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KSM-3
Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
When operated in the forward direction the LEDs light. They are available in
several different versions (differing in colour, size, form, luminosity, maximum
current, voltage limits).
Light emitting diodes should always be connected via a series resistor which
limits the current and prevents failure. In circuits to which light-emitting diodes
are connected, the series resistors are usually integrated on the circuit board.
Rectifiers
Rectifiers convert alternating into direct voltage. They have four pins: two for the
input voltage (a.c. voltage) and two for the output voltage (d.c. voltage). The
pins for the output voltage are polarized.
Transistors
Transistors are current amplifiers which convert low signals into stronger ones. There are
several types in different package forms available. The type designation is printed on the
component.
Transistors for a low power rating (e.g. BC types) have a package in form of a
half zylinder (SOT-package).
Transistors for a high power rating (e.g. BD types) have a flat package (TO-
package), which is in use in different versions and sizes.
The three pins of bipolar transistors (e.g. BC and BT types) are called basis,
emitter and collector (abbreviated with the letters B, E, C in the circuit diagram).
Integrated circuits (ICs)
Depending on the type, ICs fulfil various tasks. The most common housing form
is the so-called "DIL"-housing, from which 4, 6, 8, 14, 16, 18 or more "legs"
(pins) are arranged along the long sides.
ICs are sensitive to damage during soldering (heat, electrostatic charging). For
that reason in the place of the ICs IC sockets are soldered in, in which the ICs
are inserted later.
Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers are ICs, which are individually programmed for the particular application. The
programmed controllers are only available from the manufacturer of the circuit belonging to it.
12 | Assembling the kit
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