string expression1 expression2 Exec ] [, ] ... Executes a consisting of a series of Motorola string 68000 op-codes. These codes act as a form of an assembly-language program. If needed, the optional let you pass one or more arguments to the expressions program.
Page 797 returns expression1,var expression expand((x+y+1)^2,y) ¸ expand( expanded with respect to . Similar powers of yñ + 2ø yø (x + 1) + (x + 1)ñ are collected. The terms and their factors are sorted with as the main variable. There might be some expand((x+y+1)^2,x) ¸...
Page 798 ExpReg MATH/Statistics/Regressions menu list1, list2 , [ list3 ] [, list4, list5 ] ExpReg In function graphing mode: Calculates the exponential regression and updates {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}! L1 ¸ all the system statistics variables. {1 2 {1,2,2,2,3,4,5,7}! L2 ¸ All the lists must have equal dimensions except for {1 2 list5 ExpReg L1,L2 ¸...
Page 799 For the setting of the mode, AUTO Exact/Approx factor(x^5+4x^4+5x^3ì 6xì 3) including permits approximation with floating- ¸ point coefficients where irrational coefficients cannot be explicitly expressed concisely in terms of the ì 6ø x ì 3 + 4ø x + 5ø x built-in functions.
Page 800 Use the “|” operator to restrict the solution interval fMax(.5x^3ì xì 2,x)|x 1 ¸ and/or specify the sign of other undefined variables. ë .816 For the setting of the mode, APPROX Exact/Approx iteratively searches for one approximate fMax(aù x^2,x) ¸ fMax() local maximum.
Page 801 CATALOG high step Program segment: block © EndFor :0! tempsum : 1! step Executes the statements in iteratively for each block :For i,1,100,step value of , from , in increments of high step tempsum+i! tempsum :EndFor must not be a system variable. :Disp tempsum can be positive or negative.
Page 802 Func CATALOG In function graphing mode, define a piecewise Func function: block EndFunc Define g(x)=Func:If x<0 Then Required as the first statement in a multi-statement :Return 3ù cos(x):Else:Return function definition. 3ì x:EndIf:EndFunc ¸ Done can be either a single statement or a series of block Graph g(x) ¸...
Page 803 If the port is not specified, or is specified, the TI-89 Titanium waits for data from either port. port = 1 , the TI-89 Titanium waits for data from the USB port. port = 2 , the TI-89 Titanium waits for data from the I/O port.
Page 804 getDenom() MATH/Algebra/Extract menu ) ⇒ getDenom((x+2)/(yì 3)) ¸ y ì 3 expression1 expression getDenom( Transforms into one having a reduced expression1 getDenom(2/7) ¸ common denominator, and then returns its denominator. getDenom(1/x+(y^2+y)/y^2) ¸ xø y getDtFmt() CATALOG getDtFmt() ⇒ integer Integer values: Returns an integer representing the date format that 1 = MM/DD/YY is currently set on the device.
Page 805 getMode() CATALOG ) ⇒ getMode("angle") ¸ modeNameString string "RADIAN" getMode( ) ⇒ " ListStringPairs getMode("ALL getMode("graph") ¸ "FUNCTION" If the argument is a specific mode name, returns a string containing the current setting for that mode. getMode("all") ¸ {"Graph" "FUNCTION" If the argument is , returns a list of string "ALL"...
Page 806 getTmZn() CATALOG getTmZn() ⇒ integer If Greenwich Mean Time is 14:07:07, it is: Returns an integer representing the time zone that 8:07:07 a.m. in Denver, Colorado (Mountain is currently set on the device. Daylight Time) (–360 minutes from GMT) The returned integer represents the number of minutes the time zone is offset from Greenwich 16:07:07 p.m.
Page 807 Goto CATALOG labelName Goto Program segment: Transfers program control to the label © labelName :0! temp must be defined in the same program labelName :1! i using a instruction. :Lbl TOP temp+i! temp If i<10 Then i+1! i Goto TOP EndIf :Disp temp ©...
Page 808 Zero, not the letter O, followed by b or h. binaryNumber hexadecimalNumber A binary number can have up to 32 digits. A hexadecimal number can have up to 8. Without a prefix, is treated as decimal integer1 (base 10). The result is displayed in hexadecimal, regardless of the mode.
Page 809 Boolean expression1 Then Program segment: block1 © Boolean expression2 ElseIf Then :If choice=1 Then block2 Goto option1 © Boolean expressionN ElseIf choice=2 Then ElseIf Then blockN Goto option2 EndIf ElseIf choice=3 Then Goto option3 Allows for program branching. If Boolean expression1 ElseIf choice=4 Then evaluates to true, executes .
Page 810 InputStr CATALOG promptString InputStr [ Program segment: Pauses the program, displays on the © promptString Program I/O screen, waits for you to enter a :InputStr "Enter Your Name",str1 response, and stores your response as a string in © variable If you omit , “?”...
Page 811 isClkOn() CATALOG isClkOn() ⇒ true,false Determines if the clock is . Returns true if the clock is . Returns if the clock is false isPrime() MATH/Test menu ) ⇒ IsPrime(5) ¸ number Boolean constant expression true isPrime( IsPrime(6) ¸ false Returns true or false to indicate if is a whole number...
Page 812 left() MATH/String menu ⇒ string sourceString left( left("Hello",2) ¸ "He" Returns the leftmost characters contained in character string sourceString If you omit , returns all of sourceString ]) ⇒ left({1,3,ë 2,4},3) ¸ left( list1 list {1 3 ë 2} Returns the leftmost elements contained in list1 If you omit...
Page 813 Line CATALOG In the window, draw a line and then xStart yStart xEnd yEnd drawMode Line ZoomStd erase it. Displays the Graph screen and draws, erases, or inverts a line segment between the window Line 0,0,6,9 ¸ coordinates ( ) and ( xStart yStart xEnd...
Page 814 LinReg MATH/Statistics/Regressions menu list1 list2 list3 list4 list5 LinReg ] [, In function graphing mode: Calculates the linear regression and updates all the {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}! L1 ¸ system statistics variables. {0 1 2 {0,2,3,4,3,4,6}! L2 ¸ All the lists must have equal dimensions except for {0 2 3 list5 LinReg L1,L2 ¸...
Page 815 ) ⇒ In Radian angle mode and Rectangular complex squareMatrix1 squareMatrix format mode: Returns the matrix natural logarithm of squareMatrix1 This is not the same as calculating the natural ln([1,5,3;4,2,1;6,ë 2,1]) ¸ logarithm of each element. For information about the ...
Page 816 log() CATALOG ) ⇒ expression1 expression log( log(2.0) ¸ .301 ) ⇒ list1 list log( If complex format mode is REAL Returns the base-10 logarithm of the argument. log({ë 3,1.2,5}) ¸ For a list, returns the base-10 logs of the elements. Error: Non-real result If complex format mode is RECTANGULAR...
Page 817 Loop CATALOG Program segment: Loop block © EndLoop :1! i Repeatedly executes the statements in . Note block :Loop that the loop will be executed endlessly, unless a Rand(6)! die1 instruction is executed within block Goto Exit Rand(6)! die2 If die1=6 and die2=6 is a sequence of statements separated with block Goto End...
Page 818 mat4list() MATH/List menu ) ⇒ mat4list([1,2,3]) ¸ matrix list {1 2 3} mat4list( Returns a list filled with the elements in . The matrix [1,2,3;4,5,6]! M1 ¸ elements are copied from row by row. matrix 1 2 3 4 5 6 mat4list(M1) ¸...
Page 819 MedMed MATH/Statistics/Regressions menu list1 list2 list3 list4 list5 MedMed ] [, In function graphing mode: Calculates the median-median line and updates all {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}! L1 ¸ {0 1 2 the system statistics variables. {0,2,3,4,3,4,6}! L2 ¸ {0 2 3 MedMed L1,L2 ¸ Done All the lists must have equal dimensions except for ShowStat ¸...
Page 820 ) ⇒ min({0,1,ë 7,1.3,.5}) ¸ ë 7 list expression min( Returns the minimum element of list ⇒ matrix matrix1 min( min([1,ë 3,7;ë 4,0,.3]) ¸ [ë 4 ë 3 .3] Returns a row vector containing the minimum element of each column in matrix1 Note: See also fMin()
Page 821 nCr() MATH/Probability menu ) ⇒ expression1 expression2 expression zø (zì 2)ø (zì 1) nCr( nCr(z,3) For integer with expression1 expression2 ‚ ‚ 0, is the number of expression1 expression2 nCr() ans(1)|z=5 combinations of things taken expression1 expression2 at a time. (This is also known as a binomial nCr(z,c) coefficient.) Both arguments can be integers or c!(zì...
Page 822 matrix NewData sysData, Loads the contents of into the system data matrix variable sysData NewFold CATALOG folderName NewFold games ¸ NewFold Done Creates a user-defined folder with the name , and then sets the current folder to that folderName folder. After you execute this instruction, you are in the new folder.
Page 823 NewPlot CATALOG FnOff ¸ type xList yList frqList catList Done NewPlot ], [ ], [ includeCatList mark bucketSize ], [ ] [, PlotsOff ¸ Done {1,2,3,4}! L1 ¸ {1 2 3 4} Creates a new plot definition for plot number {2,3,4,5}! L2 ¸...
Page 824 Nest to do multiple numeric integration. nInt() nInt(nInt( ^(ë xù y)/‡(x^2ì y^2), Integration limits can depend on integration y,ë x,x),x,0,1) ¸ 3.304 variables outside them. Note: See also ‰ norm() MATH/Matrix/Norms menu ) ⇒ norm([a,b;c,d]) ¸ matrix expression norm( Returns the Frobenius norm. añ...
Page 825 ) ⇒ matrix1 matrix2 matrix nPr([6,5;4,3],[2,2;2,2]) ¸ nPr( Returns a matrix of permutations based on the corresponding element pairs in the two matrices. The arguments must be the same size matrix. nSolve() MATH/Algebra menu ) ⇒ equation varOrGuess number or error_string nSolve(x^2+5xì...
Page 826 MATH/Test menu ⇒ x‚3 or x‚4 ¸ x ‚ 3 Boolean expression1 Boolean expression2 Boolean expression Program segment: Returns true or false or a simplified form of the © original entry. If x<0 or x‚5 Returns true if either or both expressions simplify to Goto END true.
Page 827 P4Rx() MATH/Angle menu ) ⇒ rExpression Expression expression P4Rx( In Radian angle mode: ) ⇒ rList List list P4Rx( ) ⇒ P4Rx(r,q) ¸ cos(q)ø r rMatrix Matrix matrix P4Rx( Returns the equivalent x-coordinate of the P4Rx(4,60¡) ¸ (r, q) pair. P4Rx({ë...
Page 828 ) ⇒ part(cos(pù x+3),1) ¸ expression1 expression 3+pøx part( Simplifies and returns the argument expression1 Note: Simplification changed the order of the or operand, where is > 0 and the number of top- argument. level arguments or operands returned by .
Page 829 The example Program Editor function to the right :d(y,x) uses to partially implement getType() part() :Func symbolic differentiation. Studying and completing :Local f this function can help teach you how to differentiate :If getType(y)="VAR" manually. You could even include functions that the Return when(y=x,1,0,0) cannot differentiate, such as Bessel functions.
Page 830 PlotsOff CATALOG PlotsOff 1,2,5 ¸ Done PlotsOff [1] [, 2] [, 3] ... [, 9] Turns off the specified plots for graphing. When in PlotsOff ¸ Done 2-graph mode, only affects the active graph. If no parameters, then turns off all plots. PlotsOn CATALOG PlotsOn 2,4,5 ¸...
Page 831 PowerReg MATH/Statistics/Regressions menu list1 list2 list3 list4 list5 PowerReg ] [, In function graphing mode: Calculates the power regression and updates all the {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}! L1 ¸ system statistics variables. {1 2 3 {1,2,3,4,3,4,6}! L2 ¸ All the lists must have equal dimensions except for {1 2 3 list5 PowerReg L1,L2 ¸...
Page 832 propFrac() MATH/Algebra menu ]) ⇒ propFrac(4/3) ¸ expression1 expression 1 + 1/3 propFrac( returns rational_number rational_number propFrac( propFrac(ë 4/3) ¸ ë 1ì 1/3 the sum of an integer and a fraction having the same sign and a greater denominator magnitude than numerator magnitude.
Page 833 PtText CATALOG PtText "sample",3,5 ¸ string PtText Displays the Graph screen and places the character string on the screen at the pixel nearest the string specified ( ) window coordinates. x, y is positioned with the upper-left corner of its string first character at the coordinates.
Page 834 PxlOff CATALOG PxlHorz 25,1 ¸ PxlOff rowList colList PxlOff PxlOff 25,50 ¸ Displays the Graph screen and turns off the pixel at pixel coordinates ( Note: Regraphing erases all drawn items. 25,50 PxlOn CATALOG PxlOn 25,50 ¸ PxlOn rowList colList PxlOn Displays the Graph screen and turns on the pixel at pixel coordinates (...
Page 835 MATH/Matrix menu The floating-point number (9.) in causes matrix qMatName rMatName [ tol ] results to be calculated in floating-point form. Calculates the Householder QR factorization of a [1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9.]!m1 ¸ real or complex . The resulting Q and R matrix ...
Page 836 ¸ Note: through must be a variable name or list1 list4 Regeq(x)"y1(x) ¸ Done c1–c99. (columns in the last data variable shown in the Data/Matrix Editor). does not have to be a list5 NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2 ¸ Done variable name and cannot be c1–c99. ¥...
Page 837 R4Pr() MATH/Angle menu ) ⇒ In Radian angle mode: xExpression yExpression expression R4Pr ( ) ⇒ xList yList list R4Pr ( R4Pr(3,2) ¸ ) ⇒ xMatrix yMatrix matrix R4Pr ( R4Pr(x,y) ¸ Returns the equivalent -coordinate of the R4Pr([3,-4,2],[0,pà4,1.5]) ¸ ( x,y ) pair arguments.
Page 838 RclGDB CATALOG RclGDB GDBvar ¸ GDBvar Done RclGDB Restores all the settings stored in the Graph database variable GDBvar For a listing of the settings, see StoGDB Note: It is necessary to have something saved in before you can restore it. GDBvar RclPic CATALOG...
Page 839 ref() MATH/Matrix menu ) ⇒ matrix1 [ tol ] matrix ref([ë 2,ë 2,0,ë 6;1,ë 1,9,ë 9;ë 5, ref( 2,4,ë 4]) ¸ Returns the row echelon form of matrix1   ë 2/5 ë 4/5   Optionally, any matrix element is treated as zero if 11/7 ...
Page 840 Return CATALOG Define factoral(nn)=Func expression Return [ :local answer,count:1! answer Returns as the result of the function. Use expression :For count,1,nn within a block, or Func EndFunc :answerù count! answer:EndFor block. Prgm EndPrgm :Return answer:EndFunc ¸ Done Note: Use without an argument to exit a Return factoral(3) ¸...
Page 841 ) ⇒ In Dec base mode: list1 [ #ofRotations ] list rotate( Returns a copy of rotated right or left by rotate({1,2,3,4}) ¸ list1 elements. Does not alter Rotations list1 {4 1 2 3} is positive, the rotation is to the left. If #of Rotations rotate({1,2,3,4},ë...
Page 842 rowNorm() MATH/Matrix/Norms menu ) ⇒ rowNorm([-5,6,-7;3,4,9;9,-9,-7]) matrix expression rowNorm( ¸ Returns the maximum of the sums of the absolute values of the elements in the rows in matrix Note: All matrix elements must simplify to numbers. See also colNorm() rowSwap() MATH/Matrix/Row ops menu ) ⇒...
Page 843 sec() MATH/Trig menu ) ⇒ expression1 expression In Degree angle mode: sec( ) ⇒ list1 list sec( sec(45) ¸ Returns the secant of expression1 or returns a list containing the secants of all elements in list1 . sec({1,2.3,4}) ¸ 1.000… Note: The argument is interpreted as either a cos(1) cos(4)
Page 844 = 0 If the port is not specified, or is specified, the TI-89 Titanium sends data using the USB port if connected, if not, it will send using the I/O port. port = 1 , the TI-89 Titanium sends data using the USB port only.
Page 845 setDate() CATALOG ) ⇒ ¸ year,month,day listold setDate(2001,10,31) setDate( {2001 Sets the clock to the date given in the argument and returns a list. (Note: The year must fall in the range 1997 - 2132.) The returned list is in } format.
Page 846 "Grid" "Off", "On" "Axes" "Off", "On" (not 3D graph mode) "Off", "Axes", "Box" (3D graph mode) "Leading Cursor" "Off", "On" "Labels" "Off", "On" "Style" "Wire Frame", "Hidden Surface", "Contour Levels", "Wire and Contour", "Implicit Plot" "Seq Axes" "Time", "Web", "U1-vs-U2" "DE Axes"...
Page 847 "Exponential Format" "Normal", "Scientific", "Engineering" "Complex Format" "Real", "Rectangular", "Polar" "Vector Format" "Rectangular", "Cylindrical", "Spherical" "Pretty Print" "Off", "On" "Split Screen" "Full", "Top-Bottom", "Left-Right" "Split 1 App" "Home", "Y= Editor", "Window Editor", "Graph", "Table", "Data/Matrix Editor", "Program Editor", "Text Editor", "Numeric Solver", " Flash App "...
Page 848 setTmZn() CATALOG ) ⇒ integer integerold setTmZn( If Greenwich Mean Time is 14:07:07, it is: Sets the time zone according to the argument and 7:07:07 a.m. in Denver, Colorado (Mountain returns the previous time zone value. Standard Time) (–420 minutes from GMT) The time zone is defined by an integer that gives the minutes offset from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), 15:07:07 p.m.
Page 849 Shade CATALOG expr1 expr2 xlow xhigh pattern patRes Shade ], [ ], [ ], [ In the viewing window: ZoomTrig Displays the Graph screen, graphs expr1 expr2 , Shade cos(x),sin(x) ¸ and shades areas in which is less than expr1 expr2 must be expressions that use expr1...
Page 850 shift() CATALOG ) ⇒ In Bin base mode: integer1 [ #ofShifts ] integer shift( Shifts the bits in a binary integer. You can enter shift(0b1111010110000110101) in any number base; it is converted ¸ integer1 automatically to a signed, 32-bit binary form. If the 0b111101011000011010 magnitude of is too large for this form, a...
Page 851 ShowStat CATALOG {1,2,3,4,5}! L1 ¸ {1 2 3 4 5} ShowStat {0,2,6,10,25}! L2 ¸ Displays a dialog box containing the last computed {0 2 6 10 25} statistics results if they are still valid. Statistics TwoVar L1,L2 ¸ results are cleared automatically if the data to ShowStat ¸...
Page 852 ) ⇒ Solve: x + 2y = 1 x + 2y = 2 coeffMatrix constMatrix [ tol ] matrix simult( 3x + 4y = ë 1 3x + 4y = ë 3 Solves multiple systems of linear equations, where each system has the same equation coefficients but simult([1,2;3,4],[1,2;ë...
Page 853 sinh() MATH/Hyperbolic menu ) ⇒ expression1 expression sinh( sinh(1.2) ¸ 1.509 ) ⇒ list1 list sinh( sinh({0,1.2,3.}) ¸ returns the hyperbolic sine of the sinh ( expression1 1.509 10.017 argument as an expression. returns a list of the hyperbolic sines of list sinh ( each element of...
Page 854 SinReg MATH/Statistics/Regressions menu In function graphing mode: list1 list2 iterations period list3 list4 SinReg ] , [ ] [, Calculates the sinusoidal regression and updates all seq(x,x,1,361,30)! L1 ¸ the system statistics variables. {1 31 61 …} {5.5,8,11,13.5,16.5,19,19.5,17, All the lists must have equal dimensions except for 14.5,12.5,8.5,6.5,5.5}! L2 ¸...
Page 855 Use the “|” operator to restrict the solution interval In Radian angle mode: and/or other variables that occur in the equation or solve(tan(x)=1/x,x)|x>0 and x<1 inequality. When you find a solution in one interval, you can use the inequality operators to exclude that ¸...
Page 856 If all of the equations are polynomials and if you do NOT specify any initial guesses, uses the solve() lexical Gröbner/Buchberger elimination method to attempt to determine all real solutions. For example, suppose you have a circle of radius r at the origin and another circle of radius r centered where the first circle crosses the positive x-axis.
Page 857 Each solution variable starts at its guessed value if solve( ^(z)ù y=1 and there is one; otherwise, it starts at 0.0. ë y=sin(z),{y,z=2p}) ¸ y=.001… and z=6.281… Use guesses to seek additional solutions one by one. For convergence, a guess may have to be rather close to a solution.
Page 858 stdDev() MATH/Statistics menu ]) ⇒ stdDev({a,b,c}) ¸ list , freqlist expression stdDev( stdDev({1,2,5,ë 6,3,ë 2}) ¸ Returns the standard deviation of the elements in list Each element counts the number of freqlist consecutive occurrences of the corresponding element in list Note: must have at least two elements.
Page 859 StoPic CATALOG picVar pxlRow pxlCol width height StoPic ] [, Displays the graph screen and copies a rectangular area of the display to the variable picVar , if included, specify the upper-left pxlRow pxlCol corner of the area to copy (defaults are 0, 0). , if included, specify the dimensions, width height...
Page 860 = 2, activates window 2 and returns the integer1 previously active window number. is omitted, switches windows and returns integer1 the previously active window number. is ignored if the integer1 TI-89 Titanium/Voyage™ 200 is not displaying a split screen. Appendix A: Functions and Instructions...
Page 861 (transpose) MATH/Matrix menu î ⇒ [1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9]! mat1 ¸ matrix1 matrix   1 2 3 Returns the complex conjugate transpose of matrix1   4 5 6   7 8 9 mat1 î ¸   1 4 7 ...
Page 862 tan() 2 Y key Y key ) ⇒ expression1 expression tan( In Degree angle mode: ) ⇒ list1 list tan( tan((p/4)ô ) ¸ returns the tangent of the argument tan( expression1 as an expression. tan(45) ¸ returns a list of the tangents of all elements list1 tan( tan({0,60,90}) ¸...
Page 863 ) ⇒ In Radian angle mode: squareMatrix1 squareMatrix tanh( Returns the matrix hyperbolic tangent of tanh([1,5,3;4,2,1;6,ë 2,1]) . This is not the same as calculating the squareMatrix1 ¸ hyperbolic tangent of each element. For information about the calculation method, refer to cos() ...
Page 864 tCollect() MATH\Algebra\Trig menu ) ⇒ tCollect((cos(a))^2) ¸ expression1 expression tCollect( cos(2ø a) + 1 Returns an expression in which products and integer powers of sines and cosines are converted to a linear combination of sines and cosines of tCollect(sin(a)cos(b)) ¸ multiple angles, angle sums, and angle differences.
Page 865 Title CATALOG titleString Title Program segment: Creates the title of a pull-down menu or dialog box © when used inside a construct, Toolbar Custom :Dialog or a block. Dialog...EndDlog :Title "This is a dialog box" Note: is only valid in the construct.
Page 866 @tmpCnv() CATALOG , you can press ¥ c ¤ [ expression1_ ¡ tempUnit1 _ ¡ tempUnit2 To get @tmpCnv( ⇒ (or 2 ¿ expression _ ¡ tempUnit2 Converts a temperature range (the difference @tmpCnv(100_¡c,_¡f) ¸ between two temperature values) specified by 180.ø_¡F from one unit to another.
Page 867 CATALOG Program segment: block1 © Else :Try block2 NewFold(temp) EndTry Else Executes unless an error occurs. Program block1 ¦Already exists execution transfers to if an error occurs in block2 ClrErr . Variable contains the error number block1 errornum :EndTry to allow the program to perform error recovery. ©...
Page 868 unitV() MATH/Matrix/Vector ops menu ) ⇒ unitV([a,b,c]) ¸ vector1 vector unitV( Returns either a row- or column-unit vector, añ +bñ +cñ añ +bñ +cñ añ +bñ +cñ depending on the form of vector1 unitV([1,2,1]) ¸ must be either a single-row matrix or a vector1 ‡6 ‡6...
Page 869 ClrGraph ¸ Use an to define an expression falseResult undef Graph when(x‚ë p and that graphs only on an interval. x<0,x+3,undef) ¸ Omit only the to define a two-piece Graph when(x<0,x+3,5ì x^2) ¸ unknownResult expression. Nest to define expressions that have more when() "...
Page 870 MATH/Test menu ⇒ true xor true ¸ Boolean expression1 Boolean expression2 Boolean false expression (5>3) xor (3>5) ¸ true Returns true Boolean expression1 true is false, or vice versa. Boolean expression2 Returns Boolean expression1 Boolean false are both true or both false. Returns a expression2 simplified Boolean expression if either of the original Boolean expressions cannot be resolved to true or...
Page 871 zeros() MATH/Algebra menu ) ⇒ zeros(aù x^2+bù x+c,x) ¸ expression list zeros( Returns a list of candidate real values of that ë( bñ-4øaøc-+b) bñ-4øaøc-b make does this by computing expression zeros() 2øa 2øa expression ,var exp8list(solve( aù x^2+bù x+c|x=ans(1)[2] ¸ For some purposes, the result form for exact(zeros(aù...
Page 872 You can also (or instead) include unknowns that do zeros({x^2+y^2ì r^2, not appear in the expressions. For example, you (xì r)^2+y^2ì r^2},{x,y,z}) can include z as an unknown to extend the previous ¸ example to two parallel intersecting cylinders of ...
Page 873 ZoomData CATALOG ZoomData In function graphing mode: {1,2,3,4}! L1 ¸ {1 2 3 4} Adjusts the window settings based on the currently {2,3,4,5}! L2 ¸ {2 3 4 5} defined plots (and data) so that all statistical data points will be sampled, and displays the Graph newPlot 1,1,L1,L2 ¸...
Page 874 ZoomFit CATALOG ZoomFit In function graphing mode: 1.25xù cos(x)! y1(x) ¸ Displays the Graph screen, and calculates the Done necessary window dimensions for the dependent ZoomStd ¸ variables to view all the picture for the current independent variable settings. " ¥...
Page 875 ZoomOut CATALOG ZoomOut In function graphing mode: Displays the Graph screen, lets you set a center 1.25xù cos(x)! y1(x) ¸ Done point for a zoom out, and updates the viewing ZoomStd:ZoomOut ¸ window. The magnitude of the zoom is dependent on the factors .
Page 876 ZoomStd CATALOG ZoomStd In function graphing mode: Sets the window variables to the following standard 1.25xù cos(x)! y1(x) ¸ Done values, and then updates the viewing window. ZoomStd ¸ Function graphing: x: [ë 10, 10, 1], y: [ë 10, 10, 1] xres=2 Parametric graphing: t: [0, 2p, p/24], x: [ë...
Page 877 list2 ⇒ list list1 {22,p,p/2}! L1 ¸ {22 p p/2} matrix2 ⇒ matrix matrix1 {10,5,p/2}! L2 ¸ {10 5 p/2} L1+L2 ¸ {32 p+5 p} Returns a list (or matrix) containing the sums of corresponding elements in list1 list2 matrix1 ans(1)+{p,ë...
Page 878 list1 ù list2 ⇒ list {1.0,2,3}ù {4,5,6} ¸{4. 10 18} Returns a list containing the products of the {2àa,3à2}ù {añ,bà3} ¸{2ø a corresponding elements in list1 list2 Dimensions of the lists must be equal. matrix1 ù matrix2 ⇒ matrix [1,2,3;4,5,6]ù [a,d;b,e;c,f] ¸...
Page 879 (power) ⇒ 4^2 ¸ expression1 expression2 expression ⇒ list1 list2 list {a,2,c}^{1,b,3} ¸ {a 2 cò } Returns the first argument raised to the power of the second argument. For a list, returns the elements in raised to the list1 power of the corresponding elements in list2 In the real domain, fractional powers that have...
Page 880 .ù ¶ p (dot mult.) keys ⇒ matrix1 . ù matrix2 [a,2;b,3].ù [c,4;5,d] ¸ matrix ⇒ expression . ù matrix1 matrix x.ù [a,b;c,d] ¸ returns a matrix that is the product ù matrix2 matrix1 of each pair of corresponding elements in matrix1 matrix2 ù...
Page 881 Á (equal) ⇒ expression1 expression2 Boolean expression Example function listing using math test ⇒ list1 list2 Boolean list symbols: =, ƒ, <, , >, ‚ ⇒ matrix1 matrix2 Boolean matrix :g(x) Returns true if is determined to be equal expression1 :Func expression2 :If x ë...
Page 882 ≤ ¹ µ ≤ ⇒ expression1 expression2 Boolean expression See "=" (equal) example. ⇒ ≤ list1 list2 Boolean list ⇒ ≤ matrix1 matrix2 Boolean matrix Returns is determined to be less expression1 true than or equal to expression2 Returns is determined to be expression1 false greater than...
Page 883 & ¥ p (append) 2 H key ⇒ "Hello " & "Nick" ¸ string1 string2 string & "Hello Nick" Returns a text string that is appended to string2 string1 ‰() 2 < (integrate) ]) ⇒ ‰( expression1 lower upper expression ] [, ]) ⇒...
Page 884 ‡() (square root) ) ⇒ ‡(4) ¸ ‡ ( expression1 expression ) ⇒ ‡ ( list1 list ‡({9,a,4}) ¸ ‡a Returns the square root of the argument. For a list, returns the square roots of all the elements in list1. Π() (product) MATH/Calculus menu...
Page 885 ô (radian) MATH/Angle menu ⇒ expression1 ô expression In Degree or Radian angle mode: ⇒ ô list1 list ‡2 ⇒ matrix1 ô matrix cos((p/4)ô ) ¸ In Degree angle mode, multiplies expression1 180/p. In Radian angle mode, returns expression1 cos({0ô,(p/12)ô,ë pô }) ¸ unchanged.
Page 886 ¡, ', " 2 “ 2 È 2 É key (¡), key ('), key (") ⇒ ¡ ss.ss expression " In Degree angle mode: A positive or negative number 25°13'17.5" ¸ 25.221 A non-negative number A non-negative number ss.ss 25°30' ¸ 51/2 Returns /60)+(...
Page 887 (convert) ⇒ 3_m 4 _ft ¸ expression_unit1 unit2 expression_unit2 9.842…ø_ft Converts an expression from one unit to another. The units must be in the same category. The _ underscore character designates the units. For a list of valid pre-defined units, refer to the module about constants and measurement units.
Page 888 Í (“with”) 2 Í key x+1| x=3 ¸ expression Boolean expression1 [ and Boolean expression2 ] ... [ and Boolean expressionN ] x+y| x=sin(y) ¸ sin(y) + y The “with” (|) symbol serves as a binary operator. The operand to the left of | is an expression. The x+y| sin(y)=x ¸...
Page 889 ¦ (comment) Program Editor/Control menu or ¥ d 2 X key ¦ [ text Program segment: ¦ processes as a comment line, which can be © text used to annotate program instructions. :¦ Get 10 points from the Graph ¦ can be at the beginning or anywhere in the line. screen Everything to the right of ¦, to the end of the line, is :For i,1,10 ¦...
Page 890 Appendix B: Technical Reference This section contains a comprehensive list of TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 error messages and character codes. It also includes information about how certain TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 operations are calculated. TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Error Messages........888 TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™...
Page 891: Ti-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Error Messages
TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Error Messages This section lists error messages that may be displayed when input or internal errors are encountered. The number to the left of each error message represents an internal error number that is not displayed. If the error occurs inside a Try...EndTry block, the error number is stored in system variable errornum .
Page 892 Error Number Description Argument must be an expression For example, zeros(2x+3=0,x) is invalid because the first argument is an equation. ASAP or Exec string too long Attribute (8-digit number) of object (8-digit number) not found Batteries too low for sending or receiving Install new batteries before sending or receiving.
Page 893 Error Number Description Dimension mismatch Two or more arguments must be of the same dimension. For example, [1,2]+[1,2,3] is a dimension mismatch because the matrices contain a different number of elements. Divide by zero Domain error An argument must be in a specified domain. For example, ans(100) is not valid because the argument for ans() must be in the range 1–99.
Page 894 Error Number Description Invalid assignment value Invalid axes Invalid command Invalid folder name Invalid for the current mode settings Invalid implied multiply For example, x(x+1) is invalid; whereas, xù (x+1) is the correct syntax. This is to avoid confusion between implied multiplication and function calls. Invalid in a function or current expression Only certain commands are valid in a user-defined function.
Page 895 Error Number Description Invalid outside Loop..EndLoop, For..EndFor, or While..EndWhile blocks For example, the Exit command is valid only inside these loop blocks. Invalid pathname For example, \\var is invalid. Invalid polar complex Invalid program reference Programs cannot be referenced within functions or expressions such as 1+p(x) where p is a program.
Page 896 Error Number Description Missing ) Missing " Missing ] Missing } Missing start or end of block syntax Missing Then in the If..EndIf block Name is not a function or program No functions selected No solution found Using the interactive math features (F5:Math) in the Graph application can give this error.
Page 897 Error Number Description Program not found A program reference inside another program could not be found in the provided path during execution. Recursion is limited to 255 calls deep Reserved name or system variable ROM-resident routine not available Sequence setup Signature error Singular matrix Slope fields need one selected function and are used for 1st-order equations only...
Page 898 Error Number Description ˆ Warning: ^0 or undef^0 replaced by 1 Warning: 0^0 replaced by 1 ˆ Warning: 1^ or 1^undef replaced by 1 Warning: cSolve may specify more zeros Warning: May produce false equation Warning: Expected finite real integrand Warning: May not be fully simplified Warning: More solutions may exist Warning: May introduce false solutions...
Page 899: Ti-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Modes
Selects the number of digits. These decimal settings affect only how results are displayed—you can enter a number in any format. Internally, the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 retains decimal numbers with 14 significant digits. For display purposes, such numbers are rounded to a maximum of 12 significant digits.
Page 900 Angle Specifies the units in which angle values are interpreted and displayed in trig functions and polar/rectangular conversions. 1:RADIAN 2:DEGREE Exponential Format Specifies which notation format should be used. These formats affect only how an answer is displayed; you can enter a number in any format. Numeric answers can be displayed with up to 12 digits and a 3-digit exponent.
Page 901 Vector Format Determines how 2-element and 3-element vectors are displayed. You can enter vectors in any of the coordinate systems. 1:RECTANGULAR Coordinates are in terms of x, y, and z. For example, [3,5,2] represents x = 3, y = 5, and z = 2. Coordinates are in terms of r, q, and z.
Page 902 Exact/Approx Specifies how fractional and symbolic expressions are calculated and displayed. By retaining rational and symbolic forms in the EXACT setting, the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 increases precision by eliminating most numeric rounding errors. 1:AUTO Uses EXACT setting in most cases. However, uses APPROXIMATE if the entry contains a decimal point.
Page 903 Lets you select custom defaults. This mode is dimmed until you select Unit System, 3:CUSTOM. Language Lets you localize the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 into one of several languages, depending on which language Flash applications are installed. 1:English Default language included with the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™...
Page 904 Apps Desktop Lets you turn the display of the Apps desktop on or off. Displays the navigable Apps desktop. The Apps desktop appears when you: ¦ Press O. ¦ Turn the unit on after it has been turned off by pressing 2 ®.
Page 905: Ti-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Character Codes
TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Character Codes The char() function lets you refer to any character by its numeric character code. For example, to display 2 on the Program I/O screen, use . You can use Disp char(127) ord() to find the numeric code of a character. For example, returns 65.
Page 906: Ti-89 Titanium Key Codes
TI-89 Titanium Key Codes The getKey() function returns a value that corresponds to the last key pressed, according to the tables shown in this section. For example, if your program contains a getKey() function, pressing 2 ˆ will return a value of 273.
Page 907 Table 1: Key Codes for Primary Keys (Continued) Modifier ¤ ¥ None Assoc. Value Assoc. Value Assoc. Value Assoc. Value Assoc. Value ¸ ENTRY 4109 APPROX 8205 § STO4 4354 Á ƒ ∠ SYMB 8341 · SPACE 4372 8365 SPACE ¶...
Page 908 Table 3: Greek Letters (prefixed by ¥ c) Keys Second modifier ¤ Assoc. Value Assoc. Value α Á β δ ∆ ε φ Í γ Γ λ µ π Π § [P] ρ © σ Σ ª τ Ü ω Ω...
Page 909: Voyage™ 200 Key Codes
Voyage™ 200 Key Codes The getKey() function returns a value that corresponds to the last key pressed, according to the tables shown in this section. For example, if your program contains a getKey() function, pressing 2 ƒ will return a value of 268. Table 1: Key Codes for Primary Keys Modifier ¤...
Page 910 Table 1: Key Codes for Primary Keys (Continued) Modifier ¤ ¥ None Assoc. Value Assoc. Value Assoc. Value Assoc. Value µ < 8240 ¨ 8241 © CATALOG 4146 8242 ª CUST 4147 8243 Σ 4148 8244 MATH 4149 8245 4150 8246 ‰...
Page 911 Table 2: Arrow Keys (including diagonal movement) ‚ ¤ ¥ Normal 16722 4434 8530 33106 16724 4436 8532 33108 16728 4440 8536 33112 16721 4433 8529 33105 C and A 16723 4435 8531 33107 C and B 16726 4438 8534 33110 D and A 16729...
Page 912 Table 6: Greek Letters (prefixed by 2 G) ¤ Assoc. Normal α β δ ε φ γ λ µ π ρ σ τ ω ξ ψ ζ Table 7: Tilde Letters (prefixed by 2 N) ¤ Assoc. Normal ñ õ Table 8: Caret Letters (prefixed by 2 O) ¤...
Page 913: Entering Complex Numbers
Entering Complex Numbers You can enter complex numbers in the polar form (r q), where r is the magnitude and q is the angle, or polar form r You can also enter complex numbers in rectangular form a+b Overview of A complex number has real and imaginary components that identify a point in the complex plane.
Page 914 You can enter a complex number at any time, regardless of the Complex Format mode setting. However, the mode setting determines how results are displayed. If Complex Format is: The TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200: Note: You can enter REAL Will not display complex results unless you: complex numbers in any ¦...
Page 915: Symbolic Calculations
Complex Numbers Radian angle mode is recommended for complex number calculations. Internally, the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 converts all entered trig and Degree Mode values to radians, but it does not convert values for exponential, logarithmic, or hyperbolic functions.
Page 916: Accuracy Information
Accuracy Information To maximize accuracy, the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 carries more digits internally than it displays. Computational Floating-point (decimal) values in memory are stored using up to 14 digits with a 3-digit exponent. Accuracy ¦ For min and max Window variables (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, etc.), you can store values using up to 12 digits.
Page 917: System Variables And Reserved Names
System Variables and Reserved Names This section lists the names of system variables and reserved function names that are used by the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200. Only those system variables and reserved function names that are identified by an asterisk (*) can be deleted by using on the entry line.
Page 918: Eos (Equation Operating System) Hierarchy
For example, (1+2)/(3+4 will display the error message “Missing ).” Note: Because the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 allows you to define your own functions, a variable name followed by an expression in parentheses is considered a “function call”...
Page 919 Indirection The indirection operator (#) converts a string to a variable or function name. For example, #(“x”&”y”&”z”) creates the variable name xyz. Indirection also allows the creation and modification of variables from inside a program. For example, if 10!r and “r”!s1, then #s1=10. Post Operators Post operators are operators that come directly after an argument, such as 5!, 25%, or 60ó15' 45".
Page 920: Regression Formulas
Regression Formulas This section describes how the statistical regressions are calculated. Least-Squares Most of the regressions use non-linear recursive least-squares techniques to optimize the following cost function, which is the sum of the squares of Algorithm the residual errors: ∑ residualExpression where: residualExpression is in terms of x and y...
Page 921 Regression Description LnReg Uses the least-squares algorithm and transformed values ln( x ) and y to fit the model equation: y = a + b ln( x ) Logistic Uses the least-squares algorithm to fit the model equation: y=a/(1+b * e ^(c * x))+d MedMed Uses the median-median line (resistant line) technique to calculate summary points x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, and y3, and...
Page 922: Contour Levels And Implicit Plot Algorithm
Contour Levels and Implicit Plot Algorithm Contours are calculated and plotted by the following method. An implicit plot is the same as a contour, except that an implicit plot is for the z=0 contour only. Algorithm Based on your x and y Window variables, the distance between xmin and xmax and between ymin and ymax is divided into a number of grid lines specified by xgrid and ygrid.
Page 923: Runge-Kutta Method
Ordinary Differential Equations by L. F. Shampine (New York: Chapman & Hall, 1994). The TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 software does not adjust the step size to land on particular output points. Rather, it takes the biggest steps that it...
Page 924: Battery Information
Battery Information uses two types of batteries: TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 four alkaline batteries, and a lithium battery as a backup for retaining memory while you change the alkaline batteries. As the alkaline batteries run down, the display will begin to dim (especially When to Replace during calculations).
Page 925 2 ® Replacing the 1. If the TI-89 Titanium is on, turn it off (press ) to avoid loss of information stored in memory. Alkaline Batteries in the TI-89 Titanium 2. Slide the protective cover over the keyboard and place the device face down.
Page 926 2 ® Replacing the 1. If the Voyage™ 200 is on, turn it off (press ) to avoid loss of information stored in memory. Alkaline Batteries in the Voyage 200 2. Slide the protective cover over the keyboard and place the device face down.
Page 927: In Case Of Difficulty
The PAUSE indicator is A graph or program is paused and the displayed. TI-89 Titanium / Voyage 200 is waiting for ¸ input; press An error message is Refer to the list of error messages in this displayed.
Page 928 Suggested action: will reset your TI-89 Titanium and clear its / Voyage 200 The TI-89 Titanium appears The following action clears RAM. This memory. to be “locked up” and will not erases all data, programs, and user- respond to keyboard input.
Page 929: Appendix B: Technical Reference
6GZCU +PUVTWOGPVU 5WRRQTV CPF 5GTXKEG (QT IGPGTCN *QOG 2CIG GFWECVKQPVKEQO KPHQTOCVKQP -PQYNGFIG$CUG CPF GFWECVKQPVKEQOUWRRQTV GOCKN KPSWKTKGU 2JQPG 6+%#4'5 (QT 75 %CPCFC /GZKEQ 2WGTVQ 4KEQ CPF 8KTIKP +UNCPFU QPN[ +PVGTPCVKQPCN +PHQTOCVKQP GFWECVKQPVKEQOKPVGTPCVKQPCN (QT VGEJPKECN -PQYNGFIG$CUG CPF UWRRQTV UWRRQTV D[ GOCKN GFWECVKQPVKEQOUWRRQTV 2JQPG PQV VQNNHTGG...
Page 930 Appendix C: Programmer’s Guide The parameter/mode strings used in the setMode( ), getMode( ), setGraph( ), and setTable( ) functions do not translate into other languages when used in a program. For example, when you write a program in the French Language mode then switch to the Italian Language mode, the program will produce an error.
Page 931 setMode( ) and getMode( ) Parameter/Mode Setting Strings Graph FUNCTION PARAMETRIC POLAR SEQUENCE DIFF EQUATIONS DisplayDigits FIX 0 FIX 1 FIX 2 FIX 3 FIX 4 FIX 5 FIX 6 FIX 7 FIX 8 FIX 9 FIX 10 FIX 11 FIX 12 FLOAT FLOAT 1...
Page 932 Parameter/Mode Setting Strings FLOAT 10 FLOAT 11 FLOAT 12 Angle RADIAN DEGREE Exponential Format NORMAL SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING Complex Format REAL RECTANGULAR POLAR Vector Format RECTANGULAR CYLINDRICAL SPHERICAL Pretty Print SplitScreen FULL TOP-BOTTOM LEFT-RIGHT Split1App (applications are not numbered) Split2App (applications are not numbered) Number of Graphs Appendix C: Programmer’s Guide...
Page 933 Parameter/Mode Setting Strings Graph 2 FUNCTION PARAMETRIC POLAR SEQUENCE DIFF_EQUATIONS Split Screen Ratio Exact/Approx AUTO EXACT APPROXIMATE Base Appendix C: Programmer’s Guide...
Page 934 setGraph( ) Parameter/Mode Setting Strings Coordinates RECT POLAR Graph Order SIMUL Grid Axes In 3D Mode: AXES Not in 3D Mode: Leading Cursor Labels Seq Axes TIME Custom Solution Method EULER Appendix C: Programmer’s Guide...
Page 935 Parameter/Mode Setting Strings Fields SLPFLD DIRFLD FLDOFF DE Axes TIME Y1-VS-Y2 T-VS-Y' Y-VS-Y' Y1-VS-Y2' Y1'-VS-Y2' XR Style WIRE FRAME HIDDEN SRUFACE CONTOUR LEVELS WIRE AND CONTOUR IMPLICIT PLOT Appendix C: Programmer’s Guide...
Page 936 setTable( ) Parameter/Mode Setting Strings Graph <->Table Independent AUTO Axes Appendix C: Programmer’s Guide...
Page 937 Turn off unit so that it returns to current application the Σ Π ρ next time you turn it on σ π ¥ µ (zero) ¥ ¶ ‚ Ω ω ¥ · Copy graph coordinates to Home screen history TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Shortcut Keys...
Page 938 π ω ε ρ τ ψ π Σ ∆ Σ ∆ Γ Γ α α σ σ δ δ φ φ γ γ λ λ ζ ξ β µ ζ ξ β µ TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Shortcut Keys...
Page 939 D and B FUNCTIONS ¥ " " Display Home screen ¥ 5 ¥ ¥ 6 ¥ Copy ¥ 7 ¥ Paste ½ 2 ½ Catalog ¥ 9 Display Units dialog box ¥ s eõ TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Shortcut Keys...
Page 940 ≠ (Not equal to symbol) ¥ Á ¥ e ! (Factorial) ¦ ¥ d ¦ Comment (Circle-C) ƒ 3 ¥ ƒ 1 ¥ Open ƒ 2 ¥ Save copy as ¥ Í ¥ Format dialog box TI-89 Titanium / Voyage™ 200 Shortcut Keys...
Page 941 Index ( . –, dot subtraction ....876 Symbols ( . /, dot division ....877 ( ! , factorial .
Page 942 4DMS, display as degree/minute/second . description ....10 status ..... . 34 ( 2 ;...
Page 943 0b, binary indicator ....886 ans( ), last answer ....766 0h, hexadecimal indicator ..886 answer (last), ans( ) .
Page 944 arbitrary integer, @ ....263 BATT message ....191 Arc (graph math tool) 317 batteries .
Page 945 2 K ....14 Organizr (organizer) ... 28 changing entry/answer pairs ..24 Science .
Page 946 key command ....14 operation ....36 char( ), character string .
Page 947 solve, cSolve( ) ..227 cosh/( ), hyperbolic arccosine ..774 tables ..... 448 cot( ), cotangent .
Page 948 cursor keys (ABCD) cell width ....512 entering commands ... 19 column header . .513 opening Apps .
Page 949 – variable, DelVar 225 graphing ....396 initial conditions ....407 deleting variables ....131 second order .
Page 950 rectangular vector, 4Rect ..835 Pencil ..... 476 spherical vector, 4Sphere ..854 polar, DrawPol .
Page 951 if, EndIf ... . 567 clear error, ClrErr ..620 loop, EndLoop ..598 Memory error .
Page 952 complex numbers ... . . 68 programming ..115 complex zeroes ... . . 745 Pythagorean theorem .
Page 953 expand( ), expand ..70 family of curves ....464 expand, expand( ) 70 Fibonacci sequence ... . . 359 exponent key (2 ^) .
Page 954 transmitting ... . . 702 off, FnOff ... 297 VARLINK . 677 on, FnOn ... 297 .
Page 955 *f(x)dx ....317 getDtFmt( ), get date format ..801 – getDtStr( ), get date string ..801 3D .
Page 956 Minimum ... . 78 time plots ..343 modes 175 trace, Trace 307 ....363 .
Page 957 indicator, 0h ....886 if, If ....463 hidden surface ..93 imag( ), imaginary part .
Page 958 Intersection (graph math tool) . . 317 Labels graph format ... . . 302 inverse cosecant, csc/( ) ..776 Language mode ....177 inverse cotangent, cot/( ) .
Page 959 calculator to calculator 617 new data, NewData ..581 ... 702 new, newList( ) ....819 cancelling .
Page 960 MATH menu (2 I) ... 45 pretty print ....504 math operations ... . . 21 product, product( ) .
Page 961 insufficient display memory, <<...>> . toolbar ....163 Trig ..... . . 244 resetting .
Page 962 custom units ....15 setting in programs ... 600 DE (differential equation) ..34 setting, setMode( ) .
Page 963 irrational ....227 data, NewData ..554 negative ....144 folder, NewFold .
Page 964 output, Output ....604 pixel overwrite mode (2 /) ..14 change, PxlChg ..615 circle, PxlCrcl .
Page 965 polar branching ..567 coordinate, R4Pq( ) ... 834 calling another program ..576 coordinate, R4Pr( ) ... 834 CBL .
Page 966 drop-down menu, DropDown . . . 606 get/return units, getUnits( ) ..803 go to, Goto ..578 else if, ElseIf ..463 graphs ..... 611 else, Else .
Page 967 Quit (2 K) ....14 try, Try ....620 variables .
Page 968 rectangular x coordinate, P4Rx( ) . . . 824 right( ), right ....837 rectangular y coordinate, P4Ry( ) . . . 824 right, right( ) .
Page 969 description ....10 setTmZn( ), set time zone ..845 status ..... . 34 setUnits( ), set units .
Page 970 software version ....221 status and open Apps ... 3 Solution Method graph format ..400 viewing .
Page 971 show results, ShowStat . . . 533 character string, char( ) ..586 standard deviation, stdDev( ) . . . 855 dimension, dim( ) ... . 586 two-variable results, TwoVar .
Page 972 Tangent (graph math tool) 317 T, transpose ....858 tangent, tan( ) ....859 t0 window variable .
Page 973 connecting ....62 Trace, trace ..730 TI Connect software ..60 trace, Trace 307 time tracing 78...
Page 974 Unarchiv, unarchive variables .582 Value (graph math tool) . . 317 ..... . . 406 unarchive variables, Unarchiv .582 variables ....35 archiving and unarchiving .
Page 975 undefined ....223 Window Editor ....53 unknown, solving for ..654 window variables unlocking, Unlock .
Page 976 zmax ..... . 365 zmin ..... . 365 Zero (graph math tool) .
Page 977 ZoomInt, zoom integer ... 871 ZoomOut, zoom out ... . . 872 ZoomPrev, zoom previous ..872 ZoomRcl, zoom recall .

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