A&D GF-1200 Instruction Manual

A&D GF-1200 Instruction Manual

Gf series precision balance
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GF SERIES
GF-200/GF-300/GF-400/GF-600/GF-800/GF-1000
GF-1200/GF-2000/GF-3000/GF-4000/GF-6100
GF-6000/GF-8000
Precision Balance
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
1WMPD4000209C

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  • Page 1 GF SERIES GF-200/GF-300/GF-400/GF-600/GF-800/GF-1000 GF-1200/GF-2000/GF-3000/GF-4000/GF-6100 GF-6000/GF-8000 Precision Balance INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1WMPD4000209C...
  • Page 2 © 2008 A&D Company Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, or translated into any language in any form by any means without the written permission of A&D Company Ltd. The contents of this manual and the specifications of the instrument covered by this manual are subject to change for improvement without notice.
  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    CONTENTS B a s i c O p e r a t i o n 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................3 1-1 About This Manual..........................3 1-2 Features ............................. 3 1-3 Compliance............................4 2. UNPACKING THE BALANCE ......................6 2-1 Unpacking............................6 2-2 Installing the Balance ......................... 7 3.
  • Page 4 10-5 Description of the Item “Data output mode” ................... 36 10-6 Description of the Item “Data format” ..................... 37 10-7 Description of the Data Format Added to the Weighing Data ............... 39 10-8 Data Format Examples ........................40 10-9 Comparator Function ........................42 11.
  • Page 5: Basic Operation

    1. INTRODUCTION This manual describes how the GF series balance works and how to get the most out of it in terms of performance. Read this manual thoroughly before using the balance and keep it at hand for future reference. 1-1 About This Manual This manual consists of the following five parts: Basic operation .......Describes precautions on handling the balance, balance...
  • Page 6: Compliance

    1-3 Compliance Compliance with FCC Rules Please note that this device generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy. This device has been tested and has been found to comply with the limits of a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC rules. These rules are designed to provide reasonable protection against interference when this device is operated in a commercial environment.
  • Page 8: Unpacking The Balance

    2. UNPACKING THE BALANCE 2-1 Unpacking The balance is a precision instrument. Unpack the balance carefully. Keep the packing material to be used for transporting the balance in the future. The packing contents depend on the balance model. See the illustrations to confirm that everything is contained.
  • Page 9: Installing The Balance

    GF-1200/2000/3000/4000/6100/6000/8000 Weighing pan Breeze ring Main unit Display Bubble spirit level RS-232C serial interface (External input terminal) Main unit rear side Pan support receptor Grounding Reference card Keys AC adapter jack terminal Leveling foot AC adapter plug Windows communication tools (WinCT)
  • Page 10: Precautions

    3. PRECAUTIONS To get the optimum performance from the balance and acquire accurate weighing data, note the following: 3-1 Before Use Install the balance in an environment where the temperature and humidity are not excessive. The best operating temperature is about 20°C / 68°F at about 50% relative humidity.
  • Page 11: During Use

    3-2 During Use Discharge static electricity from the material to be weighed (hereinafter referred to as sample). When a sample could have a static charge, the weighing data is influenced. Ground the balance and try the following: Eliminate the static electricity by AD-1683 as an accessory. Or try to keep the ambient humidity above 45%RH.
  • Page 12: After Use

    3-3 After Use Avoid mechanical shock to the balance. Do not disassemble the balance. Contact the local A&D dealer if the balance needs service or repair. Do not use organic solvents to clean the balance. Clean the balance with a lint free cloth that is moistened with warm water and a mild detergent.
  • Page 13: Display Symbols And Key Operation

    4. DISPLAY SYMBOLS AND KEY OPERATION Key operation Key operation affects how the balance functions. The basic key operations are: “Press and release the key immediately” or “Press the key” = normal key operation during measurement “Press and hold the key” Display symbols Response indicators ・Displays data stored in memory...
  • Page 14: Weighing Units

    5. WEIGHING UNITS 5-1 Units With the GF series balance, the following weighing units and weighing modes are available: Counting mode Percent mode Density mode (To use this mode, it must be stored in the function table as described on page 15.
  • Page 15 18.0 26.5 35.1 52.2 69.4 94.3 0.0001 Messghal 44.8 66.1 87.4 130.1 172.8 234.6 0.0005 Capacity Minimum Unit display GF-1200 GF-2000 GF-3000 GF-4000 GF-6100 Gram 1210 2100 3100 4100 6100 0.01 Ounce (Avoir) 42.6 74.0 109.3 144.6 215.1 0.0005 Pound 2.66...
  • Page 16 Capacity Minimum Unit display GF-6000 GF-8000 Gram 6100 8100 Ounce (Avoir) 0.005 Pound 13.4 17.8 0.0005 Pound/Ounce 13Lb 7.17oz 17Lb 13.72oz 0.01oz Troy Ounce 0.005 Metric Carat 30500 40500 Momme 1626 2160 0.05 Pennyweight 3922 5208 Grain (UK) 94136 125002 Tael (HK general, 0.005...
  • Page 17: Storing Units

    5-2 Storing Units The units or modes can be selected and stored in the function table. The sequence of displaying the units or modes can be arranged to fit the frequency of use. The units stored are maintained in non-volatile memory, even if the AC adapter is removed. Select a unit or mode and arrange the sequence of display as follows: 1 Press and hold the SAMPLE key until ba5fnc of the...
  • Page 18 Unit setting example The example below sets the units in the order with g (gram) as the first unit followed by pc (counting mode). Press and hold the SAMPLE key until ba5fnc of the function table is displayed, then release the key. Press and hold Press Press the SAMPLE key several times to display...
  • Page 19: Weighing

    6. WEIGHING 6-1 Basic Operation (Gram Mode) Weighing 1 Place a container on the weighing pan, if necessary. Press the RE-ZERO key to cancel the weight (tare). The 0. 0 0 g. (The decimal point position balance displays Container depends on the balance model.) Sample 2 Place a sample on the pan or in the container.
  • Page 20: Counting Mode (Pc)

    6-2 Counting Mode (PC) This is the mode to determine the number of objects in a sample based on the standard sample unit mass. Unit mass means the mass of one sample. The smaller the variables in each sample unit mass is, the more accurate the counting will be.
  • Page 21 Notes If the balance judges that the mass of the samples is too light and is not adequate to be used as the unit mass, it displays lo If the balance judges that the mass of the samples is too light to aquire accurate weighing, it displays an error requiring the addition of more samples to the specified number.
  • Page 22: Percent Mode (Pct)

    6-3 Percent Mode (Pct) This is the mode to display the weight value in percentage compared to a 100% reference mass and is used for target weighing or checking the sample variable. Selecting the percent mode 1 Press the MODE key to select pct (percent mode). If the percent mode can not be selected, refer to “5.
  • Page 23: Response Adjustment / Self Check Function

    7. RESPONSE ADJUSTMENT / SELF CHECK FUNCTION 7-1 Manual Response Adjustment The function has three rates as follows: Response indicators Changing the response rate changes the display refresh rate. Indicator Parameter Response characteristic Display refresh rate FAST Cond 0 Fast response, Sensitive value If the response rate is changed as follows: MID.
  • Page 24: Self Check Function

    7-2 Self Check Function This function self-checks the internal performance of the balance. Operation Press and hold 1 Press and hold the MODE key until RESPONSE is the key displayed, then release the key. Release the key 2 The balance automatically starts to check its internal performance 3 After self-check, the balance displays the checking result and returns to the weighing mode.
  • Page 25: Calibration

    800 g, 700 g, 600 g, 500 g, 400 g, 300 g, 200 g GF-1000 1000 g, 900 g, 800 g, 700 g, 600 g, 500 g, 400 g, 300 g, 200 g GF-1200 1000 g, 500 g GF-2000 2000 g, 1000 g...
  • Page 26: Calibration Using An External Weight

    8-2 Calibration Using an External Weight This function calibrates the balance using an external weight. Operation 1 Connect the AC adapter and warm up the balance for at least 30 minutes with nothing on the pan. Press and 2 Press and hold the CAL key until Calout hold the key displayed, and then release the key.
  • Page 27 From previous page 5 Confirm that there is nothing on the pan and press the PRINT key. The balance measures the zero point. Do not allow vibration or drafts to affect the balance. The balance displays the calibration weight value. Calibration 6 Place the displayed calibration weight on the pan weight...
  • Page 28: Calibration Test Using An External Weight

    8-3 Calibration Test Using an External Weight This function tests the balance weighing accuracy using an external mass and outputs the result. This is available only when the “GLP output (info)” parameter is set to “1” or “2”. (Calibration test does not perform calibration.) Operation 1 Connect the AC adapter and warm up the balance...
  • Page 29 From previous page 5 Confirm that there is nothing on the pan and press the PRINT key. The balance measures the zero point and displays the measured value. Do not allow vibration or drafts to affect the balance. The balance displays the target weight value. Target weight 6 Place the displayed target weight on the pan and press the PRINT key.
  • Page 30: Function Switch And Initialization

    9. FUNCTION SWITCH AND INITIALIZATION 9-1 Permit or Inhibit The balance stores parameters that must not be changed unintentionally (e.g. Calibration data for accurate weighing, Data for adapting to the operating environment, Control data for the RS-232C interface). There are five switches for the purpose of protecting these parameters. Each switch can select either “permit”...
  • Page 31: Initializing The Balance

    9-2 Initializing the Balance This function returns the following parameters to factory settings. Calibration data Function table The sample unit mass value (counting mode), 100% reference mass value (percent mode) The data that is stored in the balance using the data memory function External calibration weight and target weight value Function switch settings Liquid density and temperature in the density mode...
  • Page 32: Function Table

    10. FUNCTION TABLE The function table reads or rewrites the parameters that are stored in the balance. These parameters are stored in non-volatile memory, and are maintained even if the AC adapter is removed.. 10-1 Structure and Sequence of the Function Table The function table menu consists of two layers.
  • Page 33: Details Of The Function Table

    10-3 Details of the Function Table Param- Class Item Description eter Cond Fast response, sensitive value With "Hold 1", sets the FAST averaging time. Condition MID. Slow response, stable value SLOW The stabilization indicator 5t-b Stable when within 1 digit illuminates with the display Stability band width fluctuation within the range.
  • Page 34 Param- Class Item Description eter Accepts the PRINT key only Key mode when the display is stable. dout Outputs data when the Auto print mode A Data output Data output mode dispaly is stable and (Reference = zero) conditions of ap-p, ap-b and the reference value are Auto print mode B met.
  • Page 35 aram- Class Item Description eter *600 bps 1200 bps Serial interface Baud rate 2400 bps 4800 bps 9600 bps btpr 7 bits, even Data bit, parity bit 7 bits, odd 8 bits, none Crlf CR: ASCII code 0Dh CR LF Terminator LF: ASCII code 0Ah type...
  • Page 36: Description Of The Class "Environment, Display

    Weighing range Note GF-200/300/400/600/800/1000 0.200 g or over The Animal Weighing Bowl Kit (GX-12) is available GF-1200/2000/3000/4000/6100 2.00 g or over as an option for all models except GF-200. GF-6000/8000 10.0 g or over The averaging time and stabilization range are set in “Condition (Cond)” and “Stability band width (5t-b)”.
  • Page 37 Zero tracking ( trc ) This function tracks zero point drift caused by changes in the environment and stabilizes the zero point. When the weighing data is only a few digits, turn the function off for accurate weighing. Note Digit, when used for the GF series balance, indicates a unit of minimum weighing value. trc 0 The tracking function is not used.
  • Page 38: Description Of The Item "Data Output Mode

    10-5 Description of the Item “Data output mode” The parameter setting of the “Data output mode ( prt )” applies to the performance when the “Data memory ( data )” parameter is set to “2” (to store the weighing data) and when the data is transmitted using the RS-232C interface.
  • Page 39: Description Of The Item "Data Format

    Interval memory mode The weighing data is periodically stored in memory. dout prt 3 Required setting Interval memory mode dout data 2 Data memory function is used. Stores weighing data. dout Interval time Example “For periodical weighing without a computer command and to output all of the data, to a computer, at one time”...
  • Page 40 5if type 2 KF format This is the Karl-Fischer moisture meter format and is used when the peripheral equipment can only communicate using this format. This format consists of fourteen characters excluding the terminator. This format has no header characters. The polarity sign is placed before the data, with spaces in place of leading zeros, if the data is not zero or overloaded.
  • Page 41: Description Of The Data Format Added To The Weighing Data

    5if type 5 CSV format Separates the data of A&D standard format and the unit by a comma (,). Outputs the unit even when the data is overloaded. When the ID number and data number are added, outputs the ID number, data number and weighing data in this order and separates each item by a comma and treats all the items as one group of data.
  • Page 42: Data Format Examples

    10-8 Data Format Examples A&D Stable S T , + 0 0 0 0 1 C R L F C R L F C R L C R L F C R L F + 0 0 0 0 1 C R L F Note Two formats are available for MT.
  • Page 43 Units D.P . A&D Counting mode Precent mode Ounce (Avoir) Pound Pound Ounce Troy Ounce Metric Carat Momme Pennyweight Grain (HK general, T ael Singapore) T ael (HK, jewelry) T ael (T aiwan) T ael (China) T ola (India) Messghal Density Multi (Blank)
  • Page 44: Comparator Function

    10-9 Comparator Function The results of the comparison are indicated by HI OK LO on the display. Operating conditions: No comparison Comparison when the weighing data is stable or overloaded, excluding “near zero” Comparison when the weighing data is stable or overloaded, including “near zero”...
  • Page 45 9 With Cp lnt displayed, press the PRINT key. The current setting is displayed. When the current setting is to be changed, change the setting using the following keys. Enter the tolerance value, in percentage to the reference value, as 100%. SAMPLE key To select the digit to change the value.
  • Page 46: Id Number And Glp Report

    11. ID NUMBER AND GLP REPORT The ID number is used to identify the balance when Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is used. The ID number is maintained in non-volatile memory even if the AC adapter is removed. The GLP output format is selected at “GLP output (info)” of the function table and can be output to a personal computer or printer using the RS-232C serial interface.
  • Page 47 Calibration report using an external weight When the setting is “info 1”: When the setting is “info 2”: AD-8121 format General data format A & D<TERM> Manufacturer A & D MO DEL GF -2 00 0<TERM> Model   M O D E L G F - 2 0 0 0 S/ N 012 34 56 7<TERM>...
  • Page 48 Title block and end block When a weight value is recorded as the GLP data, “Title block” and “End block” are inserted at the beginning and at the end of a group of weight values, in the GLP report. Note To output the report to an AD-8121B , use MODE 3 of the AD-8121B.
  • Page 49: Data Memory

    12. DATA MEMORY Data memory is a function to store weighing data and unit mass in memory. Of the data in memory, the balance can only display the weighing data. The weighing data in memory is available for outputting at one time to a printer or personal computer. One of the following data set can be stored: Weighing data (Up to 40 sets.) Unit mass in the counting mode (Up to 20 sets)
  • Page 50: Memory For Weighing Data

    12-2 Memory for Weighing Data The data memory function can store 40 sets of weighing data. Even if the AC adapter is removed, the data is maintained in non-volatile memory. It is not necessary that the printer or computer be continually connected to the balance, because the balance stores the weighing data in memory.
  • Page 51 The following commands can not be used during data storage. Query command for weighing data. P Query command for stable weighing data. Query command for weighing data. Query command for continuous weighing data. : 1Bh in ASCII code Setting the function table Parameter settings for each output mode are as follows: Item Data output...
  • Page 52 Recalling the memory data Confirm that the “Data memory ( data )” parameter is set to “2”. 1 Press and hold the PRINT key until reCall is displayed. 2 Press the PRINT key to enter the memory recall mode. Recall the data in memory using the following keys RE-ZERO key To proceed to the next data set.
  • Page 53: Memory For Unit Mass In The Counting Mode

    12-3 Memory for Unit Mass in the Counting Mode The data memory function can store 20 sets of unit mass for the counting mode. Even if the AC adapter is removed, the data is maintained in non-volatile memory. Among the 20 sets, “p01”...
  • Page 54: Underhook

    13. UNDERHOOK The underhook can be used for weighing large samples, magnetic materials or for measuring density. The built-in underhook is revealed by removing the plastic cap on the bottom of the balance. Use the underhook as shown below. Caution Do not apply excessive force to the underhook.
  • Page 55: Programmable-Unit

    Model Minimum coefficient Maximum coefficient GF-200/300/400/600/800/1000 1000 0.000001 GF-1200/2000/3000/4000/6100 GF-6000/8000 Operation 1 Press and hold the SAMPLE key until ba5fnc of the function table is displayed. mltCadj 2 Press the SAMPLE key several times to display 3 Press the PRINT key. The balance enters the mode to confirm or set the coefficient.
  • Page 56: Density Measurement

    15. DENSITY MEASUREMENT The GF series balance is equipped with a density mode. It calculates the density of a solid using the weight of a sample in air and the weight in liquid. The density mode was not selected for use when the balance was shipped from the factory. To use the mode, change the function table and activate the density mode.
  • Page 57 The relation between the water temperature and density is shown below. Entering the density directly ( ldin 1 ) In the density mode, press and hold the MODE key until the density currently set (unit : g / cm factory setting : 1.000g / cm ) is displayed.
  • Page 58 Measuring procedure 1 Confirm that the balance is in the mode to measure the weight of the sample in air. (“g” displayed and processing indicator blinking) 2 Confirm that the balance indicates zero. If it does not indicate zero, press the RE-ZERO to reset the displayed value to zero.
  • Page 59: Rs-232C Serial Interface / External Input

    16. RS-232C SERIAL INTERFACE / EXTERNAL INPUT Transmission system EIA RS-232C Transmission form Asynchronous, bi-directional, half duplex Data format Baud rate 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 bps Data bits 7 or 8 bits Parity Even, Odd (Data bits 7 bits) None (Data bits 8 bits) Stop bit...
  • Page 60 External input Pin 18 and pin 19 perform the same function as pressing the PRINT and RE-ZERO keys respectively by connecting each pin to pin 7 for at least 100 ms. Use of example The external input connector (AX-HDB-25P/CTF) and the foot switch (AX-SW128) are sold separately.
  • Page 61: Connection To Peripheral Equipment

    17. CONNECTION TO PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT 17-1 Connection to the AD-8121B Printer Set the following parameters to use the AD-8121B printer. Function setting Description dout prt Selects a print mode. dout ap-p 0-2 Selects the polarity for the auto print mode. dout ap-b 0-2 Selects the auto print difference.
  • Page 62: Using Windows Communication Tools (Winct)

    17-3 Using Windows Communication Tools (WinCT) When Windows is used as an operating system in a personal computer, the provided WinCT software can be used to transmit the weighing data to the personal computer. The WinCT has two communication methods: “RsCom” and “RsKey”. For details on WinCT, refer to the WinCT instruction manual.
  • Page 63 5 Using the GF series balance memory function The weighing data, instead of outputting it immediately to an external device, can be stored in the balance’s memory. Later, all of the weighing data stored can be output to a personal computer at one time.
  • Page 64: Commands

    18. COMMANDS 18-1 Command List Commands to query weighing data Cancels the S or SIR command. Requests the weighing data immediately. Requests the weighing data when stabilized. Requests the weighing data immediately. Requests the weighing data continuously. Requests the weighing data when stabilized. Note: The “Q”...
  • Page 65: Acknowledge Code And Error Codes

    Commands to control the comparator function HI:∗∗∗. ∗∗ Sets the upper limit value. e.g.,HI:+2.34 g (to set the upper limit value to 2.34 g: represents a space.) LO:∗∗∗. ∗∗ Sets the lower limit value. e.g.,LO:+1.23 g (to set the lower limit value to 1.23 g: represents a space.) Outputs the upper limit value.
  • Page 66: Command Examples

    18-3 Command Examples ON command Personal computer Time Balance Standby mode ON command C R L F Command received AK C R L F All segments are displayed All segments Command completed AK C R L F Zero display R command Personal computer Time Balance...
  • Page 67 Error code Personal computer Time Balance Weighing mode (unstable) R command C R L F Command received AK C R L F In process When the R command can not be achieved due to unstable weighing: Error code CAL command When the CAL command is C R L F received, the balance returns to...
  • Page 68 Weighing with a tare Personal computer Time Balance R command Sets the display to zero C R L F Command received AK C R L F In process Command completed AK C R L F Zero display Place a container TR command Tares C R L F...
  • Page 69: Control Using Cts And Rts

    Setting a negative target value and filling with a sample until the display becomes zero Personal computer Time Balance Place a container Before command execution R command Command received AK C R L F In process Command completed AK C R L F AK C R L F Zero display PT: command to set a target weight of 100 g...
  • Page 70: Maintenance

    19. MAINTENANCE Do not use organic solvents to clean the balance. Clean the balance with a lint free cloth that is moistened with warm water and a mild detergent. Do not disassemble the balance. Contact the local A&D dealer if the balance needs service or repair.
  • Page 71: Error Codes

    Is the sample placed in the center of the weighing pan? Has the balance been calibrated using an external mass? Has the balance been warmed up for 30 minutes before weighing? Sample and container Has the sample absorbed or lost moisture due to the ambient conditions such as temperature and humidity? Has the temperature of the container been allowed to equalize to the ambient temperature? Refer to “3-2 During Use”.
  • Page 72 Display Error code Description Weighing pan Error The weight value is too light. Confirm that the weighing pan is properly installed and calibrate the balance. Sample mass error The balance can not store the sample for the counting mode or for the percent mode because it is too light. Use a larger sample.
  • Page 73: Asking For Repair

    Display Error code Description EC, E03 Timeout error If the timeout parameter is set to “t-Up1”, the balance did not receive the next character of a command within the time limit of one second. Confirm the communication. EC, E04 Excess characters error The balance received excessive characters in a command.
  • Page 74: Specifications

    21. SPECIFICATIONS GF-200 GF-300 GF-400 GF-600 GF-800 GF-1000 Weighing capacity 210 g 310 g 410 g 610 g 810 g 1100 g Maximum display 210.084 g 310.084 g 410.084 g 610.084 g 810.084 g 1100.084 g Minimum weighing value (1 digit) 0.001 g Repeatability (Standard deviation) 0.001 g...
  • Page 75 GF-1200 GF-2000 GF-3000 GF-4000 GF-6100 GF-6000 GF-8000 Weighing capacity 1210 g 2100 g 3100 g 4100 g 6100 g 6100 g 8100 g Maximum display 1210.84 2100.84 3100.84 4100.84 6100.84 6108.4 g 8108.4 g Minimum weighing value (1 digit) 0.01 g 0.1 g...
  • Page 76: Options

    Glass Breeze Break Animal Weighing Bowl Density Determination (GX-10) (GX-11) Kit (GX-12) Kit (GX-13) For all models except GF-200 For GF-200/300/400 For GF-1200/2000/3000 For GF-200/300/400 The mass of the Animal Weighing 600/800/1000 4000/6100/6000 600/800/1000 Bowl Kit is approx. 200g. 8000 GX-02 USB interface (Applicable OS is Windows 98 OSR2 or later.)
  • Page 77 AD-8920 Remote display Connected to the GF series using the RS-232C interface to display the weighing data away from the balance.. AD-8922 Remote controller Connected to the GF series using the RS-232C interface to display the weighing data and to remotely control the balance.
  • Page 78 AD-1683 DC static eliminator Used to minimize weighing errors due to static electricity on the material. AD-1684 Electrostatic field meter This option measures the amount of the static charge on the sample, tare or peripheral equipment and displays the result. If those are found to be charged, discharge them using the AD-1683 DC static eliminator.
  • Page 79: External Dimensions

    23. EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS...
  • Page 80: Terms/Index

    24. TERMS/INDEX Terms Stable value The weight data when the stabilization indicator appears. Environment Ambient conditions such as vibration, drafts, temperature, static electricity and magnetic fields which affect the weighing operation. Store To save the weighing data, unit mass or calibration data using the data memory function.
  • Page 81 Index Data number ..........38, 78 Keys and symbols Density determination kit......54 Digit ..........24, 26, 78 ON/OFF key ....... 11, 28 DP (Dump print) format ........37 SAMPLE key ......11, 15 MODE key ......11, 12, 15 - E - CAL key ........11, 15 PRINT key ........
  • Page 82 Mode ............78 Sensitivity drift........72, 73, 78 MT format ............ 38 Stability band width ........34 Stabilization time ..........78 - N - Stable value ........21, 34, 78 Static electricity ........9, 69 NU (Numerical) format......... 38 Store ............78 - O - Stream mode ..........36 Output ............

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