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Summary of Contents for EUTECH INSTRUMENTS LEAD EPOXY
- Page 1 EUTECH INSTRUMENTS PTE LTD. INSTRUCTION MANUAL LEAD ION ELECTRODE...
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Page 2: Table Of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ......................1 Introduction ..............................2 Required Equipment..........................2 Required Solutions ...........................2 GENERAL PREPARATION......................3 Electrode Preparation ..........................3 Electrode Slope Check (with pH/mV meter) ...................3 Electrode Slope Check (with ion meter) ....................3 MEASUREMENT..........................4 Measuring Hints ............................4 Sample Requirements..........................4 Units of Measurement ..........................5 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE .................... -
Page 3: General Instructions
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ............Error! Bookmark not defined. Introduction ......................Error! Bookmark not defined. Required Equipment....................Error! Bookmark not defined. Required Solutions ....................Error! Bookmark not defined. GENERAL PREPARATION ............ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Electrode Preparation ..................E RROR OOKMARK NOT DEFINED Electrode Slope Check (with pH/mV meter)........... -
Page 4: Introduction
INSTRUCTION MANUAL GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS Introduction Eutech Instruments Lead Ion Electrode is used to measure lead or sulfate ions in aqueous solutions quickly, simply, accurately, and economically. Required Equipment A pH/mV meter or an ion meter, either line operated or portable. -
Page 5: General Preparation
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode Pb(ClO ·3H O. Swirl the flask gently to dissolve the solid. Fill the flask to the mark with distilled water, cap, and upend several times to thoroughly mix the solution. Eutech Lead Perchlorate Standard, 1,000 ppm Pb(ClO , Code no. -
Page 6: Measurement
Infrequent measurements in solutions containing methanol, benzene, or acetonitrile are permitted. Highly polar solvents slowly attack the electrode. Please check with Eutech Instruments Pte Ltd. before using these electrodes in other organic solvents. -
Page 7: Units Of Measurement
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode The temperature of the standard solutions and of the sample solutions should be the same and below C. About a 4% error in the slope will occur for each 1 o C difference in temperature. Interferences Interferences should be absent. - Page 8 Using the semi-logarithmic graph paper, plot the mV reading (linear axis) against the concentration (log axis). Extrapolate the calibration curve down to about 2.0X10 M. A typical calibration curve can be found in Figure 1. A calibration curve is constructed on semi-logarithmic paper when using a pH/mV meter in the millivolt mode.
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Page 9: Direct Measurement Of Lead (Using An Ion Meter)
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode Direct Measurement of Lead (using an ion meter) By serial dilution of the 0.1M or l,000 ppm lead standard, prepare two lead standards whose concentration is near the expected sample concentration. Measure out 50 ml of each standard into individual 150 ml beakers. -
Page 10: Low Level Lead Determination (Using A Ph/Mv Meter)
Low Level Lead Determination (using a pH/mV meter) This procedure is recommended for solutions with lead concentrations of less than 1.0X10 M. If the solution is high in ionic strength, but low in lead ion concentration, use the same procedure, but prepare a calibration solution with a composition similar to the sample. -
Page 11: Low Level Lead Determination (Using An Ion Meter)
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode reading has stabilized, record the mV reading and determine the concentration from the low level calibration curve. Prepare a new low level calibration curve daily. Check the calibration curve every two hours by repeating Steps 3- 7 above. Low Level Lead Determination (using an ion meter) Using 20 ml of standard ISA, dilute to 100 ml with distilled water. -
Page 12: Titration
Titration Titration is a very accurate determination of total lead or sulfate ion concentration. This method makes use of the electrode as an endpoint detector. The endpoint break is enhanced by the use of methanol-formaldehyde solution added to samples to reduce the solubility of the product formed during titration. -
Page 13: Titration Of Sulfate
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode Titration of Sulfate Titration of sulfate ion with lead perchlorate make use of the lead ion electrode as a sensitive endpoint detector. Sulfate determinations by the gravimetric or turbidimetric methods are more complicated and more time consuming than titration. Titration offers the same or greater precision in solutions as dilute as 10 M or 10 ppm sulfate ion. - Page 14 The sulfate ion concentration from the unknown is calculated as follows: V t M t = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ M SO V SO where: M SO = concentration of sulfate ion in the unknown (moles/liter) = volume of lead added at endpoint = lead concentration (moles/liter) V SO = volume of unknown sample (50 ml)
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Page 15: Electrode Characteristics
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode ELECTRODE CHARACTERISTICS Reproducibility Electrode measurements reproducible to ±2% can be obtained if the electrode is calibrated frequently. Factors such as temperature fluctuations, drift, and noise limit reproducibility. Reproducibility is independent of concentration within the electrode's operating range. Interferences A surface layer of silver metal may be formed by strongly reducing solutions. -
Page 16: Electrode Response
30.07 31.07 32.06 If changes in temperature occur, the electrodes should be re-calibrated. The temperature range for -80 o C, provided that temperature equilibrium has occurred. If the Eutech Lead Ion Electrode is 0 the temperature varies substantially from room temperature, equilibrium times up to one hour are recommended. -
Page 17: Ph Effects
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode The lower limit of detection is influenced by the slight water solubility of the electrode pellet. Refer to Figure 1 for a comparison of the theoretical response to the actual response at low levels of lead ion. - Page 18 The activity, X, represents the effective concentration of free lead ion in the solution. Both bound, C b , and free, C f , lead ions are included in the total lead ion concentration, C t . The lead ion electrode will only respond to free lead ions, the concentration of which is: C f = C t - C b The activity is related to the free lead ion concentration, C f , by the activity coefficient, γ, by:...
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Page 19: Troubleshooting Guide
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE The goal of troubleshooting is the isolation of a problem through checking each of the system components in turn: the meter, the glass-ware, the electrodes, the standards and reagents, the sample, and the technique. Meter The meter may be checked by following the check-out procedure in the instrument instruction manual. -
Page 20: Technique
Refer to the instruction manual GENERAL PREPARATION ELECTRODE CHARACTERISTICS. again. Reread sections on If trouble still persists, call Eutech Instruments Pte Ltd. at (65) 6778-6876 ask for the Customer Services Department. -
Page 21: Troubleshooting Hints
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode TROUBLESHOOTING HINTS Symptom Possible Causes Next Step Out of Range defective meter check meter with shorting strap Reading (see meter instruction manual) defective electrode check electrode operation electrodes not unplug electrodes and reset plugged in properly reference electrode be sure reference electrode not filled... - Page 22 Low Slope or standards contaminated prepare fresh standards No Slope or incorrectly made standard used as ISA use ISA ISA not used use recommended ISA membrane dirty polish membrane; use or oxidized methanol-formaldehyde solution air bubble on remove bubble by membrane re-dipping probe "Incorrect Answer"...
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Page 23: Specifications
Instruction Manual Lead Electrode SPECIFICATIONS Concentration Range: 10 M to 10 M Pb (20,700 to 0.2 ppm Pb pH Range: 3 to 8 0 o - 80 o C Temperature Range: Resistance: < 1 Mohm Reproducibility: +/- 2% Samples: Aqueous solutions only; no organic solvents Size: 110 mm length;...
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